1QUANTITATIVE METHODS Executive Summary: This study is based on Expenditure patterns of International students in Melbourne. There are more than 30,000 international students in Melbourne. This study shows the differentfactorandanalysisonexpenditurepatternofinternationalstudents.The international student population in 2002 is 17000 and 2011 it is going it is going to reach at 29000. There are some factor which is positively related and some of normally related.
2QUANTITATIVE METHODS Table of Contents Executive Summary:..................................................................................................................1 Introduction................................................................................................................................3 Aim of the report....................................................................................................................3 Objective of the report:..........................................................................................................3 Scope of the report:................................................................................................................3 Literature review........................................................................................................................4 Method of Data collection..........................................................................................................5 Data analysis and findings:........................................................................................................6 Descriptive categorical data analysis.....................................................................................6 Descriptive numerical data analyses......................................................................................8 Confidence interval estimation..............................................................................................9 Conclusion and recommendations...........................................................................................11 References................................................................................................................................12 Appendixes...............................................................................................................................13
3QUANTITATIVE METHODS Introduction Aim of the report: This study is based on Expenditure patterns of International students in Melbourne. There are more than 30,000 international students in Melbourne, the majority of the student are under 25.The Samples are collected by using questionnaire method. Objective of the report: The objective of the report are as bellow ï‚·Descriptive categorical data analysis on collected 20 samples, the samples are collected by questionnaire method.It is categorised according to gender, country,maritalstatuseducationqualification,monthlyincome,rent expenditure, daily internet expenditure and entertainment expenditure. ï‚·Confidenceintervalestimationonmonthlyrent,rentexpenditure,daily internet expenditure and entertainment expenditure. Scope of the report: The international student population in 2002 is 17000 and 2011 it is going it is going to reach at 29000. (Abbot 2016). It diverse the growth of demography in Melbourne. Melbourne is one of the most active leadership city in Australia, which plays an important role in international education sector in Australia. There are too much scope of these report. Thisreportprovidestheinternationalstudentsof Victoria,Melbourneeducation.The categorical analysis shows that which category of Melbourne education perform better performance. The confidence interval reflect in which factor and how much confident different factor of internal students in Melbourne city. Melbourne education provide various courses to international students like Business Management, Accounting, IT, Hospitality
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4QUANTITATIVE METHODS Management, Engineering Management and Marketing. The students are coming to Australia all over the world. Literature review The expenditure patterns are divided in to various types like Accommodation, food, transport etc. In Australia there are some colleges which has top 100 ranked all over the world.TheaveragetutorfeesinAustraliaislessthanAmerica(Bertini,Elmqvis andWischgol 2016). The government of finance statistics Australia provides the operating expenditure on education and training. The government school and colleges getting various scholarship on differentsection of study. It hasbeen seen thatthe higher education expenditure increased 45 percentover 10 years that is (2014-2015), school education expenditure increased 24 percent between 2005-2015.It is to notice that in Australia the VET expenditure below 4 percent between this period.(O’Connell and Torii 2016). The students prepare the two different categories of expenditure questionnaire like goods and services which is purchase weekly and those something which is purchase annually. Now a day’s education Australia is the third largest export sector. It is impressive that 22% of international education of economic value increases. It is important that the component of the transport on airline is the highest purchase on average. It has been seen that the overseas students spent too much on entertainment sector. The University of Australia create a health policy for every student at the time of admission and students has to pay a minimum insurance fee. The important category is telephone and postage this reflect that a high amount of money spent all the international students for keeping touch with friends and family at home. Finally an average amount of money spent on text book in all the international students which is studied in Australia.
5QUANTITATIVE METHODS Method of Data collection The data has been collected by questionnaire method. The various points that reflect the questionnaire are gender that means the student is male or female, Nationality, there are various. Mostly the student from Asia, Europe, Africa and America are going to study in Australia. The question is the marital status which shows that the students is married, unmarried or divorced. Forth question shows that which subject are prefer as major. There are various subjects that are offered by Australian University. Also the various questions like monthly income, monthly expenditure are included in the questionnaire. In expenditure there are also various section like internet, entertainment, food, smoking and alcohol and transport. The data has been collected for twenty respondents in different countries. The preparing questionnaire has to be distributed among twenty students of a university and they are given all the answer to the question in the questionnaire.
6QUANTITATIVE METHODS Data analysis and findings: In this study all the calculation and graphical representation is done by MS-Excel. The Data analysis tool is used for preparing descriptive Statistics and suitable graph. Descriptive categorical data analysis There are ten variable include in this study. The graph, confidence interval and summary measure are shown for different variable. The table 1 shows that the frequency for both the male and female. Here it has been seen that the number of male is 18 and females is 2. That means according to sample data the number of male international students is larger than female international students. From the table1 it reflect that the number of males are going to study abroad more than the female. The figure 1 is drawn by using the primary data, which is collected by questionnaire method. The figure1 represent the Gender which is equally distributed and it is continuous in range. In the figure 1 it has been shown the relationship between two variable, in the x- axis provides the gender and in the Y-axis reflect the frequency. Males are fall within the higher ranges of the data. It has been seen that mean is equal to median and mode of the data does not exist. The table number 2 shows that the frequencies of students and the name of the countries which are in Australia for education purpose. It has been seen that the student from Srilanka and Asia has the highest frequency, according to collected data it is 9 and Europe and Pakistan has the lowest that is 1.
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7QUANTITATIVE METHODS The figure 2 is drawn by using the primary data, which is collected by questionnaire method. It represents the Nationality of different student which is equally distributed and it is continuous in range. In the figure 2 it has been shown that the relationship between two variable, in x- axis shows the name of the nationality, and in the Y-axis reflect the frequencies that means the number of students. Most of the nationality fall within the higher ranges of the data. The histogram is skewed to the right. So it is positively skewed because their mean is greater the median. The table 3 shows that the frequencies of students and their Marital status which are in Australia for education purpose. It has been seen that the percentage unmarried frequency is larger than the married. That means it is clear from the data that the larger frequencies of unmarried students has been gone to Australia as compared to married student. The figure 3 is drawn by using the primary data, which is collected by questionnaire method. It represents the Martial status of different students which is equally distributed and it is continuous in range. The figure 3 shows a pie chart for Martial status of collected sample. It has been seen that the 75% of students is unmarried and 25% are married. Thetablenumber4showsthefrequenciesofstudentsandtheireducation qualification. It has been seen that there are four five types of education qualification like HND, Bachelor of Accounting, Bachelor of IT, Diploma and Bachelor in Management. It is clear that the Diploma has the highest frequency and Bachelor of Management and HND has the lowest. The figure 4 is drawn by using the primary data, which is collected by questionnaire method. It represents the different Education qualification with different student which is equally distributed and it is continuous in range. In the figure 4 it has been shown that the
8QUANTITATIVE METHODS relationship between two variable, in x- axis shows the different education qualification and in the Y-axis reflect the frequencies that means the number of students. It is clear from the histogram that the highest qualification of the students seems to be normally distributed, that is symmetric. Where the data has an equal mean, median and mode. Descriptive numerical data analyses The selected numerical variables are monthly income, rent expenditure, daily internet expenditure and entertainment expenditure. The calculation of descriptive statistics on table 5 is calculated by using Ms-Excel. The mean or average value of average monthly income is $ 3665, it indicates the good income of the student. The median that is the middle part of the quartile for monthly income is $593.71. While mean is greater than median it indicate the positive side of skewness. The most frequently occurring data in the data sheet is mode. Here the Mode of the data $2000.Since mean is greater than mode that means it is positively skewed. The standard deviation of average monthly expenditure is $ 2655.14. The calculation of rent expenditure is not included in calculation, as because the lack of the data. The table number 6 of calculation of descriptive statistics is calculated using Ms- Excel. The mean or average value of monthly average expenditure on internet is $ 87.25, it indicates that students has used internet regularly per month. The median that is the middle part of the quartile for monthly income is $12.48. While mean is greater than median it indicate the positive side of skewness. The most frequently occurring data in the data sheet is
9QUANTITATIVE METHODS mode. Here the Mode of the data $150. The standard deviation of average monthly expenditure on internet is $55.81. The table number 7 of calculation of descriptive statistics is calculated using Ms- Excel. The mean or average value of monthly average expenditure on entertainment is $171.25, it indicates that students has entertained regularly per month. The median that is the middle part of the quartile for monthly income is $150. While mean is greater than median it indicate thepositive side of skewness. The most frequently occurring data in the data sheet is mode. Here the Mode of the data $150. The standard deviation of average monthly expenditure on entertainment is $101.43. Confidence interval estimation Confidence interval for monthly rent and rent expenditure has not been calculated as because of absence of data. Themarginoferrorat95%confidenceintervalforaveragemonthlyinternet expenditure is Margin of error= 1.96*σ √n =1.96*55.81 √20 =24.47 Whereσ= standard deviation n = Number of observation 95% Confidence interval for population mean =X±marginoferror = 87.25±24.47
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10QUANTITATIVE METHODS = (62.78, 111.72) The margin of error at 95% confidence interval for average monthly expenditure on entertainment is Margin of error= 1.96*σ √n =1.96*22.68 √20 =9.69 Whereσ= standard deviation n = Number of observation 95% Confidence interval for population mean =X±marginoferror = 171.25±9.69 = (161.56, 180.62)
11QUANTITATIVE METHODS Conclusion and recommendations ThestudyonExpenditurepatternsofInternationalstudentsinMelbourneare analysed among 20 samples of data which is collected by questionnaire method. Table 1 shows the frequencies of gender and figure 1 gives the Males are fall within the higher ranges of the data. It has been seen that mean is equal to median and mode of the data does not exist. Table 2 represents the Nationality of different student and their frequency. And in the figure 2 Most of the nationality fall within the higher ranges of the data. The histogram is skewed to the right. So it is positively skewed because their mean is greater the median. Similarly the table 3 shows Martial status and table 4 shows education qualification. The figure number 3 has been showed by pie diagram and figure 4 reflect the normality of the education qualification. In this study includes the descriptive statistics on monthly income, rent expenditure, daily internet expenditure and entertainment expenditure.
12QUANTITATIVE METHODS It has been showed a confidence interval for average monthly internet expenditure and average monthly expenditure on entertainment. No doubt Australia is a well-known country in education sector. It has top 100 ranked colleges all over the world. According 2014 International Student Survey (ISS) the satisfaction level of international students is good. The University in Australia making a barometer for international students. The large number of international students gives a good feedback on learning and leaving experience. References Abbott, M.L., 2016.Using statistics in the social and health sciences with SPSS and excel. John Wiley & Sons. Bassily, R. and Smith, A., 2015, June. Local, private, efficient protocols for succinct histograms. InProceedings of the forty-seventh annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing(pp. 127-135). ACM. Bertini, E., Elmqvist, N. and Wischgoll, T., 2016. Judgment error in pie chart variations. In Proceedings of the Eurographics/IEEE VGTC conference on visualization: Short papers(pp. 91-95. Dey, N., Ashour, A., Beagum, S., Pistola, D., Gospodinov, M., Gospodinova, Е. and Tavares, J., 2015. Parameter optimization for local polynomial approximation based intersection confidence interval filter using genetic algorithm: an application for brain MRI image de- noising.Journal of Imaging,1(1), pp.60-84. Feingold, A., 2015. Confidence interval estimation for standardized effect sizes in multilevel and latent growth modeling.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,83(1), p.157. Gerritsen, R., 2016. A test of the role of universities in regional development: The case of international education students in the Northern Territory.Australasian Journal of Regional Studies, The,22(1), p.125. Hanley, J.A., 2016. Simple and multiple linear regression: sample size considerations. Journal of clinical epidemiology,79, pp.112-119. Ho, A.D. and Yu, C.C., 2015. Descriptive statistics for modern test score distributions: Skewness, kurtosis, discreteness, and ceiling effects.Educational and Psychological Measurement,75(3), pp.365-388. Holcomb, Z.C., 2016.Fundamentals of descriptive statistics. Routledge.
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13QUANTITATIVE METHODS Hughes, K., Wang, J. and Shu, M., 2015. Exploring the travel patterns, preferences and recommendations of Chinese university students living in Australia.Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management,23, pp.12-22. Mamun, S.A.K. and Rahman, M.M., 2016. An investigation on allocative efficiency and implications of new funding plans for the Australian universities.Educational Research for Policy and Practice,15(1), pp.71-82. O’Connell, M. and Torii, K., 2016. Expenditure on education and training in Australia: Update and analysis. O’Connell, M. and Torii, K., 2016. Expenditure on education and training in Australia: Update and analysis. Pilcher, S. and Torii, K., 2017. Expenditure on education and training in Australia 2017. Mitchell Institute, December 2017. Smith, T., Imagination Technologies Ltd, 2019.Generating sparse sample histograms in image processing. U.S. Patent Application 10/306,161. Smith, T., Imagination Technologies Ltd, 2019.Generating sparse sample histograms in image processing. U.S. Patent Application 10/306,161. Varoquaux, G., 2018. Cross-validation failure: small sample sizes lead to large error bars. Neuroimage,180, pp.68-77.
14QUANTITATIVE METHODS Appendixes GenderFrequency Male18 Female2 Table 1 Gender and its Frequency of international students in Australia MaleFemale 0 5 10 15 20 Bar diagram onGender Gender Frequency Figure 1 Simple bar diagram on Gender of international students in Australia Name of the countryFrequency Srilanka9 Asian9 Europe1 Pakistan1
15QUANTITATIVE METHODS Table 2 Frequency on students from different country SrilankaAsianEuropianPakistan 0 2 4 6 8 10 Histogram on Nationality Nationality Frequency Figure 2 Histogram on students from different Nationality Marital statusFrequency Single15 Married5 Table 3 Frequency of students on marital status 75% 25% Marital Status SingleMarried Figure 3 Pie diagram on marital status of students Education QualificationFrequency HND1 Bachelor In Accounting3 Diploma11 Bachelor In IT4 Bachelor in Management1
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16QUANTITATIVE METHODS Table 4 Frequency of students on education qualification HNDBachelor In AccountingDiplomaaBachelor In ITBachelor in Management 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Histogram on Education Qualification Education Qualification Frequency Figure 4 Histogram on education qualification of students Average Monthly Income ($)Value Mean3665.00 Standard Error593.71 Median2650.00 Mode2000.00 Standard Deviation2655.14 Sample Variance7049763.16 Kurtosis1.83 Skewness1.73 Range8500.00 Minimum1500.00 Maximum10000.00 Sum73300.00 Count20.00 Table 5 summary statistics on Average monthly income Average Monthly Expenditure On Internet ($)Value Mean87.25 Standard Error12.48 Median80.00 Mode150.00 Standard Deviation55.81 Sample Variance3114.41
17QUANTITATIVE METHODS Kurtosis-1.11 Skewness0.36 Range180.00 Minimum20.00 Maximum200.00 Sum1745.00 Count20.00 Table 6 summary statistics on Average monthly expenditure on internet Mean171.75 Standard Error22.68 Median150.00 Mode150.00 Standard Deviation101.43 Sample Variance10287.57 Kurtosis-0.36 Skewness0.76 Range370.00 Minimum30.00 Maximum400.00 Sum3435.00 Count20.00 Table 7 summary statistics on Average monthly expenditure on entertainment