Study of Pyrheliometer to Calculate Direct Normal Irradiance and Global Horizontal Irradiance
Added on 2024-01-18
71 Pages15066 Words477 Views
|
|
|
ERU-Lab Reports 2018-ME-133
University of Engineering and Technology
Lahore
Assignment of:
Energy Resources and Utilization-Laboratory
Assignment Type:
Lab Report
Submitted To:
Sir Syed Saqib
Submitted By:
2018-ME-133
Ahsan Junaid
________________________________________________________________
University of Engineering and Technology
Lahore
Assignment of:
Energy Resources and Utilization-Laboratory
Assignment Type:
Lab Report
Submitted To:
Sir Syed Saqib
Submitted By:
2018-ME-133
Ahsan Junaid
________________________________________________________________
ERU-Lab Reports 2018-ME-133
Table of Contents
1. Objective: .............................................................................................................8
2. Experimental Setup:.............................................................................................8
3. Literature Review ................................................................................................9
3.1. Pyrheliometer: .................................................................................................9
3.2. Main Components of Pyrheliometer: .............................................................9
3.3. Pyrheliometer a Solar Irriadiance Sensor: ....................................................10
3.4. Difference between Pyrheliometer & Pyranometer: ....................................10
3.5. Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI): ..................................................................11
3.6. Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI): ............................................................11
4. Working of a Pyrheliometer: .............................................................................11
5. Procedure: ..........................................................................................................12
6. Advantages of Pyrheliometer: ...........................................................................13
7. Applications of Pyrheliometer: ..........................................................................13
8. Characteristics of Pyrheliometer: ......................................................................16
9. References ..........................................................................................................16
1. Objective ............................................................................................................17
2. Literature Review ..............................................................................................17
2.1. Declination: ...................................................................................................18
2.2. Solar elevation ..............................................................................................19
Zenith angle ..........................................................................................................19
Solar Azimuth Angle: ...........................................................................................19
3. Procedure: ..........................................................................................................20
4. Graphs ................................................................................................................21
5. Conclusion .........................................................................................................21
6. Advantages: .......................................................................................................22
7. Disadvantages: ...................................................................................................22
Table of Contents
1. Objective: .............................................................................................................8
2. Experimental Setup:.............................................................................................8
3. Literature Review ................................................................................................9
3.1. Pyrheliometer: .................................................................................................9
3.2. Main Components of Pyrheliometer: .............................................................9
3.3. Pyrheliometer a Solar Irriadiance Sensor: ....................................................10
3.4. Difference between Pyrheliometer & Pyranometer: ....................................10
3.5. Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI): ..................................................................11
3.6. Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI): ............................................................11
4. Working of a Pyrheliometer: .............................................................................11
5. Procedure: ..........................................................................................................12
6. Advantages of Pyrheliometer: ...........................................................................13
7. Applications of Pyrheliometer: ..........................................................................13
8. Characteristics of Pyrheliometer: ......................................................................16
9. References ..........................................................................................................16
1. Objective ............................................................................................................17
2. Literature Review ..............................................................................................17
2.1. Declination: ...................................................................................................18
2.2. Solar elevation ..............................................................................................19
Zenith angle ..........................................................................................................19
Solar Azimuth Angle: ...........................................................................................19
3. Procedure: ..........................................................................................................20
4. Graphs ................................................................................................................21
5. Conclusion .........................................................................................................21
6. Advantages: .......................................................................................................22
7. Disadvantages: ...................................................................................................22
ERU-Lab Reports 2018-ME-133
8. References:.........................................................................................................23
1. Objective: ...........................................................................................................24
2. Experimental Setup ............................................................................................24
3. Literature Review ..............................................................................................25
3.1. Evacuated Tube Collectors ...........................................................................25
3.1.3.1 Direct-flow evacuated-tube collectors: ...................................................27
3.1.3.2 Heat pipe evacuated-tube collectors: ....................................................28
Integrated Tank Solar Collectors: .........................................................................29
4. Experimental Setup:...........................................................................................30
5. Measuring Instruments and device: ...................................................................30
6. Experimentation Data Analysis: ........................................................................30
6.1. Experimental Results: ...................................................................................31
7. Conclusion: ........................................................................................................31
8. References ..........................................................................................................32
1. Objective ............................................................................................................33
2. Literature Review ..............................................................................................33
2.1. Parabolic Trough Collector: ........................................................................33
2.1.1. Working Principle ....................................................................................34
2.1.2. Solar Thermal Power System ...................................................................34
2.1.2.2. Solar Power Towers ..............................................................................35
2.1.2.3. Solar Dish Systems ...............................................................................35
3. Optical and Thermal Analysis of High Concentration Parabolic Trough
Collectors .................................................................................................................37
3.1. Structure ......................................................................................................37
3.1.1. Geometry: ..................................................................................................37
3.1.2. Solar Tracking: ..........................................................................................37
3.1.3. Reflectors: ...................................................................................................37
3.1.3.1. Photogrammetry: ....................................................................................37
3.1.3.2. Deflectometry: ........................................................................................38
8. References:.........................................................................................................23
1. Objective: ...........................................................................................................24
2. Experimental Setup ............................................................................................24
3. Literature Review ..............................................................................................25
3.1. Evacuated Tube Collectors ...........................................................................25
3.1.3.1 Direct-flow evacuated-tube collectors: ...................................................27
3.1.3.2 Heat pipe evacuated-tube collectors: ....................................................28
Integrated Tank Solar Collectors: .........................................................................29
4. Experimental Setup:...........................................................................................30
5. Measuring Instruments and device: ...................................................................30
6. Experimentation Data Analysis: ........................................................................30
6.1. Experimental Results: ...................................................................................31
7. Conclusion: ........................................................................................................31
8. References ..........................................................................................................32
1. Objective ............................................................................................................33
2. Literature Review ..............................................................................................33
2.1. Parabolic Trough Collector: ........................................................................33
2.1.1. Working Principle ....................................................................................34
2.1.2. Solar Thermal Power System ...................................................................34
2.1.2.2. Solar Power Towers ..............................................................................35
2.1.2.3. Solar Dish Systems ...............................................................................35
3. Optical and Thermal Analysis of High Concentration Parabolic Trough
Collectors .................................................................................................................37
3.1. Structure ......................................................................................................37
3.1.1. Geometry: ..................................................................................................37
3.1.2. Solar Tracking: ..........................................................................................37
3.1.3. Reflectors: ...................................................................................................37
3.1.3.1. Photogrammetry: ....................................................................................37
3.1.3.2. Deflectometry: ........................................................................................38
ERU-Lab Reports 2018-ME-133
3.1.4. Reflectivity Measurement:.........................................................................39
4. Abrasion Test: ....................................................................................................39
5. Advantages: .......................................................................................................40
6. Disadvantages: ...................................................................................................40
7. References ..........................................................................................................41
1. Objective: ...........................................................................................................42
2. Experimental Setup:...........................................................................................42
3. Theory: ...............................................................................................................43
4. Procedure: ..........................................................................................................44
5. Calculations and observations: ..........................................................................45
6. Result .................................................................................................................47
7. References ..........................................................................................................48
1. Objective: ...........................................................................................................49
2. Literature Review ..............................................................................................49
2.1. Dynamometer: ...............................................................................................49
2.2. Ac dynamometer: ..........................................................................................50
2.3. Types of Dynamometers: ..............................................................................51
2.3.1. Eddy Current Dynamometer ....................................................................51
2.4. Applications for Dynamometers .................................................................53
2.4.1. Data Acquisition .......................................................................................54
2.5. Dynamometer Design for measuring the cutting force on Turning ............54
2.6. Data acquisition ...........................................................................................55
2.7. Advantages ..................................................................................................56
2.8. Disadvantages:.............................................................................................56
3. Rpm and rotating torque ....................................................................................56
4. Results:...............................................................................................................57
5. References:.........................................................................................................58
1. Objective ............................................................................................................59
2. Experimental Setup ............................................................................................59
3.1.4. Reflectivity Measurement:.........................................................................39
4. Abrasion Test: ....................................................................................................39
5. Advantages: .......................................................................................................40
6. Disadvantages: ...................................................................................................40
7. References ..........................................................................................................41
1. Objective: ...........................................................................................................42
2. Experimental Setup:...........................................................................................42
3. Theory: ...............................................................................................................43
4. Procedure: ..........................................................................................................44
5. Calculations and observations: ..........................................................................45
6. Result .................................................................................................................47
7. References ..........................................................................................................48
1. Objective: ...........................................................................................................49
2. Literature Review ..............................................................................................49
2.1. Dynamometer: ...............................................................................................49
2.2. Ac dynamometer: ..........................................................................................50
2.3. Types of Dynamometers: ..............................................................................51
2.3.1. Eddy Current Dynamometer ....................................................................51
2.4. Applications for Dynamometers .................................................................53
2.4.1. Data Acquisition .......................................................................................54
2.5. Dynamometer Design for measuring the cutting force on Turning ............54
2.6. Data acquisition ...........................................................................................55
2.7. Advantages ..................................................................................................56
2.8. Disadvantages:.............................................................................................56
3. Rpm and rotating torque ....................................................................................56
4. Results:...............................................................................................................57
5. References:.........................................................................................................58
1. Objective ............................................................................................................59
2. Experimental Setup ............................................................................................59
ERU-Lab Reports 2018-ME-133
3. Literature View ..................................................................................................59
3.1. Wind Tunnel ..................................................................................................59
3.2. “Types of wind tunnels” ...............................................................................60
3.2.1. “Open vs closed circuit wind tunnel” .......................................................60
3.2.2. “Subsonic vs Supersonic wind tunnel” ...................................................61
3.2.3. “Education vs research wind tunnel” .......................................................62
3.2.4. “Laminar vs turbulent wind tunnel” ........................................................62
3.3. Parts of Wind Tunnel ....................................................................................62
a. “Inlet duct” .....................................................................................................62
b. “Test section” ..............................................................................................62
c. “Diffuser” .......................................................................................................63
d. “Axial flow fan unit” ...................................................................................63
e. “Control console” ...........................................................................................63
f. “Attachments” ................................................................................................63
i. “Strain gauge balance” ...................................................................................63
ii. “Multi bank manometer” .............................................................................63
3.4. Aerodynamics Fundamentals ......................................................................64
Expression For “Lift Force” .................................................................................65
4. Procedure ...........................................................................................................67
5. Results ................................................................................................................67
6. Graphs ................................................................................................................68
7. Simulation using Ansys .....................................................................................69
8. Conclusion and Recommendations ...................................................................70
9. References ..........................................................................................................71
3. Literature View ..................................................................................................59
3.1. Wind Tunnel ..................................................................................................59
3.2. “Types of wind tunnels” ...............................................................................60
3.2.1. “Open vs closed circuit wind tunnel” .......................................................60
3.2.2. “Subsonic vs Supersonic wind tunnel” ...................................................61
3.2.3. “Education vs research wind tunnel” .......................................................62
3.2.4. “Laminar vs turbulent wind tunnel” ........................................................62
3.3. Parts of Wind Tunnel ....................................................................................62
a. “Inlet duct” .....................................................................................................62
b. “Test section” ..............................................................................................62
c. “Diffuser” .......................................................................................................63
d. “Axial flow fan unit” ...................................................................................63
e. “Control console” ...........................................................................................63
f. “Attachments” ................................................................................................63
i. “Strain gauge balance” ...................................................................................63
ii. “Multi bank manometer” .............................................................................63
3.4. Aerodynamics Fundamentals ......................................................................64
Expression For “Lift Force” .................................................................................65
4. Procedure ...........................................................................................................67
5. Results ................................................................................................................67
6. Graphs ................................................................................................................68
7. Simulation using Ansys .....................................................................................69
8. Conclusion and Recommendations ...................................................................70
9. References ..........................................................................................................71
ERU-Lab Reports 2018-ME-133
Table of Figures.
Figure 1 Measurement of Direct Normal Irridiance (DNI) using Pyrheliometer ......8
Figure 2 Measurement of Global Horizontal Irridiance (GHI) using Pryheliometer
....................................................................................................................................8
Figure 3 A Pyrheliometer pointed at the Sun to measure the Solar Irridiance
coming directly from the Sun ....................................................................................9
Figure 4 Main Components of a Pyrheliometer........................................................9
Figure 5 Pyrometers measure Direct Solar radiation ..............................................10
Figure 6 Spectral Distribution of DNI – Data from ASTM G-173-03 Referance
Spectra. Red line shows typical spectral response curve of Quartz ........................11
Figure 7 DNI as measured by DR30 Pyrheliometer ...............................................12
Figure 8 Pyrheliometers measure only sunlight from a small area around the sun,
characterized by an opening half-angle of 2.5 ° ......................................................12
Figure 9 Standard Pyrheliometer Angles ................................................................13
Figure 10 Pyrheliometer in Scientific Metrological ...............................................14
Figure 11 Observations of Climate .........................................................................14
Figure 12 Testing Research of Material .................................................................14
Figure 13 Estimation of Solar Collector Efficiency ...............................................15
Figure 14 Use in PV Devices ..................................................................................15
Figure 15 Production of electricity from solar energy on large scale .....................17
Figure 16 Solar Zenith angle....................................................................................19
Figure 17 Solar Azimuth Angle ...............................................................................19
Figure 18 Variance of reflectance with angle of incidence .....................................21
Figure 19 Experimental Setup .................................................................................24
Figure 20 Schematic Diagram of Evacuated Tube Collector ..................................25
Figure 21 A typical example of Digital Display ......................................................27
Figure 22 A Typical Diagram of components of Evacuated Tube Collector ..........27
Figure 23 Schematic Diagram of Direct flow Evacuated Tube Solar Collector .....28
Figure 24 Integrated Tank Solar Collectors ............................................................29
Figure 25 Parabolic Trough Collector ....................................................................33
Figure 26 Parabolic Trough Collector with single axis solar tracker .....................34
Figure 27 Linear Fresnel Reflectors ........................................................................35
Figure 28 Solar Power Towers ................................................................................35
Figure 29 Solar Dish systems ..................................................................................35
Table of Figures.
Figure 1 Measurement of Direct Normal Irridiance (DNI) using Pyrheliometer ......8
Figure 2 Measurement of Global Horizontal Irridiance (GHI) using Pryheliometer
....................................................................................................................................8
Figure 3 A Pyrheliometer pointed at the Sun to measure the Solar Irridiance
coming directly from the Sun ....................................................................................9
Figure 4 Main Components of a Pyrheliometer........................................................9
Figure 5 Pyrometers measure Direct Solar radiation ..............................................10
Figure 6 Spectral Distribution of DNI – Data from ASTM G-173-03 Referance
Spectra. Red line shows typical spectral response curve of Quartz ........................11
Figure 7 DNI as measured by DR30 Pyrheliometer ...............................................12
Figure 8 Pyrheliometers measure only sunlight from a small area around the sun,
characterized by an opening half-angle of 2.5 ° ......................................................12
Figure 9 Standard Pyrheliometer Angles ................................................................13
Figure 10 Pyrheliometer in Scientific Metrological ...............................................14
Figure 11 Observations of Climate .........................................................................14
Figure 12 Testing Research of Material .................................................................14
Figure 13 Estimation of Solar Collector Efficiency ...............................................15
Figure 14 Use in PV Devices ..................................................................................15
Figure 15 Production of electricity from solar energy on large scale .....................17
Figure 16 Solar Zenith angle....................................................................................19
Figure 17 Solar Azimuth Angle ...............................................................................19
Figure 18 Variance of reflectance with angle of incidence .....................................21
Figure 19 Experimental Setup .................................................................................24
Figure 20 Schematic Diagram of Evacuated Tube Collector ..................................25
Figure 21 A typical example of Digital Display ......................................................27
Figure 22 A Typical Diagram of components of Evacuated Tube Collector ..........27
Figure 23 Schematic Diagram of Direct flow Evacuated Tube Solar Collector .....28
Figure 24 Integrated Tank Solar Collectors ............................................................29
Figure 25 Parabolic Trough Collector ....................................................................33
Figure 26 Parabolic Trough Collector with single axis solar tracker .....................34
Figure 27 Linear Fresnel Reflectors ........................................................................35
Figure 28 Solar Power Towers ................................................................................35
Figure 29 Solar Dish systems ..................................................................................35
ERU-Lab Reports 2018-ME-133
Figure 30 Analysis by photogrammetry of a common collector element ...............38
Figure 31 Measurement principle of Deflectometry of a reflecting surface ...........38
Figure 32 The bar projection field for the deflectometry and the reflecting image
on the mirrors of an inspected heliostat ...................................................................39
Figure 33 Sketch of the laser scanner VSHOT ........................................................39
Figure 34 Graph for Diurnal wind speed variations ...............................................45
Figure 35 Daily maximum, minimum, and mean wind speed variations ................46
Figure 36 Monthly mean speed wind variation .....................................................46
Figure 37 Schematic Diagram of Dynamometer .....................................................50
Figure 38 Eddy Current Dynamometer ...................................................................51
Figure 39 Power Dynamometer ...............................................................................52
Figure 40 Engine Dynamometer ..............................................................................53
Figure 41 Schematic representation of experimental set-up..................................55
Figure 42 The photo of designed and developed dynamometer. .............................55
Figure 43 Graph between Damage and Torque .......................................................56
Figure 44 Transmission Dynamometer....................................................................57
Figure 45 A typical Wind tunnel .............................................................................59
Figure 46 A schematic of wind tunnel .....................................................................60
Figure 47 Diagram of an open-circuit wind Tunnel ................................................60
Figure 48 Closed Circuit Wind Tunnel....................................................................61
Figure 49 Wind Tunnel Design by NASA...............................................................61
Figure 50 Schematic diagram of forces acting on a wind blade ..............................64
Figure 51Pressure and viscous forces acting on a differential element of an area of
wind blade ................................................................................................................64
Figure 52 Lift Force acting on a small particle. .......................................................65
Figure 53 Patterns of flow around air foil...............................................................66
Figure 54 A graph between Lift force and Velocity ................................................68
Figure 55 A graph between Drag force and Velocity ..............................................68
Figure 56 Tip vortex at nominal wind speed 12 m/s ...............................................69
University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore
Figure 30 Analysis by photogrammetry of a common collector element ...............38
Figure 31 Measurement principle of Deflectometry of a reflecting surface ...........38
Figure 32 The bar projection field for the deflectometry and the reflecting image
on the mirrors of an inspected heliostat ...................................................................39
Figure 33 Sketch of the laser scanner VSHOT ........................................................39
Figure 34 Graph for Diurnal wind speed variations ...............................................45
Figure 35 Daily maximum, minimum, and mean wind speed variations ................46
Figure 36 Monthly mean speed wind variation .....................................................46
Figure 37 Schematic Diagram of Dynamometer .....................................................50
Figure 38 Eddy Current Dynamometer ...................................................................51
Figure 39 Power Dynamometer ...............................................................................52
Figure 40 Engine Dynamometer ..............................................................................53
Figure 41 Schematic representation of experimental set-up..................................55
Figure 42 The photo of designed and developed dynamometer. .............................55
Figure 43 Graph between Damage and Torque .......................................................56
Figure 44 Transmission Dynamometer....................................................................57
Figure 45 A typical Wind tunnel .............................................................................59
Figure 46 A schematic of wind tunnel .....................................................................60
Figure 47 Diagram of an open-circuit wind Tunnel ................................................60
Figure 48 Closed Circuit Wind Tunnel....................................................................61
Figure 49 Wind Tunnel Design by NASA...............................................................61
Figure 50 Schematic diagram of forces acting on a wind blade ..............................64
Figure 51Pressure and viscous forces acting on a differential element of an area of
wind blade ................................................................................................................64
Figure 52 Lift Force acting on a small particle. .......................................................65
Figure 53 Patterns of flow around air foil...............................................................66
Figure 54 A graph between Lift force and Velocity ................................................68
Figure 55 A graph between Drag force and Velocity ..............................................68
Figure 56 Tip vortex at nominal wind speed 12 m/s ...............................................69
University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore
ERU-Lab Reports 2018-ME-133
Experiment No. 1
“Study of Pyrheliometer to Calculate Direct Normal
Irradiance and Global Horizontal Irradiance”
1. Objective:
The Objective of this Experiment is to understand the Working of Pyroheliometer & Study
comprehensively to Calculate the Direct Normal Irridiance & Global Horizotal Irridiance.
2. Experimental Setup:
Figure 1 Measurement of Direct Normal Irridiance (DNI) using Pyrheliometer
Figure 2 Measurement of Global Horizontal Irridiance (GHI) using Pryheliometer
Experiment No. 1
“Study of Pyrheliometer to Calculate Direct Normal
Irradiance and Global Horizontal Irradiance”
1. Objective:
The Objective of this Experiment is to understand the Working of Pyroheliometer & Study
comprehensively to Calculate the Direct Normal Irridiance & Global Horizotal Irridiance.
2. Experimental Setup:
Figure 1 Measurement of Direct Normal Irridiance (DNI) using Pyrheliometer
Figure 2 Measurement of Global Horizontal Irridiance (GHI) using Pryheliometer
End of preview
Want to access all the pages? Upload your documents or become a member.