Assignment on Psychology PDF

Running head: PSYCHOLOGY
Psychology
Name of the student
Name of the University
Author note

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Introduction
Psychology refers to scientific study in relation to mind and the behaviour.
Psychology is indicative of a multifaceted discipline that is inclusive of different areas like
human development, social behaviour and the cognitive process. Salman Khan is a big star in
Bollywood who has appeared in greater than 80 Hindi film. Salman Khan is a very popular
star and has a great number of fans following him. This essay elaborates on the incident of
the famous Bollywood actor Salman Khan who had faced the criminal charges for the killing
of black deer. The essay also talks about the incident of Salman Khan who ran the car over
the homeless people on the street. This essay talks about the theories related to conditioning,
personality disorders and the social psychological influences.
Description of incidents
Salman Khan along with the co-stars of the movie “ Hum Saath Saath Hain” were
held accused for the killing of two blackbucks. The hunting of the black bucks is prohibited
under that of Wildlife Protection Act (Indiatoday.in., 2018). This incident was carried out in
Kankani village in the area of Jodhpur within Rajasthan. The act was carried out on the 1-2nd
of October in the year 1998. It was at the time of shooting of the film Hum Saath Saath Hain
that this act was carried out.
In the year 2017 at the time of recording of statement in that of blackbuck poaching
case, Salman Khan mainly said ‘true’ along with ‘false’ at the time of answering the
questions of the magistrate. First forensic report that was carried out by Dr Nepalia suggested
that animals died owing to “natural causes”. It was said by the judicial magistrate, Dalpat
Singh Rajpurohit that the locals had seen him committing the act. Salman Khan was also
interrogated regarding the blood stains along with blackbuck hair in the jeep. Salman Khan
was ultimately convicted based on eyewitness accounts along with the DNA tests. Salman

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Khan was sentenced to a jail term of five years and he had to pay fine of around Rs. 10,000.
Salman Khan could not ask for bail in sessions court that was instrumental in convicting him.
According to “The Guradian”, Salman Khan was found to be guilty for culpable
homicide, negligence along with driving under that of influence of the alcohol
(Theguardian.com., 2018). Salman Khan crashed the Toyota Land Cruiser into that of a
group of the rough sleepers. The incident took place outside the bakery on the 28th of
September in the year 2002. It was said that Khan was drinking cocktails within an upmarket
bar on evening of incident. Constable who was attached to the security detail of the actor told
the police that Khan was instrumental in losing control of the car when he was driving at a
speed of 55 mph. Salman Khan along with his cousin Kamaal had run away from spot.
Salman Khan had denied the fact that he was behind wheel at the time of the accident. The
lawyer of Kahn had stated that the actor contributes a lot to the aspect of charity and the
neurological condition paved the path for his accident. High court within the Mumbai City
has overturned the conviction of Salman Khan in the hit-and-run case of the year 2002.
Psychological Theories behind the incident
The basic principles in relation to learning have a great influence on the aspect of
human behaviour. There exist two fundamental forms in relation to learning- classical
(Pavlovian) along with instrumental (operant) conditioning. With the help of these two
conditioning factors an individual can associate the stimuli with environment. According to
Rescorla (2014), the conditioning can help an individual in associating the behaviour with the
important events. They help in providing the methods that can allow the scientist for
analysing the process of learning in a rigorous manner. Classical conditioning helps in
explaining how individuals learn various things in life. Operant Conditioning takes place
when behaviour of an individual is associated with the occurring of an important event.

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Conditioning states that response can become predictable with the help of reinforcement. A
response can occur with a great amount of regularity within a stable environment. Salim
Khan, the father of Salman Khan was born in the region of Indore within the Central
Provinces of British India. He was a migrant from the country of Afghanistan and the culture
prevailing at the British times may had an effect on mind of Salman Khan at a tender age. It
has been stated by Lachman, Lachman and Butterfield (2015) that hunting was carried out by
the royal families of that time and the killing of the black buck can have been propelled
owing to what he had seen in his childhood.
Emotion refers to a conscious experience which is characterized by that of intense
mental activity. The appraisal theory of emotion refers to the fact that interpretation of
situation paves the path for emotional response of an individual. Appraisal theory in relation
to emotion evolved with the help of researchers like Magda Arnold along with Richard
Lazarus. According to Schiffer et al. (2017), the appraisal theory of emotions states that
emotions can be extracted with the help of “appraisal” of the events. The appraisals cause
specific reactions in the different people. The celebrity status that Salman Khan have gained
over the passage of time may have made him feel that he can work on the basis of his own
volition without taking into cognizance the rights of other people in the society. It has been
argued by Baez et al. (2015) that Salman Khan may have felt that he had the right to kill the
black buck as it was an animal that could be treated in any way he wanted. The rough
sleepers who were sleeping on the road were from the lower class and Salman Khan may
have felt that these creatures did not have the right to live like the people belonging to the
upper class. He should have been more careful while driving and should have been more
responsible while driving.
According to O’Neill et al. (2015), personality Disorder is a kind of mental disorder
where an individual has an unhealthy pattern in relation to thinking. Person having

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personality disorder cannot perceive and relate to the situations easily. This has an impact on
their relationships along with social activities. Cogitive behavioural therapy acts as psycho-
social intervention that can help in improving the mental health of an individual. The
interpretation of an event can be said to be linked to the core beliefs of an individual. The
blending of factors from “nature” along with “nurture” is instrumental in forming the core
beliefs of people. It has been stated by Thibaut (2017) that cognitive theory states that
inherited disposition like temperament interact with the environment of the children that
plays a major role in influencing the personality of an individual. The theory states that
childhood trauma acts as a significant factor that helps in establishing the core beliefs of an
individual. The events are appraised not on the basis of immediate experience of situation but
with the help of preconceived ideas. The behaviour of Salman Khan can be explained with
the help of cognitive theory as it talks about the importance of the environment in the mental
development of the individuals. In both the cases of black buck incident and in the hit-and-
run case Salman Khan could have been influenced by his immediate environment. Salman
Khan was at that point of time with other co-stars and the incident could have been driven by
the instigation of the co-stars who were with him. Social environment has a great amount of
influence on the behaviour of an individual and it can be stated that the incident was caused
owing to the company who accompanied him. Similarly, the hit-and-run took place when
Salman was with his cousin called Kammal and this incident could have taken place because
of the influence of the cousin. The social connections that an individual has can have a great
influence on the actions of an individual.
Chivalry is a code of the conduct that was associated with the Christian notion of
knighthood. It stated that the conduct of the men in the society was governed with the help of
societal laws that put emphasis on the display of courageous behaviour of the people
belonging to the male gender (Payne, 2015). The act of Salman Khan of killing the black

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buck can be said to be in tandem with the chivalric notion that exists in the society that the
act of aggression helps in revealing the male status of an individual. Gender roles have an
influence on the men along with the women in relation to every aspect of their life. Gender
roles helps in determining how the males along with the females would interact in the context
of society. According to Blau (2017), it was held in the previous era that the act of drinking is
masculine in nature and it provides liberty to an individual to carry out acts on the basis of his
own volition. This may have caused Salman Khan to rash drive while he was in the drunken
state that killed the rough sleeper on the streets of Mumbai.
Social influence takes place when the emotions of a person are affected by
intentionality or unintentionality in relation to an individual. Social influence can take up
many forms and it can be evident in conformity, peer pressure and that of leadership.
According to Davis (2018), the social psychologists believe that one person can affect the
thoughts along with feelings of another individual. The situational forces have a great
influence on the aspect of human behaviour that includes social roles along with the social
norms. It has been found that social factors bear a great amount of influence on the aspect of
heavy drinking that has an effect on that of public health. Social factors have long-lasting
effect on that of alcohol intake that often paves the path for excessive alcohol intake. Peer
group refers to social group who have got similar interests, age and social status. It has been
found that the peer influence has a great influence on the behaviour pattern of an individual.
It has been stated by Akers (2017) that peer influence plays an important role in shaping the
behaviour of the individuals in the society. The acts that an individual commits are often
propelled by the wishes of other people. It can be said that the influence of the friends of
Salman Khan was responsible for the regressive acts committed by the actor. It has been
found that the actors often involve themselves in anti-social acts as they have seen other
people also engaging themselves in these kind of acts (Steinberg & Darling, 2017). The

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actions that other actors commit can be said to have an influence on the behaviour and the
devious acts committed by the Bollywood star, Salman Khan. The influence of the society
can shape the thought process of the individual in the society. Salman Khan may have felt
that since he is an actor he can go beyond all kinds of moral order that must have brought
about the incidence of the two acts committed by the actor (Blau & Schwartz, 2018).
Conclusion
Psychology is indicative of study of the mind along with behaviour. Salman Khan was
accused of killing black bucks at the time of shooting of the movie, “Hum Saath Saath Hain”.
Wildlife Protection Act prohibits the killing of the black bucks. Salman Khan was found to be
guilty of culpable homicide that was carried out under that of influence of alcohol. Salman
Khan drove Toyota Land Cruiser into rough sleepers on the streets of Mumbai. Appraisal
theory of the emotions indicates that one can extract emotions by appraising events. These
will have repurcussions on the behaviour of other people. Celebrity status accorded to the
superstar Salman Khan may have made him feel that he can work on his own irrespective of
taking into consideration of the rights that the other people have within the framework of the
society. Social psychologists believe in the fact that the actions of one individual can have
impact on the behaviour of other individual. Social factors have effect on the aspect of
alcohol intake that can cause an individual to take in excess amount of alcohol.

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References
Akers, R. (2017). Social learning and social structure: A general theory of crime and
deviance. Routledge.
Baez, S., Marengo, J., Perez, A., Huepe, D., Font, F. G., Rial, V., ... & Ibanez, A. (2015).
Theory of mind and its relationship with executive functions and emotion recognition
in borderline personality disorder. Journal of neuropsychology, 9(2), 203-218.
Blau, P. (2017). Exchange and power in social life. Routledge.
Blau, P. M., & Schwartz, J. E. (2018). Crosscutting social circles: Testing a macrostructural
theory of intergroup relations. Routledge.
Davis, M. H. (2018). Empathy: A social psychological approach. Routledge.
Indiatoday.in. (2018). Blackbuck poaching case: What Salman Khan says happened that day.
Retrieved from https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/blackbuck-
poaching-case-what-salman-khan-says-happened-that-day-1205306-2018-04-05
Lachman, R., Lachman, J. L., & Butterfield, E. C. (2015). Cognitive psychology and
information processing: An introduction. Psychology Press.
O’Neill, A., D’Souza, A., Samson, A. C., Carballedo, A., Kerskens, C., & Frodl, T. (2015).
Dysregulation between emotion and theory of mind networks in borderline
personality disorder. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 231(1), 25-32.
Payne, M. (2015). Modern social work theory. Oxford University Press.
Rescorla, R. A. (2014). Pavlovian Second-Order Conditioning (Psychology Revivals):
Studies in Associative Learning. Psychology Press.

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Schiffer, B., Pawliczek, C., Müller, B. W., Wiltfang, J., Brüne, M., Forsting, M., ... &
Hodgins, S. (2017). Neural mechanisms underlying affective theory of mind in violent
antisocial personality disorder and/or schizophrenia. Schizophrenia bulletin, 43(6),
1229-1239.
Steinberg, L., & Darling, N. (2017). Parenting style as context: An integrative model.
In Interpersonal Development (pp. 161-170). Routledge.
Theguardian.com. (2018). Salman Khan: Bollywood star jailed for five years over hit-and-run
crash. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/06/bollywood-
star-salman-khan-found-guilty-over-hit-and-run-crash
Thibaut, J. W. (2017). The social psychology of groups. Routledge.