Public Health: Inequalities, Monitoring, and Recommendations

This document discusses the impact of social, genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors on public health. It explores the monitoring and treatment methods for asthma and cancer. Additionally, it provides recommendations for improving public health through awareness campaigns.

PUBLIC HEALTH

TABLE OF CONTENTS
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................4
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10

MAIN BODY
Black report, 1980
In the year of 1980, the department of the health as well as social security in UK mainly
published the survey on inequalities within health that is black report. This generally showed the
extent of ill-health as well as death which was unequally distributed within population of UK.
The main rational behind this was the encouragement of social inequalities like income, diet,
employment, education etc (Baum, 2016). For monitoring asthma, doctors generally recommend
Nebulizers which is electronic device and thus converts asthma drug into fine mist which makes
the inhalation easier by patient. On contrary to this, cancer is generally monitored with the help
of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This is one of the efficient device which makes use of
strong magnetic fields for detecting the growing cancer cells. This MRI helps to examine cancer
in different region of the body.
Acheson report, 1998
This report was published in the year 1998 by UK which addressed the various health
disparities as well as their relation with social classes. The main reason behind this was poverty
due to which this health inequalities occurred and this gap between rich and poor was root cause.
The major disorder which is Diabetes is generally monitored through the use of the diabetes
action plan. The doctors mostly develops this plan which serve as the roadmap and thus tells as
how the diabetes is doing. On the other hand, another serious disorder which is arthritis is
generally monitored and treated with the help of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). This is
generally the most effective tool for monitoring Arthritis where the inflammation level in body is
assessed.
Healthier nation report,1999
This report was basically published in year 1999 for saving the lives of wide range of
people and for providing good health to them. This report mainly focussed on killing various
illness like cancer, stroke, mental illness. The main aim of this report was to provide better lives
to people and thus help them financially (Brownson and et.al.,2017). This report generally
addresses the monitoring of Bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder is generally monitored with the
help of mood disorder questionnaire (MDQ). This MDQ generally screens the life history of
patient suffering from this order or mania and diagnose the various points where a frequent
changes in their moods occurs. On the other hand, depression which is another ill-health is

normally monitored through the help of Geriatric depression scale (GDS) which is basically the
self-report assessment for identifying depression in elders and well as children.
Tackling health inequalities, 2003
This programme was being published in July in year 2003 and was a three year plan for
discouraging health inequalities and for supporting the communities suffering from ill-health.
The main aim of this programme was to provide effective treatment to all people suffering from
the bad health. One of the most effective method for monitoring the symptoms of AIDS is
analysing the CD4 count. HIV mostly targets these cells which are kind of WBCs. Therefore,
when the count of CD4 cells decreases to more than 200 cells/cubic mm then it is clear sign of
AIDS. An effective treatment is given to the patients for increasing the count of these cells.
Apart from this, for monitoring the effects of Thyroid which is another severe disorder and
affects health, TSH test is used in which doctors generally checks the amount and quantity of T4
and T3 cells in body where its low amount indicates hyperthyroidism whereas high quantity
indicates Hypothyroidism.
Choosing Health: Making Healthy Choices Easier 2004
This is basically the white paper which was published in the year 2004 through public
consultation and thus addresses that people wanted to take their decisions as well as as own
choices when talking about health thus in order to do this, they needs support from government.
This paper sets out agenda of UK upon public health for upcoming 10 years. One of the serious
ill health which is smoking is generally monitored by a wearable sensory system which contains
respiratory plethysmograph and thus monitors the breathing of patients. This system gives a
graph where there is obstruction in breathing is reported. On the other hand, another illness
which is obesity is generally monitored by calculating BMI which is body mass index. When
BMI is higher than 30 then it indicates obesity and thus increases the health risks.
Current pattern
Asthma
Asthma has become prevalent across the world and have affected wide range of people. It
is basically the disorder in which the breathing power of people gents distorted and hence is
obstructed. More than 50000 people across the whole world suffers from asthma every day and
more than 43.2% of the people have the symptoms of asthma. It has been reported that the
prevalence of asthma is generally higher within children in comparison to adults where the

incidence is around 7.7% (Gostin and Wiley, 2016). Asthma is the result of wide inequality as
well as ill-health which prevails around the world. It has been reported that nearly 74% of the
women every year suffers from asthma which is much high in comparison to male where the
figure is 21.5% due to various reasons like cooking on gas fire which releases a high smoke and
affects their lungs. Around 33289 women every day across the world becomes the prey of
asthma and its related diseases and the main reason behind this is their negligence towards health
and this mostly occurs in underprivileged areas where they don not have basic necessities.
Cancer
The incidence of cancer has increased from past few years and have surrounded the wide
range of people. Tobacco is one of the leading cause of cancer and generally affects around
30000 people across the world every day. Around 580350 people in United Kingdom every year
die due to cancer and around 27.9% of the children generally becomes the prey of cancer
including girls and boys (Rosen, 2015).
This is the most important concern across the whole world. The growing inequalities
have surrounded the women with this fatal diseases and thus have even caused their death.
According to the survey of WHO, people who lives in underprivileged area are more prone to
cancer and there are more than 43% cases of this cancer in lower class as compared to the people
living in upper class. People leading luxury lives have less than 21.6% chances to develop cancer
and thus seek treatment easily die to access of money.
Monitoring
Asthma
Although asthma is incurable disease but there are various medication which are being
used to reduce its effect. The most important and the well-known medication which is given to
the patients suffering from asthma is Leukotriene modifiers that helps the lungs with inhalation
and reduces the chances of death. This is the best medication which is even is given to the people
who does not have enough money for treatment as it is cost-effective (Cesari and et.al.,2016).
Cancer
Cancer is generally monitored with the use of chemotherapy that is the most effective
medication which is being given to people both belonging to upper class and middle class.
Chemotherapy is generally the drug therapy which involves the use of drug to destroy growing

cells within body. It is generally given to the age of all individuals because it is considered to
have effect on all age group.
Factors affecting health
Genetic factor
Genetic variations
Positive impact
The positive impact of genes on the health is that when any relative or the family member
are free from any genetic disease then their proceeding generation has less chances to develop
this disease.
Negative impact
When any person having the blood relation with another individual have any illness
which is transmissible like cancer, heart disease etc. then there are more chances of that
individual in developing the disease (Schneider, 2016).
Gene composition
Positive effect
When the gene composition within individuals are free from mutation and thus does not
change much then it affects the health in positive way. Their immune system are more strionger
in comparison to others.
Negative effect
When the chromosomes as well as the gene pairing shows constant mutation then this
results in wide range of health problems. The resistance of individuals to different viruses and
bacteria reduces.
Environmental factor
Climatic conditions
Positive effect
When the weather as well as climatic conditions of the place where the individual is
living is stable and does not change much then the individual have fewer chances of becoming ill
because their immune system are habitual of that weather (Baum, 2016).

Negative effect
When climatic conditions of the place are unstable and changes frequently then the
population living there are likely to develop various health diseases as their immune system
constantly encounter different viruses of different climate.
Temperature
Positive effect
When the temperature of the place also affects the health condition of humans. When the
temperature of place remains constant and does not change much then the ecological balance
remains maintained. This positively affect the health of individuals as this decreases the chance
of irritability.
Negative effect
When the individuals remain exposed to high heat then individuals feels irritated as well
as lose concentration. This eventually affects their mental as well as physical health.
Lifestyle factor
Healthy diet
Positive
When the individual leads the luxury life then they have access to all the necessities as
well as tend to eat healthy and organic food thus they remain healthy and have fewer chances of
becoming ill.
Negative effect
The people living in underprivileged areas does not have the access to healthy food and
they tend to eat the thrown food as well as rotten food due to which their immune system gets
damaged and they are more likely to become ill and become prey of various health diseases.
Smoking
Positive effect
People who does not smoke frequently and are not habitual to smoking generally have
less chance to develop health related diseases. Their lungs remain healthy and breathing is not
obstructed due to which their immune system remains strong.

Negative effects
People who have the habit to smoke and are highly involved in smoking generally
becomes the prey of various lung related diseases like cancer, asthma, etc. They have more
chances to catch disorders due to harmful effect of nicotine (Brownson and et.al.,2017).
Socio-economic factor
Negative
When the economic conditions of people are not stable and when they do not have
enough money to get the treatment then their condition become worse.
Positive effect
When the income of people are not enough to fill their stomach like that of lower group
people and underprivileged then they are more likely to develop various health related diseases
like asthma, cancer.
Occupation
Positive
When the individuals have job or occupation which does not relates to the exposure of
hazardous substances like chemicals, dust, machineries, then they have less to chances to
develop health related diseases as they remain confined to the safer environment.
Negative
When people works in the industries where there is exposure to hazardous substances like
mining industries, manufacturing etc. then this result in the development of various diseases and
affects their health.
M2
Socio-economic
Occupation & nature of job affects the health of wide range of individuals. It has been reported
that underprivileged people which work in mining, construction industries develop health related
diseases at the rate of 34% as compared to people who work in safer environment (Gostin and
Wiley, 2016).
Genetic factors
The gene composition affects the health of wide range of people. More than 43.7%
people suffers form health diseases due to change in their gene composition where pairing of
chromosomes gets affected.

Environmental factor
It has been reported that around 50000 people every day suffers from various
transmissible diseases due to change in weather and climatic condition and become vulnerable to
various viruses and bacteria.
Lifestyle
Age become the most important factor which affects the health of individuals. According to
report of WHO, people who have crossed the age of 50 are more likely to become the prey of
health related diseases and develops it at the rate of 43% than the youth.
D1
The local as well as stare government of United kingdom has made a wide range of
policies for preventing cancer as well as asthma. In the year 2019, the government established
the healthcare scheme where they have made provision to treat the underprivileged people for
free who are suffering from wide rage of heath related disease (Rosen, 2015).
Recommendation
The most effective way through which public health can be improved is developing
health related campaigns. The healthcare organizations as well as government should support
wide range of campaigns which ill make people aware of importance of public health. Through
these campaigns, they should be offered the knowledge of the harmful effects of various diseases
and well as significance of remain healthy (Cesari and et.al.,2016).

REFERENCES
Books & Journals
Baum, F., 2016. The new public health (No. Ed. 4). Oxford University Press.
Brownson, R.C and et.al.,2017. Evidence-based public health. Oxford university press.
Cesari, M and et.al.,2016. Frailty: an emerging public health priority. Journal of the American
Medical Directors Association.17(3). pp.188-192.
Gostin, L.O. and Wiley, L.F., 2016. Public health law: power, duty, restraint. Univ of California
Press.
Rosen, G., 2015. A history of public health. JHU Press.
Schneider, M.J., 2016. Introduction to public health. Jones & Bartlett Publishers.