1 INDICATORS OF QUALITY OF LIFE The termQuality of Life (QOL)sounds complex when asked to define. According to World Health Organization (WHO), the quality of life is defined as the condition of life that is arising out of the combination of several determining factors like determinants in health, happiness, education, social factors and intellectual attainments (Measuring Quality of Life 2017). Here happiness in life is dependent on free of expression, action, justice, comfort in the physical environment and job satisfaction. People at present are demanding a better quality of life wrapped with well-being. It should be noted that the increase in the financial setupandjobsatisfaction,cannotaloneimprovethequalityoflife.Therefore,the government organizations are working in favor of this via reducing the rates of mortality, chances of morbidity, increasing the standards of primary health care while promoting physical and mental well-being (Fayers and Machin 2013). The changes are being affected via reformulation of the social policy and societal goals. Indicators for Quality of Life Source: Created by Author Physical quality of Life Index (PQLI)is an attempt to quantify the quality of life or well-being of a population of a country. The value of the PQLI is obtained via average of
2 INDICATORS OF QUALITY OF LIFE three statistical data which are the rate of literacy, the rate of infant mortality, the rate of lfe expectancy as per the age (Estes 2014). All these statistical factors are rated on the parameter of 0 to 100-scale. Morris David developed the concept in the year of 1970s for Overseas Development Council (Estes 2014).PQLI is the measure of the degree of refinement of the social, economic and political policies and does not reflect the measurement of the economic growth(Estes 2014). (Formula used for measuring PQLI: refer to appendix 1). Human Development Index(HDI) was designed to strengthen the concept of people and their criteria are ultimate for assessing the development of country. Here the development of a country centers not only around the economic growth but refers to the overall development of the people or average achievement in the key areas of human development (Hdr.undp.org2017).Hereachievementsinhumandevelopmentincludebasichuman capabilities like being knowledgeable, leading a long life and enjoying a decent standard of living. The value of HDI ranges in between 0 to 1. Figure:Human Development Index (Source:Ravallion 2012)
3 INDICATORS OF QUALITY OF LIFE The indicators, which were used before 2009 to measure, HDI was adult literacy rate, gross enrolment ratio and gross national income (GNI). However, an amendment was made in the year of 2010 and was further updated in 2011 (please refer to appendix 2). The three dimension of HDI as proposed in 2010 are: life expectancy/birth, education index, GNI per capita(Ravallion 2012). Other measures, which are used to ascertain the QOL, are generic questioners. The firstisthe“HealthDayMeasures”usedbyCDC(CenterofDiseaseControl; https://www.cdc.gov/hrqol/hrqol14_measure.htm)and Short-From Health Survey (used to access physical and mental health and is suitable for pharmacogeneic analysis) (Felice and Vasta2014).OthertwoquestionersareEQ-5D(https://euroqol.org)andAQoL-8D (https://www.aqol.com.au).
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4 INDICATORS OF QUALITY OF LIFE References Estes, R.J., 2014. Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI).Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, pp.4804-4805. Fayers,P.M.andMachin,D.,2013.Qualityoflife:theassessment,analysisand interpretation of patient-reported outcomes. John Wiley & Sons. Felice, E. and Vasta, M., 2014. Passive modernization? The new human development index anditscomponentsinItaly'sregions(1871–2007).EuropeanReviewofEconomic History,19(1), pp.44-66. Hdr.undp.org. (2017).Human Development Index (HDI) | Human Development Reports. [online]Availableat:http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-index-hdi [Accessed 21 Oct. 2017]. Measuring Quality of Life. (2017). [ebook] World Health Organisation. Availableat: http://www.who.int/mental_health/media/68.pdf [Accessed 21 Oct. 2017]. Ravallion, M., 2012. Troubling tradeoffs in the human development index.Journal of Development Economics,99(2), pp.201-209.
5 INDICATORS OF QUALITY OF LIFE Appendix 1 The formula for PQLI is: (Literacy Rate + INDEXED Infant Mortality Rate + INDEXED Life Expectancy) 3
6 INDICATORS OF QUALITY OF LIFE Appendix 2 Figure:Changes in HDI measurement as proposed in 2011 (Source:Felice and Vasta 2014)