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Psychology Internal Assessment (HL)

   

Added on  2020-11-09

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Psychology Internal Assessment (HL)Candidate name: Raja Aiman AriffCandidate number:glq227Subject:Psychology –HLDate of Submission:1st November 2017Word count:1727 wordsAn experiment to investigate if conflicting stimuli would affectthe reading response time for international high school students

AbstractThis replication study is on ‘The Effect of Interfering Color Stimuli Upon Reading Names of Colors Serially’, which had been carried out by the original study of Stroop (1975)1. The aim of experiment is to investigate if the conflicting stimuli would affect the response time of international high school students in Malaysia. The participants were selected using opportunity sampling. The participants were exposed different conditions from the two wordlist given. A black wordlist associated with a black ink (congruent) and color wordlist with a different coloured ink (incongruent); conflicting stimuli. The independent variable for this study is the congruent wordlist (black). For the dependent variable is the response time of the participants in seconds. This study is a repeated measure design and applies a counter-balancing technique to negate the order effects presented in participants. Resulting with a mean of 9.53 seconds for Condition A (congruent) and 10.97 seconds for Condition B (incongruent). As for the standard deviation, we obtained 1.63 seconds for Condition A and 1.99 seconds for Condition B. The experiment is then validated for its significance using the Wilcoxon signed-match rank test and it was found that the difference between the mean response-time was 0.0434, below than (P<0.05) to be significant. This further supports our research hypothesis when Condition A has longer response time in contrast to Condition B, which has a shorterresponse time. Therefore, the results from our study led to rejecting the null hypothesis and supporting Stroop’s (1935) original study.1Stroop, J, "Studies of Interference in Serial Verbal Reactions",Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, Vol. 121, no. 1, 2017, pp. 15-23.

Contents PageIntroduction..............................................................................................................................4B: Method : Design....................................................................................................................5C: Method : Participants..........................................................................................................6D: Method : Procedure.............................................................................................................6E-Results: Descriptive..............................................................................................................7F-Results: Inferential...............................................................................................................8G: Discussion.............................................................................................................................8Appendices..............................................................................................................................10Bibliography...........................................................................................................................17

IntroductionPerception2 is a cognitive progress in the brain that looks at conscious mental activities in performing the act or the process of knowing. Cognition comes alongside with the information-processing theory, which consists of two subsidiaries, that is serial processing (the theory of scanning an individual article or unit one at a time) and automatic processing (processing multiple items at a time). These processes can be interfered by disturbances within a stimuli-causing stress that is induced by receiving from too much information and the reduction of attention. This disruption process is known as the 'Stroop Effect'. John Ridley Stroop, an American physiologist that had conducted the Stroop Effect (1935)3 study that was profound enough to be relevant until the 21st century. The study focuses on the interference in serial verbal reactions and one of his experiments in the study looks at ‘The Effect of Interfering Color Stimuli Upon Reading Names of Colors Serially’4. His aim was to see whether conflicting stimuli affects the time of response when participants were given a reading task. The procedure was set up with repeated measure design tasks consisting of a ‘word test’(congruent) and a ‘color test’ (incongruent). There were 70 participants who were college undergraduates (14 males and 56 females).The following conditions were administered to the study: Firstly, the participants faced the congruent test (Condition A) which they had to read a list of words that were printed in black ink. Secondly, the participants faced the incongruent test (Condition B) which the words mismatched the following coloured ink. As for the results, the participants that facedthe incongruent test took a longer a time to name the colour, which was 2.3 seconds longer than the Condition A. The reason behind why Condition B participant 2A Law,Pearson International Baccalaureate Diploma: International Editions, in , 1st ed., Hove, Pearson Education Limited, 2017, p. 66.3Stroop, J, "Studies of Interference in Serial Verbal Reactions",Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, Vol. 121, no. 1, 2017, pp. 15-23.4Ibid.

responded slower was due to the conflicting stimuli (incongruent words and colour)that had affected the cognition process and the verbal response5. Robert Conrad (1964)6 operated an experiment that focuses on to recode sensory information into language, and more specifically on verbal (spoken)language. The subjects were presented with strings of visual letters from the Brown-Peterson task.Prior to recalling the memory set, they were asked to perform an interference task for a short period before the recalling process begins. Throughout the study, Conradassessed on whether the letter recalled was the one confused more often with the visual or the acoustic form of that letter; which was done in the preparatory phase. The subjects recoded the letters verbally from the given letters they receive visually although acoustic confusions were intruded. This suggested that STM only contained verbal representations. Theorists concluded that autonomous mechanismassociates with STM when storing verbal representations of recently perceived stimuli.Aim: To investigate if the conflicting stimuli would affect the response time of international high school students.Experimental hypothesis: Speed of reading will be shorter for congruent conditioncompared to incongruent condition.Null hypothesis: There will be no significant difference in the delay in the time of responses (seconds or milliseconds). Any significant differences that occurred are all by chance.5Ibid.6L Barsalou,Cognitive Psychology: An Overview for Cognitive Scientists, in , 1st ed., Hove, Psychology Press, 2014, pp. 99-100, <https://books.google.com.my/books?id=3kbrAgAAQBAJ&printsec=copyright&source=gbs_pub_info_r#v=onepage&q=conrad&f=false> [accessed 11 October 2017].

B: Method : DesignThe method applied upon the study comprised of both conditions, which will be placed into comparison. The suitable experimental method for this study is through repeated-measures design (RMD). This method allows us to assess the differences and the effectiveness of both conditions conducted in the study7. This is to take into account for the independent differences in reading time. When conducting the experiment, we need to further look at other factors that puts into consideration for example; repeated exposure, which is where a participants gets used to their objective (reading task) and performs better recitation of the words. Therefore, counter-balancing was applied.The participants were chosen through opportunity sampling so the participants carried out in this study were subjects who are available at that time. Before the experiment begins, we clearly read aloud the standardised briefing instructions to each of them. Then they were are asked to fill out the consent form consisting essential details like age and gender so that they can partake in this experiment. Theconfidentiality of their results must be kept hidden and are able to look at them anytime when the experiment has ended. The following materials we used were a stopwatch, to record the response-time for both of the conditions in the two wordlists. Misreading the incongruent list receives an additional 2 seconds to their overall results.Independent variable (I.V): Changed of the colour words of the incongruent wordlist or the congruent wordlist.7Saul, M, "Experimental Design",Simply Psychology, 2017.

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