Race A Biological Concept in Toddays World

Running Head: RACE- A BIOLOGICAL CONCEPT IN TODDAY’S WORLD
RACE- A BIOLOGICAL CONCEPT IN TODDAY’S WORLD
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1RACE- A BIOLOGICAL CONCEPT IN TODDAY’S WORLD
The term race is considered as one of the most widely used and referred term while
discussing human nature. According to the father of the modern taxonomy, four different and
unique racial groups were proposed for the human beings, such as the Americans, the Asian,
Africans and the Europeans. These not only helped in encompassing the physical characteristics
and the origin from where the people belonged. The concept of race in terms of medicine is not
considered as a biological phenomenon. It has been observed that there are more higher level of
genetic variation considered amongst the racial groups rather cross them. The paper discusses
how race plays a part in the development of today’s medicine (Feldman, 2014). Additionally, the
paper also discusses the ways, race is involved in terms of discussing a medical condition such as
diabetes mellitus. The paper lastly discusses the ways with which the biological concept of race
affects the diagnosis, treatment or mentions the risk of reporting the respective condition.
Even though with the belief that race represents genetically and clear-cut groups of
people, there has been no presence of any kind of evidence that refers or indulges with other
personality traits, abilities or any kind of skills. Moreover, the race itself is not considered as a
variable in the biological field and the evidences project that the presence of race-related
variations in the disease acts as a risk, affects in the way the treatment responses back or the side
effects related to the treatment incorporated. Thereby, the important role of race or ethnicity,
which acts as a marker for the ancestors and culture as well. The variables present helps in
understanding the main concepts of beliefs in respect to health and the behaviors related to it.
Moreover, the response to the therapeutic interventions and access to the care provided also
further helps in the understanding. The indiscrimination in relation to the sociodemographic
factors and the generalizations that are filtered through the factors of race and ethnicity should
not be encouraged as well. It has been further observed that with the lack in the formal cordial

2RACE- A BIOLOGICAL CONCEPT IN TODDAY’S WORLD
behavior in between the patients and their racial stereotypes, there has been an increase in the
mixture of the racial and ethnic groups within and across the population. Although the genomic
data present are used further in predicting risks regarding to a particular disease as well
determine their treatment protocol. The final goal I determining a particular point where
medicines are made with personalized traits or biological makeup, with the inclusion of the
medical factors such as the age, gender and other traits. The main aim is to take a step closer to
invent personalized medicine, that can help in influencing a patient’s health and improve their
well being.
The health disparities in cases of diabetes mellitus and the complications that are arise
exist in a worldwide equilibrium. With respect to many documentations, the race and ethnic
minorities (Montesi, Caletti and Marchesini, 2016) have been observed to have a hike in the
probability of developing diabetes than the individuals who are in the non-minority genre.
Moreover, it has been further observed that a quite number of factors as such the biological,
clinical factors inclusive of the social factors and the health system factors aid in increasing the
health disparities.
Diabetes Mellitus is one of the most important worldwide health disparity. The
population in the Great Britain is considered multiethnic as well as dynamic with respect to the
growth of the number in the minority ethnic population by a percentage of 53 % from 3.0 million
in between the 1991 to 4.6 million in the year 2001. The population of the total minority
population in the South Asian region that is amongst Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, was
surveyed as 25% of the African to the Caribbean ethnicity. The gradual variation in the
composition of the developing countries and the gradual increase in the population along with
the increase in numbers of the ethnic groups, aided to the increase in the risk of developing

3RACE- A BIOLOGICAL CONCEPT IN TODDAY’S WORLD
diabetes at a higher level. Type 1 diabetes (Atkinson, Eisenbarth and Michels, 2014) is observed
to be less in occurrence than the Type 2 diabetes. The occurrence of this type of diabetes has
been observed to occur mostly in the younger age or in the adolescent. Mostly seen to be
occurring in the temperate regions and the occurrence rate has been checked to be higher on a
wider world view level. The respective type 1 diabetes has been coined as one of the
autoimmune conditions such as the hypothyroidism or pernicious anemia. The ethnic differences
amongst the autoimmune conditions with respect to the Type 1 diabetes (Katsarou et al, 2017)
are not reported as such yet. However, the Type 2 diabetes are diagnosed amongst 90 % of the
patients around the globe. The act of showing more prevalence to the white European population
was surveyed to be varying in between 2 % to 10 % in the age group above the age of 70 years.
It has further been checked that the ethnic minorities group that reside in the developing
countries such as the African-Caribbean groups in the United Kingdom have a higher probability
of developing the disease. Type 2 diabetes have been found prevalent and are observed to range
from a 2 % in China to 50 % amongst the Indians. The American-Indians are considered as one
of the examples that showcases the development of the Type 2 diabetes. Research predicts that
the probability of occurrence of Type 2 diabetes is found out to be higher for about three to five
times amongst the African-Caribbean population.
The predisposition to Type 2 diabetes amongst few ethnic groups in the presence of risk
factors are provided with evidences. The nutritional factors such as the lower intake of folate and
vitamin B12, due to the cooking excessively of some of the specific vegetables and very low
level of practice of physical activity. These two factors are the main reason of the increase in the
chances of developing diabetes in the group. Severe risks are observed to happen in the
childhood according to the South Asian children in the United Kingdom. The hypothesis

4RACE- A BIOLOGICAL CONCEPT IN TODDAY’S WORLD
regarding the developmental origins infers that the restriction in the growth, results in the greater
risk of developing diabetes in the adulthood. Obesity (Agha and Agha, 2017) is one of the most
important factor that helps in contributing to the increase in the concentration levels of the
insulin and reduction in the sensitivity of the insulin. This further lead to the increase in the
portal blood free fatty acids that are further derived from the visceral fat. Studies project that the
risk of developing type 2 diabetes have been seen to increase progressively from the increase in
the BMI over the range of 20 kg/m2 post adjustment of the age, range of performing physical
activities or with reference to the family history of diabetes. It has also been seen that obesity is
seen to occur more frequently amongst the black that the white populations and that many levels
of ethnic differences with respect to the younger age is observed as well. The ethnic differences
incorporated into the lifestyle and the economic factors are seen to be accountable for the cause
of the ethnic disparities in the diseases that are caused due to obesity. Additionally the Insulin-
like growth factor 1 (IGF1) is considered as one of the most important part in the metabolism of
glucose and the occurrence of homeostasis. Other than Insulin, IGF bioactivity is controlled with
respect to a rage of specific high affinity binding proteins (IGFBPs). Amongst the six IGFBPs ,
the IGF protein 1 (IGFBP1) is regarded as the main hour to the function of regulating and
circulating IGF activity. It has been further observed in the studies related to United Kingdom,
that the combination of the lower levels of IGFI and IGFBP1 aids in the worsening of the
glucose tolerance levels along with the lower circulations of IGFII concentrations. These
concentrations were associated with the increase in the risk of gaining weight with normal
glucose tolerance level, amongst men and women. Surveys further show that over a follow up of
20 years, the people have showed prevalence of complications lower in the African-Caribbean
with respect to the Europeans. The treatment of the Type 1 diabetes is similar as practiced in all

5RACE- A BIOLOGICAL CONCEPT IN TODDAY’S WORLD
the ethnic groups. A variety of drugs have been seen to be incorporated that help in the
prevention of progress to diabetes. Studies have projected the usage of tolbutamide and have
been further observed to show lower levels in the blood glucose levels. The Metformin (Kinaan,
Ding and Triggle, 2015) incorporated in the Diabetes prevention program (DPP) have been
observed to project a gradual fall in the 31% in the decrease in the diabetes as compared to the
incorporation of tolbutamide. Acarbose is also one of the drugs considered to reduce the risk of
developing diabetes amongst the people by 56 %. There have been high probability of diabetes
observed in the certain ethnic minorities in the United Kingdom and the need to incorporate the
interventions amongst the crowd through culture specific interventions is highly needed.
Diabetes Mellitus is one of the heterogeneous disease that has been regulated due to the
presence of the metabolic disorders with respect to the deficiency or low production of insulin.
The conditions if persists for a longer time may lead to renal disorders, cerebral or
cardiovascular,. Initially affecting through the factors that pose as risk such as inflammation,
high blood pressure and, the growth of the differences in the ethnic origin although remain
unclear but the genetic factors along with the intergenerational social traits remain to be
modulating the chronology and morphology of the disease along with its evolution.

6RACE- A BIOLOGICAL CONCEPT IN TODDAY’S WORLD
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7RACE- A BIOLOGICAL CONCEPT IN TODDAY’S WORLD
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