TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3 MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................3 Identify and analyse public health issue......................................................................................3 Policy documents from international, national and local sources................................................6 Analysis of the policy initiatives that are geared towards tackling physical inactivity...............9 Critiquing on relevant approaches to health promotion within identified policy initiatives.....10 CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................12 REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................13
INTRODUCTION Health promotion is defined as enabling of people to gain control and improve the health procedures for makingthemcompetent and self aware regarding the health and its related aspects.This help in mitigating the measures before the initiation of any disease and maintain hygiene and sanitation. This term highlights the socio-environmental interventions that put focus on enabling and empowering people regarding knowledge on health.This helps people in knowing about the signs, causes and symptoms and to reduce its effects. It has been found out that health inequalities led to difference that affect the different sections of population at societal levels. Additionally, it consists of mainly three foundational strategies of enabling, mediating and advocating that strengthen the environments for health and community action to develop the skills to take advantage of existing health services (Thompson, Watson and Tilford, 2018). Here the main agent to be considered is policy making to generate awareness for public. This assignment is based on learning about the public health concerns such as physical inactivity(PI) at wider scale. It includes about the relevant policies and related conceptual instructions, guidelines and frameworks to tackle it on both individual and organisational levels. Moreover, it focuses on understanding about the medical and educational approaches to gain knowledge about the behaviour change. Here the prime focus is to know about the social changes that are occurring at quicker modes and might be controlled using policies and other radical health promotional strategies. MAIN BODY Identify and analyse public health issue Public health issue is definedas the scientific study of preventing, safeguarding and improving the people health. It is one of the biggest fields and require proper surveillance and prioritization to define it for better understanding and establishing a framework to tackle the challenging issues. This is an interdisciplinary field that consists of biostatistics, epidemiology and management and helps ion improving the quality of life through utilising the public policies (Maryudi, 2016). Such interconnectivity curb the onset of diseases and help in prevention and treatment of any public health issue which is existing at larger scales in the society. In context to the above,physical inactivityis becoming a menace for theadultsat faster rates in the recent times. This has turned out to be the most significant global health crisis where sedentary behaviour has been in practise and led to numerous threats in the form of any rise of
diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and obesity. It has been found out that in England, 1 out of 2 women and 1 out of 3 men are classified as physically inactive. Moreover, studies have shown that men are more prone towards sedentary lifestyle where men are spending 6 or more hours doing nothing in comparison to women on the basis of weekdays and weekends as well (Dunn, 2015). Overweight and obesity is the resultant of cancer and smoking in the UK, however physical inactivity has paved the path of obesity in an uncontrolled manner (Krueger and et.al., 2016). Thus, it is important to make people educate about the physical activities and its benefits on the entire body. Physical inactivity can be termed as the failure of fulfilling the suggested levels of physical activity of the public on regular intervals. This leads towards the vicious life cycle of number of diseases and are more vulnerable in starting the emotional imbalance. Such instability is in context to onset of anxiety, depression and lack of confidence. In addition to this, there are chances of rise in risks like breast cancer, type 2 diabetes and other metal disorder (van der Ploeg and Hillsdon, 2017). It also leads towards other health risks such as no or little energy levels, breathlessness,osteoporosis,obesity,stiffjoints,highlevelsofbloodpressurewhichis connected to the coronary heart disease and strokes and more. Population who do less than thirty minutes of physical activity like walking, dancing, climbing or do not consider any activity are underthe inactivitywhich constitutes about 25.60 % of totalUKpopulation.
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With globalization and open economy, there has been an upsurge in the creation of jobs which is making people restricted in a small space and with little mobility. This is one of the major reasons that has been making people less physical active and hampering their standards of living. There has been a study conducted by the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors Study in the United Kingdom about the physical inactivity and this resulted that it is the fourth most important risk factor for premature death (Feigin and et.al., 2016). Moreover, people and the socio economic status also plays crucial role in shaping their inclination towards the physical inactivity. Men and women from influential background and good number of means are more active and focus on following healthy routine while people from the lower levels are less likely to be healthy and active (Brand and Ekkekakis, 2018). There are analysis that led to astonishing factors related to the worldwide physical inactivity at both local and global levels. From the British Heart Foundation (BHF) survey, there are 60% of adults approximately who are unaware about both the existing and upcoming policies, guidelines and programmes that are run by the Government (Mintrom and Luetjens, 2017). Despite having a widespread understanding of overall impact in negative ways, adults are not doing enough exercise to keep themselves fit and healthy. It has also been found out that Illustration1: Levels of Activity (Source:New activities added as part of comprehensive national survey, 2017)
around 20 million people which comprises around 39 % of adult population do not follow the recommendations made by the Government and other regulatory bodies like NHS,CQC and moreto gain knowledge about the health programs and initiatives. They are surrounded with short term attractiveness of leading a sedentary lifestyle and adopting unhealthy food habits along with consumption of alcohol and smoking(Binns, Lee and Low, 2016). These parameters together are killing their heart and mind in the most dangerous manner in slow but steady levels. Moreover, the major reason behind this type of ignorance is the sedentary behavioural approaches that shed light on the risks associated with public (Husain and Anas, 2016). It has led people to spend a substantial amount of time without any physical activity and mostly spending time while sitting. This led to hazardous influence on the overall body language and personality of individuals especially adults who spend more than 50 hours in office and affecting their standard of living adversely (Buckley and et.al., 2015). Policy documents from international, national and local sources There is an evolutionary progress that address any public health issue such as physical inactivity through implementation of policies and guidelines in the form of customary action plan by the government. This helps the public to underpin their diets, planning the physical activities and other related activity behavioural strategies to shape the policies in accordance to reap the benefits. For the same, several decisions have been made to create healthier food choices and making people adopt a steady physical activity based lifestyle (Atela and et.al., 2016). There are many tactics that can be obtained from several sources to fill the gaps and bring substantial changes in the surroundings of people effectually. This also involves preparation of policy instruments to implement it in proper manner for improved levels of effectiveness and productivity. For e.g. ESCAPE-pain was one of the strategies to implement the policy at all the levels in the UK (Hurley and Carter, 2016). There are policy problems while understanding the factors that has attributed to this health concern of physical inactivity. It is a two stage procedure that leads to a more refined selection of tools or instruments to fight back this menace. However, this two step process is based on firstly the definition of the issue and secondly, framing of problem into a solution centrictool(Gerst-EmersonandJayawardhana,2015).Therefore,thefollowingpolicy documentsare included such asgreen paper.This is refereed as that paper wherepolicy makers conduct modifications at the local levels to deal with the needs of people to overcome the
challenges of any crisis by proper authoritative powers. Next isEuropean Physical Activity Guidelineswhichemphasis on making policies and acted as tool maker for endorsing physical activities in an individual's life to bring health improvements at all the levels. In addition,NICE (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence) and Chief Medical Officerstogether framed aset of guidelinesto be followed on generic nature to overcome the challenges and initiate a pathway for inhibiting the onset of chronic diseases due to prevalence of physical inactivity. In this,Sporting future: a new strategy for an active futurewas inaugurated in December 2015 to bring activeness and maintenance of healthy living standards for the specially challenged people, who are either physical disabled or have any physical deformity (Sporting Future: A New Strategy for an Active Nation, 2015). Another strategy called asCycling and Walking Investment strategyseek promotion of physical recreational activities like cycling and walking to maintain the health conditions and establish a healthy living pattern for people with disabilities (Shah and Niles, 2016). In regard to the above, World Health Organization (WHO) has been consistently working for the upliftment of the societyto make people physical activeby using the Global Action Plan. Its major agenda is to guide the member nations to follow a model for detailed actions regarding theutilityoftheprescribedpoliciesandprograms.The2030AgendaforSustainable Developmentfocus is on developing the collective efforts to encourage physical activity by using the scientific knowledge and available practices with experience via data and innovations to give policy options for the member states, stakeholders and other international partners (Lee and et.al., 2016). This is essential for supervision of changes that occur in the behaviour of people while promoting any health promotion strategy (WHO-Physical activity,2018).For the same, the Ministry of UK Health along with the Public Health England has improved the scenarios by making people aware about Physical-activity. It involved four areas to be delivered this vision at both national and regional levels. Firstly theactive society: creating a social movement then secondly is themoving professionals: activating networks of expertise. Next is theactive lives: creating the right environments and the last area ismoving at scale: scaling up interventions that make us active (Everybody Active, Every Day, 2014).
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Here the governmental interventions are more beneficial since the United Kingdom health and social care sector is publicly funded and is almost free for people to take advantages of the programs and other related policies. The two main sources for data collection at national levels areActive Lives Survey (ALS)andHealth Survey for England (HSE). It has also been demonstrated that 1 out of 6 deaths are due to the physical inactivity. Therefore,the above schematic representation assists in monitoring the entire procedure to make people more active and discard physical inactivity. Henceforth, it is important to educate people about the ill effects of such inactive standards of living. Along with, the governing bodies are in sync with these programs and conduct several events to make people aware about the significance ofstaying physically active and adopting a more healthy and active lifestyle. This would be effective for people to become more healthy and active and replace sedentary patterns with sustainable and efficient sources (Sýkora, 2017). For instance, anew strategycalled“Towards an active nation”has been Illustration2: Schematic Model for supportive environments,policies and programs (Source:Framework to monitor and evaluate implementation, 2008)
established to take up funding via investments of approximately 30 million euros and using new methods to work in both local and rural areas. Analysis of the policy initiatives that are geared towards tackling physical inactivity The policy initiativessuch as Everybody Active, Every Day and moreare framed to make the entire framework reliable and transparent in order to provide assistance to the public for bringing awareness regarding the policy areas. A cross sectional approach is always considered to build and maintain the efficacy of the policies and programs outlined by the international and national bodies along with the cooperation of the government. Nevertheless, the sourcesincluding policies and initiatives highlights the importance of active lifestyle and educate public, especially the adults whose lifestyle patterns are fluctuating and erratic in nature. EU Physical Activity Guidelines help the agencies and institutions to make necessary changes and encourage people to adopt an active and physical oriented life. This exists in accordance to the frameworks mentioned by WHO, UNICEF etc. to make people participate enthusiastically for promotional activities of physical activity. However, the major purpose is to formulate the policies, guidelines and instructions for creating the action plan for people to adopt physical activities (Newson and et.al., 2018). Additionally, the activity oriented application based approachessuch as Everybody Active, Every Day would provebeneficial andhelp in dealing with the targets, goals and objectives. Subsequently, these guidelines are also in levels with the white paper.This paperis based on the legal reporting under the government regarding proposals or information ofhealth related issues like obesity, nutrition etc. and must be in lines with this document as well. This White Paper has put no restrictions on the impact of eating junk or leading a sedentary lifestyle but it makes a strong point in context to initiating planning. Here the focus is to take up remedial actions that focus on increasing the physical activenesses and has influence on the immunity levels which means fighting ability of individual against infection or diseaseand stamina (Patel, J. and Patel, P., 2019. Consequences of Repression of Emotion: Physical Health, Mental Health andGeneralWellBeing.InternationalJournalofPsychotherapyPracticeand Research.1(3).p.16.). Thus, EU Physical Activity Guidelines has advocated training and addition of daily activities to promote strength training to cope up with any negative emotions and overcome the sedentary intensity that leads to bring better outcomes in regard to the health aspect.
Moreover, NICE, NHS and other regulatory bodies have started the National Action Plan to improve the decreasing number of cases related to physical activity.In this,people aremade to shift fromineffective pattern of living standardstowards the physical activity by giving training and counsellingto people together on single platform and make them physically active. Herein,thereisnoaccountabilityfromthegovernmentandregulatorybodiesincluding professionalsin earlier cases however with advent of such programs and policies, the funding, commissioning and delivering has been made easier. Thus, people have become self aware and are taking mini steps to bring concrete alterations for stop being lazybecause they have misconceptions about exercise and doing physical worksand being physical inactive as well. This sudden change has been possible due to the onset of awareness generating programs and events on both local and national levels (Morgan, 2018). These regulatory bodies together collaborated and brought concentric loop of plans to make the guidelines to be followed strictly under the frameworks given by the international institutions and bodies. In context to this, there is importance of local sources where the local bodies which deliver the effectiveness of any programs on more personal manner. The connectivity is better with the involvement of local authorities who would bridge the communication gapsbetween different sections of peopleand there is an emphasis on the behavioural changes by justifying its implementation through support and cooperation of communities (Evans, J., 2017.Equality, education, and physical education. Routledge.). For e.g. the local healthcare services must focus on giving teachings to the people on how to lead a healthy lifestyle patterns and discard the use of junk food (England, S., 2016. Towards an active nation.London, Sport England.). The sources in terms of funding and availability of resources from international and national agencies help the government to make the people aware and generate self vigilance regarding the health status and establish an integrated framework including people from offices, recreational areas etc. Critiquing on relevant approaches to health promotion within identified policy initiatives Health promotion is an important section in curbing the negative consequences of diseases and its related aspects. Here the approaches is an important aspect to understand the relevancy associated with the chosen policy initiatives for tackling the issues of physical inactivity. It also highlights the needs of both the professionals and the public who are trying to reduce the negative impacts of physical inactivity and leads to maintain good mental and physical health. However, one must know that these approaches are only validated through a
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series of policies and instructions given by the governmental interventions. For instance, ESCAPE-pain is an acronym for enabling self management and coping with arthritic pain using exercise which is based on a three tier interventions and has been running smoothly in more than 31 countries across Ireland and United Kingdom. Here. A collaboration took place between the leisure centres, community venues and the National Health Services (NHS) physiotherapy departments.For e.g. Everybody Active, Every day was initiated in 2014 for the same cause. In addition to this,Cohenand Marshall (2017)stated that the policy initiatives facilitate the promotion of healthequalitiesand make people use their rights in proper ways. Moreover, the aim is to make them active and follow a healthy lifestyle that can be made achievable through understanding the guidelines of each strategic objectives and goals of each program or policy intervention. For e.g. NHS England started a program called as “Realising the Value” to empower the communities on the whole. Such program would be beneficial in mapping the health determinants. Alongside,Dror (2017)critiqued that this is an enforcement which must be outlined on the basis of behavioural change theory to make people realise the importance of health promotion activities. If it would not be in the lines of such theory or model then the results would not be effective at widespread scales. As critiqued byMorgan and et.al. (2016), health inequalities due to physical inactivities in today's lifestyle makes essential for people to followEuropean Physical Activity Guidelines. There are some organisation which introduces some activities in workplace timing to have walk for 150 minutes in a week. As employees who work in office sit for the whole day which stops them to do any physical activity. This can also lead to depression state but by introducing this walk activity, employee gets a chance every day for getting refreshments. It has been researched that these activities decreases cardiovascular diseases by 35 %. under the policy of European Physical Activity Guidelines, health improvements approaches are defined which are adopted by some organisation nowadays. As per view ofMyers and et.al. (2015)health promotion refers to a point which commits practicesand reflectionsin considering interdisciplinary forms.In promotionof physical inactivities, people are also getting conscious to do some activities at free time. Under the frameworksof NICE (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence) and Chief Medical Officers, people are playing games in free time after or before office time so that they do not get
cached by some diseases that makes their life in dangerous point (Leng and et.al., 2017). Socially, physically and mentally relieves the people from ill effects of physical activities. Sanchis-Gomar and et.al. (2015)critiqued about the benefits of physical activities in organisation. It has been analysed that employees who work with some doing physical activities reduces depression level by 30 %. depression state is one of the most important state which can make a employee conscious in stress condition. But five minutes of physical movements in body makes them stress free. They do not feel as per European Physical Activity Guidelines but leads to positive results later. Joints in body are get tight while sit for longer time. But doing gaps in sitting makes them free form fracture problem or joint pain problems up to approx 68 %. This is realised later when the age reaches to old stage. In adults age, this is taken as simple and easy but has a great impacts for the future purpose. Policy makes people aware to have some physical activities daily which also reduces chances of colon cancer by 30 %. (Kyu and et.al., 2016). these reduction makes so much difference for the health of people and to prevent them from ill effects of physical inactivities. On the other hand,Vijay and et.al., (2016)critiqued about the time consumption in physical activities. People thought that physical activities takes time and also becomes a barrier in between of completing tasks on time. Policies provide guidelines for the people to have efficient use of approaches but these guidelines need to be followed systematically otherwise it can make loss for people life style and also to meet the requirements. Doing always physical activity also lead to some problems in body of people. Every case is beneficial in limits only. CONCLUSION It has been summarised that public health promotion is an important aspect in dealing with the existing differences and make the public realise the relevancy behind making policies. This has been mainly done to bring transparency and reliability while implementing the decisions for the betterment of the society on the whole. Furthermore, this assignment has successfully identified the rise of physical inactivity cases and the requirement to study its overall effects in both negative and positive aspects. The people are becoming habitual in their daily routine with little or no exercise and have started living an unhealthy lifestyle. In addition to this, the policy documents likeEuropean Physical Activity Guidelines, green paper and combined guidelines were given together by NICE (National Institute for Health
and Care Excellence) and Chief Medical Officers has been examined to gain insights about the perspectives of public, stakeholders and the professionals working in the health and social care sector. Moreover, the health promotion approaches were identified to know the policy initiatives and its implementation to generate awareness about the ill effects on the body and the associated diseases that act as barriers to the people with sedentary behaviour.
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