Asthma is the chronic disease which is characterized by the intermittent

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ASTHMA
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Answer number 1.
Asthma is the chronic disease which is characterized by the intermittent airflow
obstruction and inflammation that shows the symptoms of the chest tightness and cough. It is
reported that due to inflammatory and structural changes in the walls of airway causes bronchial
smooth muscle contraction and increase in production of mucus, which contribute to the episodic
obstruction of the airflow passage in asthma (Sakai et al., 2017). In case of inflammatory
response, range of mediators like cytokines causes activation of inflammatory cells like mast
cells and T- cells. It causes squeezing of the smooth muscle of bronchioles and thus the
contraction of smooth muscle causes narrowing of the airway because it surrounds the airway
circumferential pattern and leads to wheezing, cough and chest tightness. Further it is also
reported that due to such inflammatory response and narrowing of the airway in asthma leads to
hyper secretion of mucus (Zhang, Li & Zhang, 2019). It is known that mucous is been produced
in the inner lining of airway epithelium and when lining of bronchioles become inflamed and
swells, it produces high amount of mucous which clog up the airway tubes resulting in
obstruction of airway passage. It causes shortness of breath and asthma. Thus, the two
pathological changes which include bronchial smooth muscle contraction and increased mucus
secretion occur in the respiratory tract which have the potential of asthma attack.
Answer number 2.
In asthma, there is obstruction of the flow of air in the lungs due to clogging of the
bronchioles by hyper secretion of mucous and bronchoconstriction of the smooth muscle. The
clinical manifestation of asthma is related to hypoxia and increase in heart rate. It is reported in
the study of Kelly et al. (2017) that due to obstruction of the airway, the flow of oxygen in the

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blood and tissue become decreased thus result in hypoxia. This causes increase in level of carbon
dioxide in the blood and cells which leads to increase in demand for oxygen. Ozer et al. (2018)
has stated that due to hypoxia, the level of oxygen in the heart muscle is low which increase its
contraction. Author has also said due to high demand of oxygen and contraction of the muscle,
there is increase in heart rate. It can be further said that low level of oxygen in asthma, causes
abnormal circulation of the blood which also contribute to increase in heart rate.
Answer number 3.
Salbutamol is a type of bronchodilator which is used to relieve asthma attack. Beta 2
adrenoceptors and beta 1 adrenoceptors are the predominant receptors present in heart cells and
smooth lining airway of the lungs. In asthma there is the loss of the function of these receptor
which is known to dilate the lining and ease the flow of air in lungs. Salbutamol is the drugs
which binds to this receptors and result in its activation. This in turn lead to the activation of the
adenyl cyclase and high production of intracellular concentration of the cyclic-3′,5′-adenosine
monophosphate (cyclic AMP) (Bjermer et al., 2016). CAMP has the major function of
activating protein kinase A which causes inhibition of the myosin phosphorylation and decrease
in concentration of the ionic calcium in cells which dilation of the muscle. Thus the drug
salbutamol has the major function of relaxation of smooth muscle of the airways initiating from
the trachea to the terminal bronchioles. Thus, reduced the symptoms of shortness of breath,
coughing and wheezing. It is suggested by Keränen, et al. (2016) that Salbutamol acts as
antagonist and relaxes the airway regardless of spasmogen.