Childhood Obesity: Causes, Risks, and Consequences

This study delves into the causes, risks, and consequences of childhood obesity. It explores the role of genetics, behavior, and community environment in contributing to obesity. The study also highlights the potential health risks associated with childhood obesity, such as hypertension and cardiovascular disease.

Public
Health

Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................3
Main body........................................................................................................................................3
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................14
References......................................................................................................................................15

Introduction
In the least tough terms, weight problems or corpulence is added approximately through
strength intake surpassing strength use. In England, a large volume of children are big,
specifically greater pro children. Youngsters who're obese or big have a better opportunity of
being fats grown-ups, increasing the chance that they foster ongoing infections, for example,
some malignant growths, kind 2 diabetes and coronary illness. Overweight or stout children are
sure to come upon tormenting, defamation and occasional self-assurance than one of kind
children. Stoutness moreover pairs the chance of passing on rashly and big grown-united states
are sure to be residing with situations like sadness. There is evidence to endorse that heftiness is
a cloth chance component for COVID-19 in grown-ups.
The Department of Health and Social Care (the Department) is responsible for placing
and handling stoutness method in England. In 2016, it disbursed the primary a part of any other
youngsters weight plan (the association). The association deliberate to altogether lower England's
tempo of youngsters weight all through the subsequent 10 years. The Department runs the
Childhood Obesity Program (the program) to modify the conveyance of the sports set out within
side the association.
Youth weight has arrived at plague levels in created just as in non-industrial nations.
Overweight and heftiness in adolescence are known to essentially affect both physical and
mental wellbeing. Overweight and stout youngsters are probably going to remain large into
adulthood and bound to foster non-transferable sicknesses like diabetes and cardiovascular
illnesses at a more youthful age. The instrument of weight advancement isn't completely
perceived and it is accepted to be an issue with numerous causes. Ecological elements, way of
life inclinations, and social climate assume urgent parts in the rising commonness of corpulence
around the world. As a rule, overweight and stoutness are thought to be the consequences of an
expansion in caloric and fat admission This report may cover vulnerable aspects of childhood
obesity in USA and how it can prevent and control by an individual.

Main body
Task 1 Discuss the standards and ideas of cutting-edge public fitness that underpin the initiative
obesity
The world is going through a quick epidemiological and healthful change described by
persevering dietary insufficiencies, as proven by the predominance of hindering, sickliness, and
iron and zinc inadequacies. Correspondingly, there is a reformist ascent in the pervasiveness of
corpulence, diabetes and other nourishment related ongoing infections (NRCDs) like heftiness,
diabetes, cardiovascular sickness, and a few types of malignant growth. Weight has arrived at
pandemic levels in created nations. The most noteworthy commonness paces of youth heftiness
have been seen in evolved nations; notwithstanding, its predominance is expanding in non-
industrial nations as well. Females are bound to be large when contrasted with guys, attributable
to intrinsic hormonal differences.
It is arising convincingly that the beginning of Type 2 Diabetes and Coronary Heart
Disease starts in adolescence, with youth weight filling in as a significant factor. There has been
a marvelous ascent in extents of kids having corpulence over the most recent forty years,
particularly in the created world. Studies arising out of various pieces of India inside last decade
are likewise demonstrative of comparable trend. This view has been tested over late years and we
as of now think about these as various types of the worldwide hunger issue. This new
conceptualization drives us to all the while address the underlying drivers of dietary inadequacies
which thus will add to the control of under nourishment and the avoidance of stoutness, diabetes,
and other NRCDs. This rundown gives a general wellbeing outline of chosen central questions
identified with the avoidance of weight and ongoing infections with a daily existence course
viewpoint of nourishment and kid development.
Children obesity or Youth corpulence is perhaps the most genuine general wellbeing
difficulties of the 21st century. The issue is worldwide and is consistently influencing numerous
low and center pay nations, especially in metropolitan settings. The commonness has expanded
at a disturbing rate. Around the world in 2010, the quantity of overweight kids younger than five
is assessed to be more than 42 million. Near 35 million of these are living in non-industrial
nations. Due to high rates of case of childhood obesity in USA, there are number of challenges
are being faced by them (Kumanyika et al., 2020; WHO, 2016).

Survey of the writing explores factors behind terrible eating routine and offers various
bits of knowledge into how parental elements may effect on stoutness in children. They note that
kids learn by demonstrating guardians' and friends' inclinations, admission and readiness to
attempt new food sources. Accessibility of, and rehashed openness to, good food varieties is vital
to creating inclinations and can conquer abhorrence of food varieties. Supper time structure is
significant with proof recommending that families who eat together devour more good food
varieties. Besides, eating out or staring at the TV while eating is related with a higher admission
of fat. Parental taking care of style is likewise huge. The creator's tracked down that definitive
taking care of (figuring out which food sources are offered, permitting the kid to pick, and giving
reasoning to solid alternatives) is related with positive insights about quality food varieties and
better admission. Curiously tyrant limitation of "lousy nourishment" is related with expanded
longing for unfortunate food and higher weight.
Health conduct alternate or Wellbeing behavior alternate is focal in heftiness the
executives. Because of its intricacy, there was a growing series of exploration on: I) the factors
that count on the appropriation and maintenance of wellness practices, ii) the flip of occasions
and checking out of hypotheses that conceptualize connections amongst those variables and with
wellness practices, and iii) how those factors may be accomplished in compelling behavior
alternate mediations, considering traits of the substance (methods) and delivery.
Successfully impacting singular wellness practices has in no way been but tremendous
because it appears to be today, basically in view of the top notch effects of those practices
withinside the avoidance and the executives of various ailments, and due to the multiplied
importance placed on singular self-rule and capacity to self-control their very own wellness.
Diminishing obese and heftiness are key popular wellness challenges. The World Health
Organization (WHO) gauges that 39% of grown-ups standard are obese and 13% stout,
prompting a scope of sudden troubles simply as multiplied wellness costs. Conduct intercessions
that specialize in modifications in food plan and real paintings are the inspiration of mediations
for weight the board in obese and fats populaces and look like effective in lessening weight and
enhancing wellness in any occasion temporarily. The improvement and speedy improvement of
the wellness behavior alternate discipline is one response to the dire want to recognize the

intricacy in the back of human being’s picks and dedication in practices that impact their
wellness and prosperity, such as supported weight the executives.
Wellbeing behavior alternate intercessions (HBCIs) can in all likelihood enhance the
energy of populaces with inside the occasion that they may be extended and fittingly targeted on,
thinking about troubles like problem and suggestion for alternate. There are specific ranges of
builds that effect wellness behavior; they may be on this way conceptualized in wellness
behavior alternate hypotheses. These ought to be viable on the ecological degree whether or not
it's far physical, social, or social (e.g., exhortation from a hospital therapy specialist, low
availability, peer support) or on the man or woman degree such as natural factors (e.g., meals
praise instruments) but moreover feelings, suggestion, and self-guiding principle capabilities.
Singular additives are considered as fundamental for wellness behavior alternate as they may be
typically chargeable for the cycle of self-guiding principle of wellness practices.
For example, an green survey taking a gander at intellectual center human beings of
supported beneficial effects in manner of existence stoutness intercessions tracked down that
extra tremendous degrees of self-enough suggestion, self-adequacy/hindrances, self-guiding
principle capabilities, adaptable consuming limitation, and advantageous self-notion have been
arbiters of medium-/lengthy haul weight control. High impartial suggestion, self-viability, and
usage of self-guiding principle capabilities have been large cross among of lively paintings
whilst for nutritional admission no consistent center human beings have been distinguished.
As of late, an expansive settlement arose displaying that HBCIs may be stepped forward
at the off threat that they may be knowledgeable with the aid of using speculation, because it
works with the comprehension of what tries to alternate a particular behavior and the way it
features Speculations of behavior alternate recommend the additives of activity (beneath Neath
the overall instructions of limit, opportunity, and suggestion) and the arbitrators of development
thru causal forecasts. While there may be an know-how in wellness behavior alternate that the
usage of speculation is beneficial to enhance enduring behavior alternate, there may be as but
confined exam at the adequacy of speculation primarily based totally (as opposed to non-
speculation primarily based totally) intercessions. Comparative effects have been discovered in a
meta-research of automatic primarily based totally intercessions that specialize in specific
wellness practices (eighty five examinations), wherein the extensive usage of speculation (e.g.,

make use of hypothetical builds to foster mediation methods) become associated with larger
intercession affects. Another meta-exam searching on the effect of speculation use in lively
paintings and nutritional mediations did not find out important affiliations (for example.
There are some motives that could make clear those effects: I) set range of speculations
basically tried (e.g., Social Cognitive Theory, Theory of Planned Behavior), ii) the manner that
some hypotheses might not supply an unmistakable rationalization at the cycle of behavior
alternate support, and iii) whilst intercessions are unequivocally based on speculation, they
regularly do not count number it broadly. Besides, studies discoveries suggest that solitary
speculation processes is probably extra possible in affecting practices like real paintings,
contrasting and people mediations making use of numerous speculations. This locating is
probably recognized with the manner that some mediations include of a mix of at the least
hypotheses (or key develops from those speculations) missing indoors focus and stinginess.
Causes of obesity in children
Distinguishing proof and clarification of key components of this general wellbeing
intercession of corpulence It is broadly acknowledged that expansion in weight results from a
lopsidedness between energy admission and consumption, with an increment in sure energy
offset being firmly connected with the way of life embraced and the dietary admission
inclinations. In any case, there is expanding proof showing that a person's hereditary foundation
is significant in deciding corpulence hazard. Examination has made significant commitments to
our comprehension of the components related with weight. The natural model, as portrayed by
Davison et al., proposes that youngster hazard factors for corpulence incorporate dietary
admission, actual work, and stationary behavior. The effect of such danger factors is directed by
variables like age, sex. Family attributes nurturing style, guardians' ways of life additionally
assume a part. Natural factors, for example, school approaches, socioeconomics, and guardians'
business related requests further impact eating and movement practices.
Hereditary qualities are probably the greatest factor inspected as a reason for heftiness. A
few investigations have discovered that BMI is 25–40% heritable. However, hereditary
defenselessness regularly should be combined with contributing ecological and conduct factors
to influence weight. The hereditary factor represents fewer than 5% of instances of adolescence

obesity. Therefore, while hereditary qualities can assume a part in the advancement of stoutness,
it's anything but the reason for the sensational expansion in youth corpulence.
Basal metabolic rate has additionally been concentrated as a potential reason for weight.
Basal metabolic rate, or digestion, is the body's use of energy for typical resting capacities. Basal
metabolic rate is responsible for 60% of complete energy use in inactive grown-ups. It has been
guessed that corpulent people have lower basal metabolic rates. In any case, contrasts in basal
metabolic rates are not prone to be answerable for the increasing paces of obesity.
Risk of childhood obesity
Behavior
Practices that impact overabundance weight acquire incorporate eating fatty, low-supplement
food sources and refreshments, drug use and rest schedules. Not getting sufficient active work
and investing an excessive amount of energy in inactive exercises, for example, staring at the TV
or other screen gadgets can prompt weight gain.In contrast, devouring good food sources and
being genuinely dynamic can assist youngsters with developing and keep a sound weight.
Adjusting energy or calories devoured from food sources and drinks with the calories consumed
action assumes a part in forestalling abundance weight acquire. Moreover, eating good food
sources and being genuinely dynamic assists with forestalling persistent illnesses, for example,
type 2 diabetes, a few malignancies, and coronary illness.
Community environment
It tends to be hard to settle on good food decisions and get sufficient active work in conditions
that don't uphold sound propensities. Places, for example, childcare focuses, schools, or networks
can influence diet and action through the food varieties and beverages they offer and the chances
for active work they give. Other people group factors incorporate the reasonableness of quality
food choices, companion and social backings, advertising and advancement, and strategies that
decide how a local area is planned.
Consequences

Weight during youth can hurt the body in an assortment of ways. Kids who have stoutness are
bound to have:
 Hypertension and elevated cholesterol, which are hazard factors for cardiovascular
infection.
 Expanded danger of hindered glucose resilience, insulin opposition, and type 2 diabetes
 Breathing issues, for example, asthma and rest apnea.
 Joint issues and musculoskeletal distress.
 Greasy liver sickness, gallstones, and gastro-esophageal reflux (i.e., indigestion)
Water as replacement for sugar-improved reward decreases energy utilization, body weight
Displacing one serving of sugar-improved reward with one serving of water lessened the
degree of energy utilization in adults, a change that could incite a decrease in body weight and
power inescapability, according to an examination of National Health and Nutrition Examination
Survey data. While there is a tremendous and creating composing with respect to an extent of
rewards on health1, 2, the spot of water in supporting prosperity remains under-examined.
By the by we have various unanswered requests concerning whether consuming water is
superior to eating up various fluids or what has been the particular effect of replacing water with
various fluids (e.g., distinctive caloric and diet rewards) in our eating schedule. There is an
emerging understanding that we don't diminish food affirmation when we eat up caloric
beverages3–5 and there is a prerequisite for extra examination of how energy confirmation and
weight status are affected by the assurance of various rewards stood out from water in the eating
schedule.
This study researches the hypotheses that 1) picking decisions to water at dinners (i.e., no
rewards, or diverse caloric and diet drinks) achieves contrasts in energy utilization) that picking
decisions to water can go past impacting energy admission to affecting weight status.
The proof that help mediation adjoining country

To develop a system for assessing youth weight endeavors, a past IOM board energized a
development of thinking models that are important in understanding pathways to stoutness
balance at various levels and in various regions. Various weight abhorrence attempts are tried at
the space or neighborhood; those zeroing in on youth robustness have will in ordinary focus on
nearby, locale, or state school advances toward that impact food similarly as unique work
openings.
Procedure changes are consistently less mind boggling at the nearby level since they may
have the choice to be refined without practically identical power of portrayal of individual
stakes, or through sensibly dexterous administrative bodies rather than through foundation. As
exhibited by show from the Assistant Commissioner of the New York City Department of Health
at a public workshop met by the advisory group (January 7, 2019), in picking what strategies to
seek after, the work environment appointed activities that the city could influence through rules
under its ward. A solitary individual, neighborhood, or assistant is besides suitable to have more
huge impact or force at the nearby level since resistance at the state (or public) level is no doubt
going to be more coordinated and better financed.
Plus, it very well might be more direct to accomplish game plan at the neighborhood than
at the state level. An individual a few submitted individuals can regularly push a course of action
thing ahead rapidly and expect a greater part in guaranteeing its execution thinking about the
seriously unassuming, more sensible scale. System organizers at the nearby level comparatively
will without a doubt be fragile to setting—they comprehend what is possible, useful, and
praiseworthy in a specific setting.
Various kinds of affirmation—for instance, more important area express—might be
required for more confined size, furtively controlled methods that won't combine a wide
assortment of settings. Neighborhood activities may, therefore, be less weak against the more
prominent expenses and inaction related with more noteworthy degree courses of action. In
general, blueprint drives were first done at the space or neighborhood going before being
executed much more broadly across a state. Reflecting the certain foundation of tobacco control
attempts, this extending of execution has been embraced in current strategy and regular
endeavors to further develop food, increment dynamic work, and decline fixed exercises (IOM,
2019a; Khan et al., 2019).

After a starting region empowers a mediation, tests its opportunity, and surveys public
help and resistance, and the thought winds up being less novel after some time, comparable
interventions are executed all of the more speedily in different settings. Similarly, lawful
difficulties may have been key for the collaboration. For a large portion of the systems, the check
is lacking to pick adequacy in changing caloric affirmation, dynamic work, or possibly stoutness
power; for a piece of the techniques, there is no proof, basically speculative projections.
One of the reports (IOM, 2019) sums up the strength of the proof (from mediation or
observational appraisals to related non investigation sources) and proposes diverse "promising"
strategy systems, next to class based interventions, producing into account their ordinary results
and projected reach. The two reports are exceptional in that most of the techniques suggested are
not affirmation arranged thinking about the way that, generally, solid proof that they will
accomplish the best results isn't accessible. In any case, these reports, which propose some of
relative systems, are a huge beginning stage for nearby governments, associations, and
affiliations looking for seminar on where to center their endeavors.
However not organized as requirements be, they may additionally be huge aides for government
affiliations or possibly chiefs in their major looking at systems to control heftiness. While there
is insignificant convincing proof that clinical advantages interventions can frustrate weight,
screening to guarantee early disclosure of infections/conditions and cheerful course and success
progress instructing are signs with respect to any preventive clinical thought program.
For youths created 3-20, yearly surveying for strength utilizing sex-unequivocal BMI-for-
age percentiles, joined by preventive planning about diet and veritable work, is suggested by
competent affiliations including the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC), the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the American
Academy of Family Physicians. Public perception of target degrees of greatness (thinking about
evaluated tallness and weight) is restricted to the National Health and Nutrition Examination
Survey (NHANES), which doesn't give state-, locale, or nearby level appraisals of solidarity.

Several states have worked through clinical advantages suppliers for discernment
purposes, while different states and metropolitan organizations have coordinated screening of
understudies for force or assessment of weight status dependent upon BMI percentiles. In New
York State, overseen care programs have been needed since 2015 to report as a quality pointer
the level of young people who were surveyed for imposingness (considering sex-unequivocal
BMI-scrounge percentiles), coordinated about food, and urged about powerful work or exercise
as a part of their yearly preventive visit. Starting in 2016, this information was straightforwardly
quick and dirty.
Approaches to assess a general wellbeing mediation
In surveying interventions, expectation attempts need to focus in on execution and results
just as on the compass of intercessions—their ability to affect huge amounts of people to achieve
people level benefits. The regular model of expectation perceives various potential effects on
prosperity, and evaluation awards contravention experts to pick the most noteworthy switches for
change among the distinctive natural levels. Public seeing of countering attempts needs to
consolidate some basic pointers of these unfathomable switches at various levels of the organic
model, including the whole structures level.
Expectation of weight offers a for instance, as confirmed in irrefutably the main IOM
report with respect to the matter- (IOM, 2016)
There is a creating affirmation for heaviness countering, as because of controlling
tobacco and various prescriptions, that plan and regular approaches offer stunning switches for
change. As found in these various locales, in any case, it is difficult to use the most intensive test
designs in evaluating technique and regular approaches. Evaluation of strength expectation is on
track to make and change semi test strategies with enough painstakingness to diminish weakness
about what works. Regardless, given the period of progression of strength neutralization and the
wide extent of likely switches for change, appraisal faces a couple of troubles that remember it
from other expectation tries.

At the hour of this current Committee's contemplations, it was at this point uncertain
which factors can give the most amazing switches, and the extent of potential switches related to
sustenance and dynamic work is significantly more essential than one would find even in
complex conditions like HIV evasion or tobacco control. The extent of segments is precarious at
the public level; anyway it is especially troublesome at the neighborhood. Complex conditions
require a significantly improved understanding of the neighborhood of weight countering.
Although the local environment is essential for understanding other countermeasures,
because food and behavioral hazards affect everyone, weight loss is even more important. It is
estimated to be better than these other regions. It is important that the expected weight reduces
the likelihood of results.
As the most important part of clinical and pharmacological procedures, which is
essential to the National Blood Pressure Elevation Plan and the National Cholesterol Control
Plan, the APOP method has been coordinated around five conditions:
• The current working environment, including some physical and working
environments2, As well as increasing approvals, promising environmental and social support for
actions and denials that hinder the standards and cycles of active participation;
• A method designed to increase the availability, attractiveness, and adequacy of
restorative food sources and make Unhealthy food has become cheaper, more attractive and a
moderate food and beverage environment;
Strategies and projects
As a feature of this procedure, a Soft Drinks Industry Levy (SDIL), or "sugar charge",
became effective in the UK in April 2018, planning to control sugar utilization by impacting
producers to reformulate marks high in sugar and try not to pay the toll. Thiscome about in half
of soda pop items having their sugar content diminished even before the toll's implementation.
Role of general wellbeing associations Setting of general wellbeing strategy in England,
counting that relating to weight, is the duty of the Secretary of State for Health and the
Department of Health furthermore, Social Care.

PHE is the public general wellbeing body accused of strategy detailing and execution,
acting as a warning body to the Department of Health and Social Care on approach bearing, just
as giving guidance on approach and technique execution to nearby specialists, the NHS and
others. PHE creates, deciphers and gathers proof, and manages observation information for
England on all parts of weight.
Educated by discussion with Directors of Public Health on what the needs ought to be for
PHE to handle heftiness in nearby networks, PHE have already fostered a corpulence workplan
and distributed guidance on early ways to deal with handling corpulence. On the ground,
neighborhood specialists are managed the cost of the opportunity to execute nearby approaches.
Nearby government can endeavor to address corpulence and related issues through its
administration of public wellbeing administrations, ecological authorizing, buyer assurance and
social consideration, as well as through shaping organizations with wellbeing and local area
associations.
The move of general wellbeing obligation to neighborhood specialists since 2013 has
implied that they give or commission administrations for example, weight the board and
neighborhood preventive missions and administrations. While general wellbeing offices are
essential to their nearby networks, their capacity to act also, be acknowledged in neighborhood
associations is variable and shaky, contingent upon how their host gatherings see their pertinence
what's more, significance, and on other contending neighborhood needs. helpless nourishment,
weight and physical dormancy, and on a very basic level perceived disparities in the
appropriation of antagonistic practices and that activity coordinated at the basic social, financial
and ecological conditions was required. While this connection among weight, wellbeing factors
and financial imbalance was repeated in the Wanless Report (2020), the distribution of the public
authority White Paper Choosing wellbeing: making solid decisions simpler (2014) would see a
core interest on singular conduct change and the job of essential consideration confides in
diminishing imbalances.

Conclusion
According to the report, it was concluded that the previous weight loss medical
procedures used to activate weight loss showed positive results in terms of health, but this
information is applicable to rare clinical situations and has less correlation with close to general
health. (Shea et al., on the other hand, post-tests of preliminary randomized controlled trials
showed the positive benefits of a good diet (ie, leafy products, whole grains, and
monounsaturated fats are high; red meats and fats are low) System diseases, anyway, if weight
loss is not achieved.

References
Book and journals
Kumanyika, S.K., 2019. A framework for increasing equity impact in obesity
prevention. American Journal of Public Health, 109(10), pp.1350-1357.
Ralston, J., Brinsden, H., Buse, K., Candeias, V., Caterson, I., Hassell, T., Kumanyika, S., Nece,
P., Nishtar, S., Patton, I. and Proietto, J., 2018. Time for a new obesity narrative. The
Lancet, 392(10156), pp.1384-1386.
Leggio, M., Lombardi, M., Caldarone, E., Severi, P., D'emidio, S., Armeni, M., Bravi, V.,
Bendini, M.G. and Mazza, A., 2017. The relationship between obesity and hypertension: an
updated comprehensive overview on vicious twins. Hypertension Research, 40(12), pp.947-963.
Semlitsch, T., Stigler, F.L., Jeitler, K., Horvath, K. and Siebenhofer, A., 2019. Management of
overweight and obesity in primary care—A systematic overview of international evidence‐based
guidelines. Obesity Reviews, 20(9), pp.1218-1230.
Sun, L., Ma, L., Ma, Y., Zhang, F., Zhao, C. and Nie, Y., 2018. Insights into the role of gut
microbiota in obesity: pathogenesis, mechanisms, and therapeutic perspectives. Protein &
cell, 9(5), pp.397-403.
Jia, P., Cheng, X., Xue, H. and Wang, Y., 2017. Applications of geographic information systems
(GIS) data and methods in obesity‐related research. Obesity reviews, 18(4), pp.400-411.
Dedov, I.I., Mel'nichenko, G.A., Shestakova, M.V., Troshina, E.A., Mazurina, N.V., Shestakova,
E.A., Yashkov, Y.I., Neimark, A.E., Biryukova, E.V., Bondarenko, I.Z. and Bordan, N.S., 2018.
Russian national clinical recommendations for morbid obesity treatment in adults. 3rd revision
(Morbid obesity treatment in adults). Obesity and metabolism, 15(1), pp.53-70.
Chen, C., Xu, X. and Yan, Y., 2018. Estimated global overweight and obesity burden in pregnant
women based on panel data model. PloS one, 13(8), p.e0202183.

Walsh, J.S., Bowles, S. and Evans, A.L., 2017. Vitamin D in obesity. Current Opinion in
Endocrinology & Diabetes and Obesity, 24(6), pp.389-394.
Weihrauch-Blüher, S., Kromeyer-Hauschild, K., Graf, C., Widhalm, K., Korsten-Reck, U.,
Jödicke, B., Markert, J., Müller, M.J., Moss, A., Wabitsch, M. and Wiegand, S., 2018. Current
guidelines for obesity prevention in childhood and adolescence. Obesity facts, 11(3), pp.263-276.
Vecchié, A., Dallegri, F., Carbone, F., Bonaventura, A., Liberale, L., Portincasa, P., Frühbeck,
G. and Montecucco, F., 2018. Obesity phenotypes and their paradoxical association with
cardiovascular diseases. European journal of internal medicine, 48, pp.6-17.
Qasim, A., Turcotte, M., De Souza, R.J., Samaan, M.C., Champredon, D., Dushoff, J.,
Speakman, J.R. and Meyre, D., 2018. On the origin of obesity: identifying the biological,
environmental and cultural drivers of genetic risk among human populations. Obesity
reviews, 19(2), pp.121-149.
Halpern, B., Louzada, M.L.D.C., Aschner, P., Gerchman, F., Brajkovich, I., Faria‐Neto, J.R.,
Polanco, F.E., Montero, J., Juliá, S.M.M., Lotufo, P.A. and Franco, O.H., 2021. Obesity and
COVID‐19 in Latin America: A tragedy of two pandemics—Official document of the Latin
American Federation of Obesity Societies. Obesity reviews, 22(3), p.e13165.
NCD Risk Factor Collaboration, 2019. Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the
global obesity epidemic in adults. Nature, 569(7755), p.260.