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Q&A 1
Sovereignty
Sovereignty means supreme, an ideal law and most essential feature of the state making will
authority policy of the state, soul of state. It gives power to the state by its laws over every
individual and groups within boundaries and freedom from the foreign control and
involvement. There can be no state without sovereignty (Bartelson, 2006).
It is important because human freedom is necessary; it makes the state supreme in both
internal and external matters. It implies right against trespassing by any foreign power and
maintains unity among the state. The state is able to control and regulate the activities with its
sovereign rights and powers which differentiates the state from other associations.
For example, Equality of Nations, it is connected to the sovereignty ideas because it has
promoted the objective that there is no excessive power than the nation-state. Authority
avoids the idea that there is higher competence at any place nevertheless approved by the
nation-state.
Liberal institutionalism
Liberal institutionalism is a major dimension of neoliberalism, where study of international
institutions and their impact; positive impact on international relations among states is done
in a school of thought associated with Harvard Professor Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye,
the two well-known American scholars (Keohane , 2012).
Its main purpose is to assist as a mediator for solutions to find of interstate problems. It is
better for member states to depend on international establishments to fix problems to not to
result in war and have peace. These institutions provide information and direction to

Q&A 2
members of the countries on economic and political matters, it also lower arrangement costs,
reduces doubts and solve collective action problem (Johnson & Heiss, 2018).
For example, Institutions like IMF, WTO and UN came and guide to promote cooperation for
associated countries to resolve global, economic or political issues (Devitt, 2011).
Realism
In France and later in the entire world, in mid-nineteenth century this movement in art or
theory also refer to as the power-politics was started to sow out fantastic and romantic
literature and art; academic study to enclose what is real. In literature, realism is used by
writers as a formal technique for describing story components with attractive language. It is
something opposite to romanticism and idealism.
It is to understand and view international politics struggling with power between nations as
most essential artists of world happenings. It places a great deal of significance on the lawless
structuring of the world (Twining, 2012).
For example, we use our senses to collect information about real things around us. Those
objects are really out there and have physical properties which we can sense by reflecting
light of them for us to see, release scent to smell and this connects our mind directly with the
objects through memory, thinking and more; collecting objects we sense is reality.
Nation effectiveness
It is understood as the nation’s ability to deal with the challenges confronting their growth at
the same time utilising their resources in an effective manner so as to overcome the
weaknesses it has while working on its strengths. The effectiveness of a nation is crucial as
only by dealing with the internal problems being faced by the nation, can it have a good/