Analysis of Diabetes and Public Health Studies

The assignment requires analyzing various studies on diabetes and public health, including research papers on type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and chronic kidney disease. The studies are from different sources such as peer-reviewed journals like the American Journal of Public Health and Public Health Reports. The analysis includes a qualitative systematic review and narrative synthesis of interventions to prevent cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in migrants and under-served populations. Additionally, it involves examining research on life years lost and lifetime health care expenditures associated with diabetes in the US. The assignment aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the research in this field.

Public health issue about
DIABETES

Table of Contents
1. What is diabetes as public health issue?.................................................................................1
2. What is the official definition of diabetes public health issue from World Health
Organisation (WHO)? ................................................................................................................1
3. What is the official definition of diabetes public health issue from Public Health England
(PHE) or the NHS?......................................................................................................................2
4. What is the official definition of diabetes public health issue from an organisation..............3
5. What Primary intervention is available for diabetes Public Health issue?.............................3
6. What Secondary intervention is available for diabetes Public Health issue?.........................4
7. What Tertiary intervention is available for diabetes Public Health issue?.............................4
8. What Primordial intervention is available for diabetes Public Health issue?.........................5
9. What public health intervention or strategy is available for diabetes Public Health issue at
an Individual and community level? ..........................................................................................6
10. What is your role as a Healthcare professional in preventing and controlling the spread of
disease? ......................................................................................................................................6
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................8

1. What is diabetes as public health issue?
Public health is the science of protecting as well as improving the health of people and
there communities. Public health is achieved by promoting healthy lifestyles, prevention of
injury, disease researching as well as detecting, preventing as responding to infectious disease.
Diabetes is a public health issue in which the ability of body to produce or respond to the
hormone insulin become impaired that resulting in abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and
elevated levels of glucose in the blood (Frumkin, 2016). It is the disease that arises when the
level of sugar in blood is too high. It seems to be lifelong as well as a very serious condition of
the person suffering from diabetes bit is fact that the body of human need some sugar.
Sugar or glucose is what that gives energy to whole body. Body needs glucose when
carbohydrates that person eat or drink is break down, at that time body needs glucose. Insulin is
the hormone that body needs which is made by the pancreas and Insulin allows the sugar or
glucose in the body to enter in the cells and provide fuel to the body. When person suffer from
diabetes, the entire system of pancreas and insulin does not able to work properly.
There are various complications arise in diabetes can seriously damage the entire body
like heart, eyes, kidneys, feet and many other parts of body. This is one of the biggest issue that
is increasing day by day across the world (Macaluso and et.al.m 2016). It is issue that is
damaging the eyesights, failure of kidney, amputations, stroke and heart attack.
2. What is the official definition of diabetes public health issue from World Health Organisation
(WHO)?
According to World Health Organisation (WHO) “Diabetes is a metabolic, chronic
disease that is characterized by elevated level of sugar or glucose in the blood. It is a very serious
disease that leads to damage of heart, kidney, eyes, feet and all the nerves of the people suffering
from diabetes”.
The entire nerve system of body is damage by this disease. The most common diabetes in
adults is type 2 which normally occurs when the body become unsusceptible to insulin or does
not able to produce insulin. The world heath organisation reported that diabetes is increasing in
adults day by day in all the countries with all type of income group (Berardis and Sokal, 2014).
In type 1 diabetes is called by the name which is insulin dependent diabetes or juvenile diabetes.
1

It is chronic condition when the pancreas does not able to make insulin or can make little insulin
which is not enough. According to the report of WHO, there 422 million adults across the world
is suffering from this chronic disease and 1.6 million people are died by diabetes.
World health organisation has organized many programs in order to prevent diabetes. But
the main mission of the programmes conducted by WHO is to minimize or control the
complications as well as maximize the quality of life for all the people suffering from diabetes.
The nucleus functions of WHO programs are to set standards as well as norms in order to
promote surveillance, boost prevention, raise awareness and strengthen control and prevention
(World Health Organisation official definition of diabetes, 2017). These programmes are very
successful as they WHO is trying there best to reduce the cause of diabetes all over the world.
3. What is the official definition of diabetes public health issue from Public Health England
(PHE) or the NHS?
According to Public Health England (PHE) or NHE “ Diabetes is a non-communicable
disease (NCD) where the level of sugar is very high. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease
whereby blood cannot able to produce any insulin. Diabetes of Type 2 develops when body stop
producing sufficient insulin or the cells of body stops reacting to insulin that is produced
pancreas.”
Diabetes is the global burden for the entire world. The main intention of Public health
England is to prevent diabetes of Type 2 as well as offer support that will assist people to reduce
the risk of developing the disease (Gerst-Emerson and Jayawardhana, 2015). Type 2 diabetes is
very dangerous for the health of people as is related with the lifestyle elements. According to the
latest news of PHE has shown that about 4 million people in England is suffering from this
chronic disease and it is estimated that 90% of all diabetes cases is in United Kingdom.
According to Public Health England, In 2015, diabetes was the sixth largest cause of global
death (Public Health England (PHE) official definition of diabetes, 2017). There are various type
of risk connected with Type 2 diabetes like premature morality and around 22000 people are dies
early only because of Ty[e 2 diabetes.
NHS has started a Programme for prevention of diabetes known as ' Healthier You'. The
main aim of this program is to deliver knowledge of preventing or reducing the risk of
2

developing Type 2 diabetes. In this program, people are offered a referral onto the program by
two paths, either by there NHS health check appointment that is offered for the people of age
between 40 to 74 who are not suffering from any other existing heath issues or by finding from
GP records (Yanek and et.al., 2016).
4. What is the official definition of diabetes public health issue from an organisation.
According to the organisation, “Diabetes is an incurable or prolonged disease that is
developed in the body when body does not able to produce any or adequate insulin leading to a
surplus of sugar in the blood.”
The condition of diabetes is in very bad and critical disease that lead to death of person. It
is the condition when body is not able or not systematically process food. It is a serious condition
that leads health disease (Gohdes and et.al., 2016). Failure of kidney, heart stoke, blindness and
damage many parts of the body. There are only three choices left for the persons who are
suffering from diabetes which are prevent diabetes, cure diabetes and take better care of diabetes.
There are various symptoms of diabetes which are rapid feeling of thirst, more frequently
urinating that usually especially at night, feeling tired, loss of weight and muscle bulk, itching
around vagina or penis, vision become blurred and slow recovery of wounds or cuts.
Organisation is delivering a good treatment in order to prevent and cure the disease. The
main aim of health care organisation is to give proper treatment needed for patients health and to
increase the awareness about the rise in diabetes. The life of people are entirely depended on the
quality of treatment, organisation is providing (Vos and et.al., 2015). Organisation put there end
efforts in order to save the life of people who are suffering from diabetes.
5. What Primary intervention is available for diabetes Public Health issue?
Diabetes is disease that is imposing growing burden on the public health. It is the critical
issue of public health that cannot be ignore. So it is important to prevent diabetes in order to save
the life of person by taking proper treatment. Diabetes can be prevent through actions at primary,
secondary and tertiary levels. The primary intervention is to improve the overall health of public.
The main aim of primary intervention is to prevent disease or injury before it occurs (Burns and
et.al., 2018). It is done by preventing exposures to risk that cause diabetes, altering unsafe or
3

unhealthy behaviours that can lead to disease and rising resistance to disease must be exposure to
arise. It is the stage where people is not having diabetes so it is very important that it should be
cured. IN order to prevent diabetes, programs of routine immunization should be conducted.
Vaccination should be provided to public in order to stop increasing this disease.
At individual level it can be prevented by itself by staying alter if any family member
having diabetes because it is generic disease. They should go for routine check-up and take
vaccination as soon as possible. In addition to this, it is also seems that the main cause of
diabetes is due to changing in diet plan and consuming un-healthy food. The primary
intervention of Type 2 disease is only by consuming balance and healthy diet (Beaudart and
et.al., 2014). Moreover, exercise is also the primary intervention or prevention of diabetes.
6. What Secondary intervention is available for diabetes Public Health issue?
Secondary prevention or intervention aims to minimize the impact of disease that has
already occurred in the body. It can be done by detecting as well as treating of disease as soon as
possible in order to slow down its impact or progress. Diabetes is the disease which cannot be
vanished if it is occurred in the blood, it can only be cured or prevented. Government or health-
care organisations should organise screening programs for routine health-check-up. Secondary
intervention is stage of sub clinical stage and the early clinical stage (Kelley and Goodpaster,
2015). These measures enable early detection, efficient and effective intervention in order to
correct departures from a state of health. The life of people is save if diabetes is identified at
secondary stage. Government and healthcare organisation conduct various programs for
screening early diagnosis of diabetes, the detection of diabetes patients as well as there
consequent treatment with antiviral medicines to pause the attack of diabetes.
This is the stage where diabetic person should be providing treatment to stop the
progress. Individual suffering is at the stage of secondary level, it is important that they should
consult to doctors and take medicine on time. After that, healthy diet is also one of the best way
to stop the progress of disease. Person suffering from diabetes should not take stress in life.
Because stress increases the level of blood pressure and if blood pressure is dis-balance than it
will miss manage the level of sugar in the blood. Moreover, daily exercise is also very important
at this stage as exercise maintain the sugar level in the body.
4

7. What Tertiary intervention is available for diabetes Public Health issue?
Tertiary prevention or intervention aims to weaken the impact of an ongoing disease or
illness that has lasting effects. It is done by assisting people to manage long term as well as
complex health issues and illness to improve there capability to function, there life expectancy
and attribute of life. Diabetes is a disease that ever last with the patients till there life (Boyko,
2015). But still its is important to get cure from this disease by having subsequent treatment. This
issue of public can be minimize by organising management of chronic disease programs, support
groups that allows members to share strategies for living well. It seems that lack of availability
as well as affordability of treatment for early stage is a limiting factor. Addition to this, person
suffering form this disease seems that there is nothing to better to take a good treatment of
diabetes. Government should boost the involvement of public in the programs in order to
minimize the rising of disease in future generation.
On individual level, it is very essential to take proper treatment from a good doctors.
They should take proper and balance diet so that the impact of disease will be soften. At tertiary
level, people must have to stop the consumption of sugar so that it is maintained (Proudfoot and
et.al., 2017). They must do exercise and stay happy, not to think so deep. By
8. What Primordial intervention is available for diabetes Public Health issue?
Primordial intervention or prevention involve the actions as well as measures that inhibit
the emergence of risk factors in the form of economic, environmental, social and behavioural
conditions as well as cultural patterns of living. Primordial prevention is the promotion of a
healthy life style. The main of this intervention is to control the risk of developing diabetes at
community level. The risk of developing diabetes can only be reduced by consuming a good
fibre source at each meal can help to prevent spikes in blood sugar. It is manly defined as the
prevention of risk factor associated with diabetes like failure of kidney, heart stroke, cram of
legs, weight loss and many other risk (Leung and et.al., 2015). The main aim of this disease is to
prevent the onset of disease by taking vaccination and consuming healthy diet.
For pregnant lady, it is very important to prevent the intergenerational transmission of
diabetes by giving proper treatment to both mother and child. There is limited scope of
prevention of Type 1 diabetes because this disease in not completely understand and risk element
is also not yet known entirely. There are two types of risk factor that are associated with diabetes
5

which are modified and non-modified. Modified risk elements are those which are not generic
which can be treated but non-modified are generic in-build factors.
9. What public health intervention or strategy is available for diabetes Public Health issue at an
Individual and community level?
Diabetes is a chronic disease which affect many people worldwide. There are various
types of strategies and intervention available for diabetes in order to reduce the risk of
developing this disease. Diabetes is a very biggest issues across the world as it is increasing with
the instant rate. In order to solve or to minimize the effect of diabetes there are some intervention
and strategies available at individual as well as on community level.
It is the responsibility of individual to take care of there health to minimize or to control
diabetes which are as follows-
 Check the risk of diabetes- diabetes is a generic disease so individual should go
for routine check-up so that diabetes can be identified at primary stage.
 Manage weight- This is also very important to manage the weight. Individual
should consume healthy diet and avoid consuming food which have high level of
sugar substance (Collins and et.al., 2015).
 Always eat balance diet- In order to reduce the impact of risk of having diabetes,
individual should intake healthy as well as balance diet especially saturated fast.
Individual should consume more fruits and green vegetable.
At Community Level-
 Healthcare organisations should organize campaign and programs in order to
make the people aware of developing the risk of having diabetes.
 Health-care organisation should organize free check-up of diabetes once in a year.
 People living in society or community should not discriminate any person who is
suffering from this disease, they should support them (Frumkin, 2016).
6

10. What is your role as a Healthcare professional in preventing and controlling the spread of
disease?
As a healthcare professional, I put my efforts to make the people aware of stop spreading
this disease. I will organize a program in society and deliver the knowledge that how people can
save there life by this disease. I will organize marathon for people who are suffering from
diabetes and make them know the importance of exercise in getting cure from this disease. In
addition to this, I will also make them aware of consuming healthy diet in order to control the
risk of developing this disease (Berardis and Sokal, 2014). Moreover, I will also provide free
treatment for poor people who cannot afford the medicines of this disease as well as I also
distribute free machines that check the sugar level at home.
7

REFERENCES
Books and Journals:
Beaudart, C and et.al., 2014. Sarcopenia: burden and challenges for public health. Archives of
public health, 72(1), p.45.
Berardis, S. and Sokal, E., 2014. Pediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an increasing public
health issue. European journal of pediatrics, 173(2), pp.131-139.
Boyko, E.J., 2015. World Diabetes Congress Vancouver 2015: public health and epidemiology
stream. Diabetes research and clinical practice, 109(2), p.450.
Burns, N and et.al., 2018. 1.4-O7 Interventions to prevent cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type
II diabetes in migrants and other under-served populations: a qualitative systematic review
and narrative synthesis. The European Journal of Public Health, 28(suppl_1), pp.cky047-
030.
Collins, A.J and et.al., 2015. United States Renal Data System public health surveillance of
chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. Kidney international supplements, 5(1),
pp.2-7.
Frumkin, H., 2016. Urban sprawl and public health. Public health reports.
Gerst-Emerson, K. and Jayawardhana, J., 2015. Loneliness as a public health issue: the impact of
loneliness on health care utilization among older adults. American journal of public
health, 105(5), pp.1013-1019.
Gohdes, D and et.al., 2016. Smoking cessation and prevention: an urgent public health priority
for American Indians in the Northern Plains. Public Health Reports.
Kelley, D.E. and Goodpaster, B.H., 2015. Stewing in not-so-good juices: interactions of skeletal
muscle with adipose secretions. Diabetes, 64(9), pp.3055-3057.
Leung, and et.al., 2015. Life years lost and lifetime health care expenditures associated with
diabetes in the US, National Health Interview Survey, 1997–2000. Diabetes care, 38(3),
pp.460-468.
Macaluso, C.J and et.al., 2016. Type 2 diabetes mellitus among Florida children and adolescents,
1994 through 1998. Public Health Reports.
Online:
Proudfoot, J and et.al., 2017. A Web-Based Public Health Intervention to Reduce Functional
Impairment and Depressive Symptoms in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes (The SpringboarD
Trial): Randomized Controlled Trial Protocol. JMIR research protocols, 6(8).
Public Health England (PHE) official definition of diabetes. 2017. [Online]. Accessed through:
<https://www.gov.uk/government/news/38-million-people-in-england-now-have-diabetes>
Vos, T and et.al., 2015. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with
disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a
8

systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. The Lancet, 386(9995),
pp.743-800.
White, R.O and et.al., 2015. Health communication, self-care, and treatment satisfaction among
low-income diabetes patients in a public health setting. Patient education and
counseling, 98(2), pp.144-149.
World Health Organisation official definition of diabetes. 2017. [Online]. Accessed through:
<https://www.diabetes.org.uk/diabetes-the-basics>.
Yanek, L.R and et.al., 2016. Project Joy: faith based cardiovascular health promotion for African
American women. Public health reports.
9

10