Public Health Promotion on Obesity

This article discusses the ill effects of obesity on pregnant women, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of obesity, and more. It includes books, journals, websites, electronic databases, and organizations that provide information on obesity. Statistical data on the prevalence of obesity in adults, both male and female, and children are also presented.

Running head: PUBLIC HEALTH
Public Health Promotion on Obesity
Name of the Student:
Name of the University:
Author Note:

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PART A
Book 1:
According to the Author, the ill effects of obesity has spread all over the world and
pregnant women who are especially obese are more vulnerable. Obsessive pregnant women
experience reduced fertility, however if they become pregnant then the ill effects of obesity are
transferred to both the mother and the child. Statistics reveal that 23% of the pregnant women in
Southern England are considered as obese. Obese pregnant women develop clinical
complications like gestational diabetes which poses problems in obstetric care.
Reference: Gillman, M.W. and Poston, L. eds., 2012. Maternal obesity. Cambridge University
Press.
Book 2:
The book presents a detailed account on the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of obesity.
According to the author, obesity is a global issue which poses as a threat to the different health
care systems that exist in several countries. Next issue that gets highlighted in this context is that
patient evaluation is vital for designing a therapy plan. Medication causes both the weight loss
and weight gain. Thus, the Author says that the proper medication is necessary to deal the weight
loss in the obese people. The worse part of obesity is that children are the worst affected by the
increased incidence of obesity and the possible reasons are bad eating habits and less physical
activities.
Reference: Bagchi, D. and Preuss, H.G. eds., 2012. Obesity: epidemiology, pathophysiology,
and prevention. CRC press.

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Journal 1:
According to the Author, the increased incidence of obesity in UK can be attributed to the
decrease in physical activity and bad eating habits. The other causes are the decline in the
awareness of good diet and effective exercise strategies. The Author performed a doubly-labelled
water study based on the energy expenditure. The study highlighted that excessive food intake
which have high calorific value, has led to increased level of obesity and less physical activity
aggravated the health condition. Author also did a data analysis from the year 1955 till the year
2013 and it revealed that although the intake of high calorie food has reduced between 20% to
30% along with the fall in physical activity.
Reference: Millward, D.J., 2013. Energy balance and obesity: a UK perspective on the gluttony
v. sloth debate. Nutrition research reviews, 26(2), pp.89-109.
Journal 2:
According to the Author, the incidence of childhood obesity has increased significantly
within a single generation. Data from developed countries reveal that, the average weight of the
children has increased by 5kg within the time period of thirty years. Even the same is reported
from the less developed countries that have the issues related to under nutrition. Author also
suggests that better nutritional strategies must be framed so that children will be able to receive
good nutritious food at home and the overconsumption of less nutritious food must be prevented.
The promotion of energy rich nutritious food must be prevented because this will deteriorate the
health conditions of the children severely.

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Reference: Lobstein, T., Jackson-Leach, R., Moodie, M.L., Hall, K.D., Gortmaker, S.L.,
Swinburn, B.A., James, W.P.T., Wang, Y. and McPherson, K., 2015. Child and adolescent
obesity: part of a bigger picture. The Lancet, 385(9986), pp.2510-2520.
Journal 3:
Through a randomized control trial, the effectiveness and acceptability of the family
based behavioral treatment for the assessment of childhood obesity in a community of socially
diverse families. In this trial 72 obese children were taken for the sample study. The data were
collected based on the parameters like BMI, weight, height, waist and their respective SDSs. The
FFM index and FM index along blood pressure are also considered for the study. Results
indicated that the treatment group showed reduction in systolic blood pressure and improvements
in eating attitudes and quality of life. However, no positive changes were found in the control
group.
Reference: Croker, H., Viner, R.M., Nicholls, D., Haroun, D., Chadwick, P., Edwards, C.,
Wells, J.C. and Wardle, J., 2012. Family-based behavioural treatment of childhood obesity in a
UK National Health Service setting: randomized controlled trial. International Journal of
Obesity, 36(1), pp.16-26.
Journal 4:
Obesity is considered as the major health problem in world over, and at the obesity can
lead to several complications in health. The diseases that arise due to the incidence of obesity are
the cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, metabolic syndrome. Due to obesity, fat gets infiltrated in
to blood vessels and the several organs of the body. Fat gets deposited in to the adipose tissue
and due to this cytokine are produced which act as an important risk factor for the development

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of gall stones. Studies reveal that metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, obesity,
hyperinsulinemia are all related to the development of all bladder diseases and the gall bladder
stones.
Reference: Jeong, S.U. and Lee, S.K., 2012. Obesity and gallbladder diseases. The Korean
Journal of Gastroenterology, 59(1), pp.27-34.
Journal 5:
The Author performed a comparative and econometric risk assessment study based on the
effect of 20% taxation on the sugar sweetened beverages and its relation with the obesity in
United Kingdom. The population considered for the study included the adults who are aged 16
and over. The results of the study revealed that 20% taxation on the sugar sweetened beverages
effectively reduced the number of obese adults by 1.3% and among the people who are
overweight, by 0.9%. The positive effects are noticed majorly in the adults, however it showed
no big difference among the income groups.
References: Briggs, A.D., Mytton, O.T., Kehlbacher, A., Tiffin, R., Rayner, M. and
Scarborough, P., 2013. Overall and income specific effect on prevalence of overweight and
obesity of 20% sugar sweetened drink tax in UK: econometric and comparative risk assessment
modelling study. Bmj, 347, p.f6189.
Website 1:
National Obesity forum (NOF) is formed in the year 2000 and it is a charity that works to
increase the awareness among the UK citizens and promotes ways through which obesity can be
prevented effectively. The several ways that NOF undertakes includes initiatives like public
facing, providing training to the health care professionals and the clinicians on how to manage

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obesity and weight management issues. The National Obesity Forum organizes campaign that
spreads awareness among the citizens of United Kingdom regarding the obesity control through
life style changes that are manageable and achievable.
Reference: Nationalobesityforum.org.uk (2017). National Obesity Forum - About the NOF.
[online] Nationalobesityforum.org.uk. Available at:
http://www.nationalobesityforum.org.uk/index.php/about-the-nof.html [Accessed 16 Dec. 2017].
Website 2:
National Health Service was launched in 1948 and is a publicly funded healthcare
provider of England. According to the site, BMI or body mass index is widely used to quantify a
person’s health in relation to their weight. BMI gives a measure of whether a person is having
right body weight as per their height. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle to tackle to risks of obesity
is the best measure. However, the risk posed by the obesity ranges from coronary heart disease,
type 2 diabetes, stroke and breast cancer. Obesity is a potential health disruptor and it affects a
person psychologically which leads to low self-esteem and depression.
Reference: NHS.uk (2017). Obesity. [online] NHS.uk. Available at:
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/obesity/#defining-obesity [Accessed 16 Dec. 2017].
Electronic Database 1:
The database is provided on the sedentary behaviour and obesity studies, the data
provided are unique and aims to bring out a positive relationship between the obesity and
sedentary behaviour. The database consists of 326 studies from around the world. The reviews
are specifically assessed and coded that helps to keep a track of the variables that are present in
the study. The data are keyworded systematically like study location, gender, age and the

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direction of the relationship of the study groups. The reports generated from the database are
represented through visuals mapping and proper advice is provided.
Reference: Eppi.ioe.ac.uk (2017). Database introduction. [online] Eppi.ioe.ac.uk. Available at:
http://eppi.ioe.ac.uk/webdatabases/intro.aspx?ID=16 [Accessed 16 Dec. 2017].
Electronic database 2:
This database is available in the WHO global website, it gives access to global database
on the Body Mass Index (BMI) that provides both national and regional obesity prevalence
among the adults that are overweight and underweight. The data are also found based on the year
of the survey, country and gender. The information is well represented through interactive
graphs, charts, tables and also provide downloadable documents. The BMI indexes are based on
the age of both the genders. The risks associated with the increased BMI among the both men
and women varies from one population to another.
Reference: Apps.who.int (2017). WHO :: Global Database on Body Mass Index. [online]
Apps.who.int. Available at: http://apps.who.int/bmi/index.jsp [Accessed 16 Dec. 2017].
Organization 1:
British Obesity Society (BOS) is British charity that work for improving the life of the
people that are working and living with the issues of obesity. The organization works in
improving the health services and strives to develop a healthy community in United Kingdom.
The organization help the UK citizens who lives are disrupted by obesity. The organization have
the experience of several years in the field of obesity. The works of the organization involve
advancing the public knowledge related to obesity and promoting an understanding of health

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lifestyle and weight. The organization also supports and helps other organizations and
communities that work in the field of obesity.
Address:
British Obesity Society
Foxbourne Business Centre
Heath Mill Close
Wolverhampton
WV5 8EX
Reference: Britishobesitysoc (2017). britishobesitysoc. [online] britishobesitysoc. Available at:
https://www.britishobesitysociety.org/who-we-are [Accessed 16 Dec. 2017].
Organization 2:
World Health Organization (WHO) have the goal of building a healthy future for all the
global citizens. The offices of WHO are located in over 150 countries through which with the
qualified workers. WHO works along with the government of the respective countries and other
health organizations in order to attain a healthy for the people worldwide. According to this
organization, overweight and obesity are designated as a condition in which excessive
accumulation of fat is termed to be presenting risk to health. Body Mass Index or BMI is
quantified to measure the obesity of a person. Both overweigh and obesity are the causal agents
of several chronic diseases that leads to the development of other diseases like cardiovascular
diseases, cancer and diabetes.

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Address:
WHO Headquarters in Geneva
Avenue Appia 20
1202 Geneva
Telephone: [phone]
Reference: Who.int (2017). WHO | Obesity. [online] Who.int. Available at:
http://www.who.int/topics/obesity/en/ [Accessed 16 Dec. 2017].
Statistical Data:
Figure 1: Prevalence of obesity in adults
Obesity and overweight are the two most common terms that are referred to accumulation
of excessive body fat and it relates to having an increased weight which is more than the height.
Body Mass Index (BMI) is the most common method of quantifying obesity. Among the adults,

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a BMI measure of 25 to 29kg/m2 is considered as overweight. While a score of 30kg/m2 or more
is considered as obese.
Figure 2: Prevalence of obesity in both male and females in terms of their age
The graph shows that the incidence of obesity is most on the females and the males
around the age of 55-64. However, the least is among the adults and the older people. The
inference that can be drawn is that as the age increases both due to life style change, work life
and depression increases the tendency of obesity among both the genders.

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Figure 3: the graphs shows the incidence of obesity and overweight both in the reception year
and year 6 children
The reception year shows 1% difference in the obese and overweight children which does not
provide must variance. However, in the year 6 (2017) the incidence of obesity in the children is
3% more in comparison to the year 2006/07.
Figure 4: Graph shows the effect of obesity due to physical activity

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The graph shows that the more active an individual is, the less is the incidence of
obesity. The adults aged around 16-24 are found to be most physically active, thus obesity is
less. However, along with the increased age, the reduced mobility and lack of physical activity
results in the more obsessive tendencies.
Reference: Data.gov.uk (2017). Statistics on Obesity, Physical Activity and Diet, England -
Datasets. [online] Data.gov.uk. Available at:
https://data.gov.uk/dataset/statistics_on_obesity_physical_activity_and_diet_england [Accessed
16 Dec. 2017].

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PART B
Obesity is one of the most ubiquitous and chronic disease that need innovative strategies
and strategies to prevent and manage the incidence of obesity. Obesity is the major cause of
disability, morbidity, mortality, healthcare costs and healthcare utilization in United Sates. The
high occurrence of obesity plagues United and world over. Obesity and is the excess deposition
of fat in the subcutaneous layer of the skin. Obesity as defined by the environmental and genetic
factors which impose difficulty in its control during dieting. Obesity can be quantified through a
scale called BMI or the Body Mass Index. A person having a BMI of 30 and above are called
obese. Obesity increases the incidence of other diseases that are not good for the body, such as
hypertension, diabetes and sleep apnea, cardio vascular diseases. The individuals that are
affected from the diseases are mostly unaware of it (Bagchi and Preuss 2012).
According to the WHO recent data, the worldwide occurrence of obesity has increased by
three times since the year 1975. In the year 2016, data shows that 1.9 billion of the adults who
are 18 years and above were overweight and among them 650 million people are found to be
obese. Thirty-nine percent of the adults who are aged 18 years and more are found to be
overweight in the year 2016, while thirteen percent were found to be obese. The world’s
population reside in the countries where obesity and over weight is the reason of more deaths
than people who are underweight. In the year 2016, 41 million children below 5 years of age
were found to be either overweight or obese. The age group of 5-19 were found to be obese and
overweigh tin the year 2016 and the number is around 340 million (Who.int, 2017).
Although, the terms overweight and obese are sometimes used alternatively. However,
these terms carry their own meaning. The term overweight is used by the doctors to define a

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person’s weight that is 10-20% more than the normal as per guideline in the standard
weight/height chart, or a BMI score of 25 to 30. On the other hand, obesity is defined as person
health condition in which a person’s weight is 20% and more above normal and the BMI score is
30 or high. A term Morbid obesity is also used to define a person’s obese condition in which the
person’s weigh tis 50-100% more than the normal body weight. In terms of weight, a morbid
obese person is 100 pounds above the normal body weight. In the morbid obese condition, the
health condition of the person gets severely compromised because this obesity interferes with the
normal functioning of the body (Who.int, 2017). Overweigh and obesity for the different age
groups is different. Like the measure of obesity in children will not be suitable for the adults and
likewise will not suitable for the older people. For the children who are under 5 years of age,
obesity is defined as when weight for height is more than three standard deviations. For the
children belonging to the age group of 5 to 19 years, obesity is defined as when the weigh to
height ratio is greater than the two standard deviations. The obesity in the adults is quantified as
a BMI score more than or equal to 30 (Cole and Lobstein 2012).
According to the recent studies by Organization for Economic Co-operation and
Development, UK is found to have the highest occurrence of obesity in among the Western
Europe. The health report states that, 27% of the UK population exhibits a BMI of 30 and more.
The report also highlights that the incidence of obesity in UK has increased by 92% when
compared to the year of 1990. This specifically signifies that UK is facing a serious health
challenge. Statistics from the Health Survey for England, shows that among the adults a BMI
score of 25 to 30kg/m2 signifies that the person is an overweight. While a BMI score of 30Kg/m2
signifies an adult is obese. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) uses
both the BMI and waist circumference for the measurement of a person’s obesity and

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overweight. The obesity in the adults when compared over time from the year 1993 to 2015
reveals that the obesity has increased from 15% to 27% (Flegal et al. 2012). However, the
occurrence of morbid obesity has increased three times since the year 1993. The prevalence of
morbid obesity is found in around 2% of the male population and is around 4% of the female
population in the year 2015. In terms of gender comparison, 68% of male population are more
obese that the 58% of the female population. The trends of obesity are most prevalent in the
North East, North West and western highlands of England. However, in the South West England
the incidence of obesity is comparatively less. Considering the prevalence of obesity by age and
gender of the population, the high proneness to obesity is found in the age group of 55-64 aged
male and female population (WHO 2017).
The survey report also cited the reasons of obesity among the adults. Hypertension is
seen to be very prominent and common within the adults that are affected by the obesity. The
incidence of hypertension is found to be in 43% and 37% of obese men and women respectively.
While, hypertension is also found in 21% and 18% of the healthy and men and women
respectively. Also, the occurrence of diabetes is found commonly among the adults with
desirable and high waist circumference and it was around 2% and 11% respectively. The
prevalence of obesity is also commonly found in children aged 4-5 (reception year) and 10-11
(year 6). In the reception year, 1 among 5 children were found to be obese, while in the year
2015/16, 9% of the children were found to be obsessive. In the year 6, 1 among 3 children are
found to be obsessive and in the year 2015/16 the children were 20% obese. One major
highlighting fact that has been found from the survey is that children who live in the deprived
areas are more likely to become obsessive than the children who reside in the least deprived
areas. In the reception year, 13% of the children residing in the most deprived areas were found

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to be more obese than the 5% of the children living in the least deprived areas (Data.gov.uk,
2017). In the year 6, it is found that 26% of the children that are residing in the most deprived
areas are found to be obese in comparison to the 12% of the children that are residing in the least
deprived areas. The prevalence of obesity in the children who are school goers and are residing
in the least deprived areas have elevated over time. In the reception year, the prevalence of
obesity rates is found to be 7% and 15% for the Chinese children and the Black British children.
In the Black British children 29% were found to be obsessive. While, the prevalence of obesity
rates is 17% and 29% for the Chinese children and black British children. In the year 6 the 45%
of the Black British children were found to be obsessive. According to the survey, the parents of
the obese children has a wrong perception that their children were having the right weight. 48%
of the mothers were having the perception that their child was having the right weight, while the
remaining 51% said that their child were overweight. 43% of the fathers said that their child was
having the right weight. While, 56% of the fathers said their children were overweight
(Data.gov.uk, 2017).
The survey also highlighted the body image among the 15-year-old children. 46% of the
girls around the age of 15 years said that they were too fat as in comparison to the 23% of the
boys. 34% of the children who were aged 15 revealed that they were bullied for being fat. The
prevalence of obesity among the people of various age groups can be attributed to the adults who
were aged 16 and more. It is reported that 26% of the adults were found to be inactive (these are
the adults that had less than 30 minutes of physical activity in a week), whereas 61% of the
adults were found to be active (150 minutes and more of physical activity for a week). It is a
common fact that with the increase in age group, the level of inactivity increases. the people aged
around 16 to 24 were considered to be the most physically active (Britishobesitysoc, 2017).

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While, the people who aged around 75 and more are less physically active. Physical activity is
also significantly different in male and female. 27% of females are found to be more inactive
than the 24% of the males. Even, people belonging from different ethnic cultures like the black,
Chinese, Asian groups are found to be more physically inactive than the mixed and white
counterparts. The people who never employed and have never worked are more likely to be
physically inactive (37%). While, the people who worked in the administrative and managerial
positions are more likely to be physically active (17%) (Apps.who.int, 2017).
The various causes of obesity need to be highlighted so that the incidence of obesity can
be prevented. The difference between the intake of calorie and the expenditure of energy can
define a person’s body weight. If a person consumes more energy than he or she could probably
utilize or burn. Then the energy gets accumulated and stored as fat. Like the same way, if a
person consumes less energy then he or she metabolizes and which results in losing weight.
Thus, the body weight is due to the result of metabolism, genetics, behavior and culture.
Genetically, a person is more likely to become obese if his/ her parents are obese (Wright and
Aronne 2012). Genetics affect the hormones that are associated with the fat regulation. An
example of genetic cause of obesity is the leptin deficiency. Overeating results in gaining weight,
the more a person consumes energy rich foods, the more that person will gain weight. Diets that
contain high amounts of carbohydrates elevates the blood glucose levels and in turn stimulates
the production of insulin. This leads to the accumulation of fat and causes weight gain.
Medications like antidepressants, oral contraceptive and corticoids cause certain changes in the
physiology and metabolism of the body. Psychological factors like depression, anger, stress are
the causal factors of overweight in people. Diseases like hypothyroidism, insulin resistance are
the major contributors of obesity. Social issues also contribute to the obesity among the people.

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Like for example, lack of money to purchase quality food and the lack to money to reside in safe
place also leads to obesity (Gonçalves et al. 2012).
The major health implications from the increased incidence of obesity results in spread of
non- communicable diseases. Diseases like cardiovascular diseases (resulting in stroke and heart
diseases), musculoskeletal disorders (including the osteoarthritis- that degenerates and cause
disability in movement), diabetes and cancer. The different types of cancers include breast,
prostate, ovarian, liver, kidney, gallbladder and colon. The risks of these diseases increases with
the increase in BMI. Childhood obesity is associated with the increased incidence of premature
death, obesity and losing mobility. However, along with the increased risks in future, the
children also experience difficulties in breathing, fractures, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension
and psychological effects (Kurdiova et al. 2014).
Therefore, from the above discussion it can be concluded that, obesity is an alarming
health issue in United Kingdom and world over. The reasons due to which the incidence of
obesity has increased is the change in life style, eating habit and other environmental factors.
While, all these factors can be controlled to achieve desired changes. However, effective
strategies must be implemented by the UK government to manage and effectively reduce the
prevalence of obesity in the children and the adults. There are several NGO, private
organizations that can work with the World Health Organization to effectively chalk out plans to
reduce the factors that cause obesity among the UK and global citizens alike.

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Reference
Apps.who.int (2017). WHO :: Global Database on Body Mass Index. [online] Apps.who.int.
Available at: http://apps.who.int/bmi/index.jsp [Accessed 16 Dec. 2017].
Bagchi, D. and Preuss, H.G. eds., 2012. Obesity: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and
prevention. CRC press.
Briggs, A.D., Mytton, O.T., Kehlbacher, A., Tiffin, R., Rayner, M. and Scarborough, P., 2013.
Overall and income specific effect on prevalence of overweight and obesity of 20% sugar
sweetened drink tax in UK: econometric and comparative risk assessment modelling study. Bmj,
347, p.f6189.
Britishobesitysoc (2017). britishobesitysoc. [online] britishobesitysoc. Available at:
https://www.britishobesitysociety.org/who-we-are [Accessed 16 Dec. 2017].
Cole, T.J. and Lobstein, T., 2012. Extended international (IOTF) body mass index cut‐offs for
thinness, overweight and obesity. Pediatric obesity, 7(4), pp.284-294.
Croker, H., Viner, R.M., Nicholls, D., Haroun, D., Chadwick, P., Edwards, C., Wells, J.C. and
Wardle, J., 2012. Family-based behavioural treatment of childhood obesity in a UK National
Health Service setting: randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obesity, 36(1),
pp.16-26.
Data.gov.uk (2017). Statistics on Obesity, Physical Activity and Diet, England - Datasets.
[online] Data.gov.uk. Available at:
https://data.gov.uk/dataset/statistics_on_obesity_physical_activity_and_diet_england [Accessed
16 Dec. 2017].

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Eppi.ioe.ac.uk (2017). Database introduction. [online] Eppi.ioe.ac.uk. Available at:
http://eppi.ioe.ac.uk/webdatabases/intro.aspx?ID=16 [Accessed 16 Dec. 2017].
Flegal, K.M., Carroll, M.D., Kit, B.K. and Ogden, C.L., 2012. Prevalence of obesity and trends
in the distribution of body mass index among US adults, 1999-2010. Jama, 307(5), pp.491-497.
Gillman, M.W. and Poston, L. eds., 2012. Maternal obesity. Cambridge University Press.
Gonçalves, H., González, D.A., Araújo, C.P., Muniz, L., Tavares, P., Assunção, M.C., Menezes,
A.M. and Hallal, P.C., 2012. Adolescents' perception of causes of obesity: unhealthy lifestyles or
heritage?. Journal of Adolescent Health, 51(6), pp.S46-S52.
Kurdiova, T., Balaz, M., Vician, M., Maderova, D., Vlcek, M., Valkovic, L., Srbecky, M.,
Imrich, R., Kyselovicova, O., Belan, V. and Jelok, I., 2014. Effects of obesity, diabetes and
exercise on Fndc5 gene expression and irisin release in human skeletal muscle and adipose
tissue: in vivo and in vitro studies. The Journal of physiology, 592(5), pp.1091-1107.
Lobstein, T., Jackson-Leach, R., Moodie, M.L., Hall, K.D., Gortmaker, S.L., Swinburn, B.A.,
James, W.P.T., Wang, Y. and McPherson, K., 2015. Child and adolescent obesity: part of a
bigger picture. The Lancet, 385(9986), pp.2510-2520.
Millward, D.J., 2013. Energy balance and obesity: a UK perspective on the gluttony v. sloth
debate. Nutrition research reviews, 26(2), pp.89-109.
Nationalobesityforum.org.uk (2017). National Obesity Forum - About the NOF. [online]
Nationalobesityforum.org.uk. Available at:
http://www.nationalobesityforum.org.uk/index.php/about-the-nof.html [Accessed 16 Dec. 2017].

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NHS.uk (2017). Obesity. [online] NHS.uk. Available at:
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/obesity/#defining-obesity [Accessed 16 Dec. 2017].
Who.int (2017). WHO | Obesity. [online] Who.int. Available at:
http://www.who.int/topics/obesity/en/ [Accessed 16 Dec. 2017].
World Health Organization (WHO, 2017. Obesity and Overweight factsheet from the
WHO. Health.
Wright, S.M. and Aronne, L.J., 2012. Causes of obesity. Abdominal Radiology, 37(5), pp.730-
732.

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