KPJ Ampang Puteri Specialist Hospital: Cervical Cancer Report on Women

This report delves into the multifaceted aspects of cervical cancer among adult women, focusing on knowledge, attitudes, and practices associated with the disease. The study aims to understand the concept of cervical cancer, analyze the attitudes and practices of women, and recommend ways to improve knowledge and procedures related to the disease. The report covers various aspects of cervical cancer, including its definition, risk factors, causes, and the role of HPV vaccines. It examines the significance of understanding cervical cancer in Malaysia, where it is a significant health concern. The research methodology includes a cross-sectional survey design with a sample size of 130 respondents using systematic sampling. The literature review provides insights into the understanding of cervical cancer, risk factors, causes, HPV vaccines, and the attitudes and practices associated with the disease. It also highlights the importance of early detection, screening, and available treatments, including surgeries, chemotherapy, and HPV vaccines. The report emphasizes the need for increased awareness, regular screenings, and preventive measures to address the growing incidence of cervical cancer.

Knowledge, attitude and practices related
to cervical cancer among adult women

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
Title of the study.....................................................................................................................1
Purpose of the study...............................................................................................................1
Aim.........................................................................................................................................1
Objectives...............................................................................................................................1
Research Questions................................................................................................................1
Significance of the study........................................................................................................2
Literature Review.............................................................................................................................2
Understanding the concept of cervical cancer in adult women..............................................2
Risk factors of cervical cancer...............................................................................................3
Cause of the cervical cancer...................................................................................................3
HPV Vaccines........................................................................................................................3
Understanding the attitude associated with cervical cancer in adult women........................3
Reasons that cause the disease...............................................................................................4
Vaccine factors of cervical cancer..........................................................................................4
Practices that can help in dealing with cervical cancer..........................................................4
Research Methodology....................................................................................................................5
Research design......................................................................................................................5
Sampling.................................................................................................................................5
Instrument of the study...........................................................................................................5
Pilot study ..............................................................................................................................5
Validity and reliability............................................................................................................6
Data collection procedures.....................................................................................................6
Ethical considerations.............................................................................................................6
Data Analysis..........................................................................................................................7
Summary.................................................................................................................................7
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................7
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................8

INTRODUCTION
Cervical cancer is categorised as that cancer in which the tumor affects the cervix of the
human body. In Malaysia, it has been observed that the overall rate of the women suffering from
cervical cancer is being increasing and various factors can be behind that such as mostly, the
women are not aware of the basic signs and symptoms and they ignore such symptoms which
further results in cervical cancer (Zimet and et.al. 2010). There are various practices and
treatments involved that can help in preventing a sort of relief and treatment to the adult women
who are suffering. Th e report is based on understanding the concept, attitude and procedures for
cervical cancer in KPJ Ampang Puteri Specialist Hospital.
Title of the study
To understand the knowledge, attitude and practices related to cervical cancer among
adult women
Purpose of the study
It is very essential to understand that what are the factors that act as a reason for causing
cervical cancer in adult women. It is very important to understand the causes, signs and
symptoms so that treatments and efficient practices can be found efficiently and appropriately for
the overall number of people suffering from cervical cancer. It has been observed that the
average rate of people suffering from cervical cancer has been increased from few several years,
so for reducing the number of people suffering, efficient treatments and procedures can be found
in order to minimize the whole number.
Aim
To understand the knowledge, practices and attitude associated with cervical cancer
among adult women.
Objectives
 To analyse the concept of cervical cancer in adult women
 To understand the attitude and various practices related to cervical cancer in adult
women.
 To recommend ways for evaluating the knowledge and procedures for cervical cancer
among adult women.
Research Questions
Q1 What is the idea of cervical cancer in adult women?
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Q2 What is meant by analysing the attitude and practices for adult women suffering from
cervical cancer.
Significance of the study
Cervical cancer is actually the presence of a tumor in the cervix, which is considered as
the lower area of the uterus in the body of the women. There are various signs and symptoms on
the basis of which, it can be assumed that a person is suffering from it. Various signs includes
unexpected bleeding after some sexual intercourse or at the time of periods. Also, pain in the
lower back area or in the abdominal area are symptoms of the same. In Malaysia, cervical cancer
is considered as that type of cancer which is being found on the second highest rate there.
Although there are various practices and techniques that can be implemented in order to prevent
the cancer, but still it has been observed that the cervical cancer is the fourth leading cause for
death in Malaysia (Rosenthal and Vichnin, 2011). So, it is very important to study about the
cervical cancer and then focusing on the various ways that can be used for preventing the cancer
or to some signs and symptoms as a sort of relief.
There are various types of treatments that are present for curing and preventing the
cervical cancer but it somehow depends on the stage of the cancer. Some very well known and
common treatments of it includes medications, surgeries, chemotherapy and by use of the
radiations etc. It all depends on the stage of the cancer in the women because according to the
stage only, some specific treatment is being given to the women. For initial stages of the cancer,
radiations and surgery can act as a good choice but for further stages, operations along with some
other complementary, alternative treatments can be approached. In Malaysia, it has been
observed that cervical cancer is the fourth leading cause of death, so, it is very essential to
understand the whole concept along with the treatments, practices and procedures that can be
used in order to treat the cervical cancer in adult women.
Literature Review
Understanding the concept of cervical cancer in adult women
According to Abiodun and Oluwole (2014), cervical cancer is considered as that type of
cancer that arises from the cervix. The actual reason behind it is the abnormal changes in the
growth of the cells that slowly starts spreading to other various parts of the human body. In the
initial phase of the cervical cancer, a woman must not be able enough to experience any
symptoms but it comes into notice after a few times. After a few times, some very common and
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well known symptoms of it includes unexpected bleeding from the vagina, pain in the pelvic area
or unexpected blood release after the sexual intercourse. The approximate time duration of the
cervical cancer stays in the body of an adult woman is about 10 – 12 years.
Risk factors of cervical cancer
As per Zimet and et.al.(2010), some common risk factors of cervical cancer includes
various physical and basic activities, that an adult woman can do and also the lifestyle factors act
as one of the common reasons such as if the person smokes in a huge extent, it can affect the
cervix area of the person, resulting in cervical cancer. Also, if the person starts involving in
sexual intercourse at a very young age, it may also affect that area of the women, resulting in the
same. Also, the partner involved in the sexual intercourse if had a bad past and had various
partners before, it can also effect the person with which the person is intimating presently.
Cause of the cervical cancer
According to Bray and et.al. (2013), human papillomavirus infection is considered as the
basic cause for the cervical cancer and its increasing rate in the adult women. There is a five
percent survival rate of the person suffering from cervical cancer because it has been observed
that in Malaysia, cervical cancer is considered as the fourth leading cause that can further result
in death of the person, so it is very important to understand the causes and the finding ways of
preventing it. Although, it is the second most cancer which is being spread at a very faster rate in
Malaysia but there are various methods which can be used and implemented in order to prevent
the situation of the person such as if cervical screening of the person is being done on a regular
basis, it can be found out in the initial stage only.
HPV Vaccines
As per Siegel, Miller and Jemal,(2016) as there are vaccines for every viral infection that
can spread by some virus, there are vaccines for cervical cancer also as HPV vaccines. These can
help the people suffering from the cervical cancer. Also, physical basic activities of a person
along with the lifestyle changes leads to this cancer as the women who take birth control pills at
an excess rate or are being involved in sexual intercourse from a smaller age, these women are
more likely to suffer from cervical cancer at a later stage.
Understanding the attitude associated with cervical cancer in adult women
As per Haesebaert and et.al (2012), although there are various women in Malaysia that
are suffering from cervical cancer, but there are various treatments available that can be
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implemented and used for preventing the causes, thus helping the women dealing with the
cervical cancer so that they can also become able to live a happier and healthier life again. The
whole procedure of providing treatment is based on the stage of the cancer present inside the
body of the women. It is because the size of the tumor, deepness of the invasion, all describes the
stage of the cancer present and on the basis of it only, the treatment can be given to the women
suffering. The deepness of the invasion means that in the cervix, how far the tumor has been
grown inside. As per the government of Malaysia, it has been observed that the rate of cervical
cancer has been increased to a huge extent because of the lack of awareness within females about
its causes and the ways by which they can avoid such situations in their later life.
Reasons that cause the disease
As per Bray and et.al (2013), the women there are not aware of the signs and symptoms
completely and their because of their neglecting behaviour to some symptoms becomes a reason
for causing cervical cancer and also, leads to death sometimes. Screening can be done on a
regular basis because it helps in identifying if there is any abnormality within the cells that are or
may cause issues with it in the later stages. If it is being done on regular basis, it is obvious
enough that if there may be any abnormality present, it will be detected by the pap smear and can
be controlled by severe measures. So, screening can be considered as a better option that can
help in detecting the cervical cancer in initial stages only, so that if there occurs any issue, it can
be controlled by taking help from various preventive measures.
Vaccine factors of cervical cancer
According to Rosenthal and Vichnin, (2011), A special factor of the vaccine that is being
given for the HPV is HPV vaccine. It is that if the person has been exposed to the risk factors of
cervical cancer, then with the help of HPV vaccine, it can be considered as an easy process to
evaluate the consequences of the cervical cancer.
Practices that can help in dealing with cervical cancer
As per Bansal and Kokane (2015), surgeries and chemotherapy can be used to help the
women suffering from cervical cancer and along with it, made the women aware enough about
the causes and symptoms that cause cervical cancer such as excess intake of birth control pills,
sexual intercourse with infected person etc. so that they can analyse themselves what if good or
what is bad for them. It can actually help the women from preventing from cervical cancer and
its symptoms.
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Research Methodology
Research design
Research design is considered as the overall strategy that helps the researcher in
integrating various aspects of the study and that too in an efficient and appropriate way. The
research design can be classified in various types such as descriptive, experimental, semi
experimental, review and co relational. A cross sectional survey design will be used for the
proposed study and it will help the researcher to analysing the cervical cancer, its signs,
symptoms and various practices that can be implemented in the KPJ Ampang Puteri Specialist
Hospital.
Sampling
Sampling is considered as a process in which a few samples are been taken from a
specific number of population. There are various types of sampling that can be used in a research
such as simple random sampling (SRS), stratified sampling, systematic sampling, cluster
sampling and the multi stage sampling (Bray and et.al, 2013). In this research, the researcher will
make exploratory research with a sample size of 130 respondents. Also, there will be the use of
systematic sampling in which samples will be taken from 130 respondents and on the basis of it,
continue to gather information and data. The inclusion and exclusion criteria refers to the fact
that the doctors and the practitioners having an experience of more than 2 years will be involved
and those having less than this may have to be excluded in the KPJ Ampang Puteri Specialist
Hospital by the researcher just to make the whole research more effective and appropriate.
Instrument of the study
Pilot study
A pilot study is considered as the small scale research so that some essential factors can
be analysed effectively and appropriately so that it can be easy enough to have a better analysis
of factors like cost, time, feasibility etc. Pilot researches are usually carried out before the large
scale researches, so a pilot study can act as a better idea for analysing the impact of cervical
cancer in adult women and also the ways that KPJ Ampang Puteri Specialist Hospital can
include for preventing the diseases.
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Validity and reliability
Research reliability is considered as the percentage of the fact that the assessment tool
will deliver efficient and appropriate outcomes (Siegel, Miller and Jemal, 2016). On the other
hand, validity is considered as a sort of indication that gives the idea of how sound, the research
is, which means the research and the information collected about it, can stay valid for how much
time.
Data collection procedures
The data and information can be gathered by two ways, whether by the help of primary
data or from the secondary data. The primary data is considered as the data that has been
collected for the first time but the secondary data is considered as the data and information that
has been already collected by some external body and is then being used by the researcher in
order to continue the research. Various sources of primary data includes the information from
questionnaire, focused groups, surveys and interviews whereas the sources for secondary data
includes the data from books, online or journals. In this research, the researcher will collect the
data and information from the primary sources because the data from questionnaire and surveys
can help in analysing better about the concept of cervical cancer and various treatments that can
be implemented by the KPJ Ampang Puteri Specialist Hospital. It is better in this case to take
primary data only because in the data from secondary sources, there may be the possibility that
the information can be old that cannot match with the current statistics of the KPJ Ampang
Puteri Specialist Hospital.
Ethical considerations
Ethics are considered as the standards and norms that helps in evaluating between the
right and the wrong. It helps in having a better analysis of the behaviours, in cases where the
researcher may have to choose what is acceptable behaviour and what is not (Arbyn and et.al.
2011). There is a huge range of ethical issues that can occur at the time of the research and these
includes openness, carefulness, confidentiality, honesty etc. For making the research better, the
researcher should analyse and understand all the essential ethical considerations so that they can
be able to analyse the understanding, behaviour, attitude and practices of cervical cancer in KPJ
Ampang Puteri Specialist Hospital better.
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Data Analysis
Data analysis is considered as the analysis of the information being done by a very
systematic and effective way so that all the information and data can be applied in an efficient
way. Condensation of data takes place in an appropriate way and then, a better and more efficient
evaluation takes place. It can further be described in two types, either qualitative or the
quantitative. In this research, the researcher will make use of the qualitative analysis because it
will help the researcher to have the aim for investigating and searching about various strategies
that can help them in analysing the cervical cancer and the practices that can be used in order to
prevent the adult women from cervical cancer.
Summary
After the research has been made, it has been analysed that cervical cancer is a sort of
occurrence of tumor in the cervix of a human body. Although there can be considered various
reasons for its occurrence but the major reason evaluated is the lack of awareness. Some
mistakes of the past can be termed as one of the major reasons for causing cervical cancer such
as intake of birth control pills at a huge extent, involving in sexual intercourse with some people
whoa re already affected etc. can be considered as some reasons for causing cervical cancer.
There are various treatments also available that can help in preventing the cancer at an early
stage such as chemotherapy, surgeries etc.
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that cervical cancer happens after the tumor enters in the cervix of a
woman and there can be various reasons that are responsible for causing such diseases like
taking birth control pills to a huge extent, sexual intercourse with someone who has been already
infected etc. also, there is a lack of awareness within the females, which also is a reason for
increasing rates of cervical cancer. There are many treatments available such as chemotherapy,
surgery etc. that can actually help the women from cervical cancer and its symptoms.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Arbyn, M., & et.al. (2011). Worldwide burden of cervical cancer in 2008. Annals of
oncology, 22(12), 2675-2686.
Bansal, A. B. & Kokane, A. M. (2015). Knowledge, attitude, and practices related to cervical
cancer among adult women: A hospital-based cross-sectional study. Journal of natural
science, biology, and medicine. 6(2). 324.
Rosenthal, S. L., & Vichnin, M. D. (2011). Predictors of HPV vaccine uptake among women
aged 19–26: importance of a physician's recommendation. Vaccine, 29(5), 890-895.
Bray, F., & et.al. (2013). Global estimates of cancer prevalence for 27 sites in the adult
population in 2008. International journal of cancer, 132(5), 1133-1145.
Abiodun, O. A., & Oluwole, F. A. (2014). Impact of health education intervention on knowledge
and perception of cervical cancer and cervical screening uptake among adult women in
rural communities in Nigeria. BMC public health, 14(1), 814.
Haesebaert, J., & et.al. (2012). French women’s knowledge of and attitudes towards cervical
cancer prevention and the acceptability of HPV vaccination among those with 14–18 year
old daughters: a quantitative-qualitative study. BMC public health, 12(1), 1034.
Siegel, R. L., Miller, K. D., & Jemal, A. (2016). Cancer statistics, 2016. CA: a cancer journal
for clinicians, 66(1), 7-30.
Zimet, G. D., & et.al. (2010). Reasons for non-vaccination against HPV and future vaccination
intentions among 19-26 year-old women. BMC women's health, 10(1), 27.
Torre, L. A., & Jemal, A. (2015). Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA: a cancer journal for
clinicians, 65(2), 87-108.
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