Radiation Protection Dosimetry Assessment

The assignment details the importance of radiation safety in medical practice, highlighting the need for personal radiation monitoring and awareness among healthcare professionals. It cites various studies and sources to emphasize the significance of radiation protection dosimetry, particularly in radiography training and medical practice. The document also discusses the use of thermoluminescent dosimetry and other methods to measure radiation exposure.

Literature review
According to the William C. Shiel Jr., MD, FACP, FACR, 2018, Radiography refers
as a process of obtaining images of internal structures of the body using X-rays. In addition,
Radiography introduces as an imaging techniques using Gamma rays, X-rays or similar
radiation to view the inside from of an object. Along with this, it is a non-destructive method
or process of testing a component or material by exposing it to a beam of gamma radiation or
X-ray inspect its interior.
According to Stephen O'Connor, Radiology Information System, it introduces as a
computer based system that supports in handling patients scheduling, appointments and
keeping track of documents, digital imaging, and the show and reporting of explanation of
picture by radiologists (What Is a Radiology Information System?. 2019). Today's, the
maximising preparation of advanced imaging modalities like MRI and , CT will go on to
drive bigger the request for PACS installations is itself a big threat for Diagnostic Imaging.
This issue of lack of way to the CT and MRI can be solved with the support of hospitals in
which such facility is accessible. These medical institution can invite radiologists from other
medical institution in which these services are not accessible and can provide them the
accurate use and understanding of this system.
Most studies of monitoring radiation exposure have been carried out on medical or
dentistry fields for radiation workers such as radiographers, nurses or doctors. As above
mentioned previously, the literature review will exam the current statements including
findings that the students’ radiation exposure dose in diagnostic radiography and assessment
of their understanding such as wearing radiation monitor as well as the relevant knowledge
gap to our topic
The literature review was performed using numerical data in a wide variety of
database such as Elsevier, PubMed, LISTA(EBSCO), Web of Science SCI, Web of Science
SSCI, Google Scholar, BioOne, ScienceDirect and Government publications. Boolean
Operators with combinations are used in our search with time-frame from 2000 onwards to
have the validity.
Keywords used: Radiation protection, Occupational radiation dose, Student radiographer,
monitor TLD OSLD, Placement in diagnostic radiography, Awareness of radiation safety
The occupational radiation dose can be measured through individual monitor, which
is directly linked with awareness of radiation safety (Botwe et al., 2015, p. 2). There are a few
factors that contributes to the amount of radiation exposure such as distance from the

radiation source, time of x-ray exposure, the knowledge level of the radiation user, and the
application of shielding or monitor and so on(Chang et al., 2014, p. 163). One of study
evaluated the occupational exposure dose values were below the relevant dose limits and
decreased from 1.94 from 0.94 mSv to 0.8 mSv in diagnostic radiology after employment of
radiation protection standards. Thus, the assessment of radiation exposure dose is an
important aspect to evaluate radiation risks and establish radiation protection for health
professionals (Motevall & Borhanazad, 2015, pp. 431-438).
Regarding radiation awareness among dentistry field including radiography students,
one study undertaken by Furmaniak KZ, Kołodziejska MA.and Szopiński KT (2016) in
Poland found that there is slightly weakness of radiation awareness in dentistry area including
qualified radiographers. The other study evaluated the radiation awareness among radiology
residents, radiography students and medical students. Student radiographers’ level of
knowledge on radiation protection was assumed to be the same level as that of radiology
residents’, which is significantly higher than medical students’(Faggioni, Paolicchi, Bastiani,
Guido, & Caramella, 2017, p. 141).
In diagnostic imaging field of the students who completed the regular curriculum are
expected to be fully aware of understanding of what ionizing radiation and the role of the
monitor to implement ionising radiation safety before the commencing a placement.
However, only a few studies have revealed the accumulated radiation exposure dose of
students in diagnostic radiography during the placement. One of studies in United Arab
Emirates report that the mean annual effective dose is 0.095 mSv and the range of effective
doses is 0.01–0.97 mSv respectively using TLD (Abuzaid & Elshami, 2017, pp. 244-247).
Other study has considered the relationship between radiation exposure and safety from Saudi
Arabia has been conducted to assess radiation protection practices among undergraduate
internship students from radiologic technology department. This prospective comparative
study is structured with two part to collect data with self-including administered
questionnaire regarding radiation protection and radiation safety as well as the measurement
of annual occupational radiation dose. The measurement of average deep doses was
evaluated 4-6 mSv, and shallow doses was 0.5 - 2mSv respectively which was less than the
dose limits 20 mSv per year(Al-Sayyari & Kalagi, 2018, pp. 71-77).
According to Al-Sayyari & Kalagi (2018) and Abuzaid & Elshami (2017),
insufficient understanding of application of monitor and unconcern of occupational limits
dose can cause safety issue during the placement. Therefore, the information of radiation

dose measured from individual monitor can play an important role to achieve ALARA
principle (Furmaniak, Kołodziejska, & Szopiński, 2016, pp. 1-5; Motevall & Borhanazad,
2015, p. 77).
Majority of previous works in this field were not of Australia origin, tended to focus
mainly on general medicine or dentistry instead of radiography student, and reported to date
with a passive radiation detection device such as TLD but OSLD is currently used in most
clinical places in Australia. This demonstrates a knowledge gap and creates not only an
opportunity and necessity for an investigation using OSLD on the radiation exposure also at
what level the monitor is placed during the placement on radiography students in Australia.
This study will help to highlight the importance of radiation protection and reilluminate the
application of monitor throughout the carrier as a responsible health professional.
This study is based on qualitative research in which different questions will be asked
for the respondents. There are different qualitative articles related to the Radiography, some
are mentioned as under:
Theme 1: Radiation awareness among dentists, radiographers and students.
Introduction:
Main aim of this article is to assess awareness among radiographers, dentists,
radiography and dentistry students. This article is based on qualitative research which is most
suitable for researcher to gather accurate information about the topic. It is more significant
type of research which will support an investigator to accumulate accurate and reliable data
about the study. Questionnaire will be used for collecting qualitative information or data
regarding the study.
Literature review:
According to the, Furmaniak KZ1, Kołodziejska MA1, Szopiński KT1, 2016,
Radiation introduces as a transmission of energy via space and matter. It may happen in
electromagnetic or in specific radiation. Electromagnetic radiation refers as the movement of
energy via space as a assemblage of magnetic and electric fields. It is created when the
velocity or speed of an electrically charged particle is adjusted. X-rays, U.V. rays, ϒ-rays,
visible light,microwaves, radio waves and infrared radiation are all main examples of
electromagnetic radiation. The kind of radiation in electromagnetic spectrum may be
nonionizing or ionizing, relaying on their energy. Dentists who had finished radiation
protection training had importantly high number of accurate answers than untrained dentists.

Along with this, Awareness is more essential and important among dentists, radiographers
and students because, radiation scatter from the patient origin the most vulnerability to
individual. Controlling patient dose, hence, welfare workers as well as patients. There is a
substantial requirement for radiographers to enhance their cognizance of radiation protection
problems and their understanding of radiological procedures. Due to this, particular actions
such as day-to-day training courses for both postgraduate and undergraduate students as well
as for on the job radiographers must be included in order to ensure patient safety in
radiological examinations. Apart from this, students' understanding regarding radiation and
related risk is poor. If students are not understand of radiation doses for mutual radiological
procedures, it will effect on treating people who are face issues related to the medical.
Radiation protection refers as the art and science of protecting individual and the
surroundings from the pernicious impacts of ionizing radiation. Along with this, it is also
delineated as entire activities oriented towards reducing radiation vulnerability of patients as
well as personnel in x-ray exposure. The exposure amount received by a operator or patient
from dental radiography relays on the film velocity, influence parameters of collimation,
methods, and protecting barriers used. This request the operator to have elaborate awareness
about radiation danger and its protection procedures.
Conclusion: From the above mentioned information found in literature review, as
awareness about the Radiation among dentists, radiographers and students are important
because it will help them in reducing issue of radiation from patients.
Theme 2: Eye Lens Doses Of Radiology Technologists Who
Assist Patients During Radiography
Introduction : Main aim of this study or article is to measure the numbers of radiation
or energy to which the eye lenses related to radiological technologists get exposed as well as
impacts of wearing lead spectacles on dose reduction while helping patients in radiographic
assessments. This article also based on qualitative research which will highly support an
investigator to accumulate accurate and reliable data about the study.
Literature review: According to the Suzuki A1, Matsubara K2, Chusin T3,4, Sasa
Y1., 2018, Radiology Technologists introduces as a health care professional who perform or
do diagnostic imaging procedures, like X-ray examinations, computed tomography (CT)
scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) . Some of them work in particular techniques
such as mammography,cardiovascular-interventional radiography,or sonography. They are

responsible or accountable for properly positioning patients as well as checking that a quality
diagnostic picture is produced. Radiology Technologists work nearly with radiologists, the
medical practitioner who understand medical images to either study or rule out illness or
injury. Radiation-induced harm to the lens of the eye can consider the loss of clearness
outputting in clouding or opacification some years after exposure. Along with this, the
effects is extremely relay on the kind of radiation, how the vulnerability of the lens was bring,
the genetic susceptibilities of the person exposed, and the place of the quality relative to the
ocular axis of the person. For different healthcare employees applying x-ray radiation,
especially those doing diagnostic CT imaging, possible exposure is managed by retreating to
a protected control room in the period of time the x-ray source is energised. For few
employees, however, eliminating themselves wholly from the root of radiation is not
accomplishable. Examples are nurses, technicians and doctors occupied in interventional
radiology procedures. The Radiology Technologist will support in the transfer of health care
by running radiology instrumentality to diagnose patient injury or illness.
Conclusion: From the above mentioned information, it has been concluded
importance of Radiology Technologists During Radiography of patients Eye Lens Doses.
Therefore, it is essential and significant for helping patients during the treatment of them.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Abuzaid, M., & Elshami, W. (2017). Measurments of radiation exposure of radiography
students during their clinical training using thermoluminescent dosimetry. In
Radiation Protection Dosimetry (Vol. 179, pp. 244-247).
Al-Sayyari, A. A., & Kalagi, S. (2018). Assessment of Radiation Protection practices among
University Students, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Dental and Medical
Sciences, 17(3), 71-77.
Botwe, B. O., Antwi, W. K., Adesi, K. K., Anim-Sampong, S., Dennis, A. M. E., Sarkodie,
B. D., & Opoku, S. Y. (2015). Personal radiation monitoring of occupationally
exposed radiographers in the biggest tertiary referral hospital in Ghana. Safety in
Health, 1(17), 1-7. doi:10.1186/s40886-015-0009-y
Chang, Y. J., Kim, A. N., Oh, I. S., Woo, N. S., Kim, H. K., & Kim, J. H. (2014). The
radiation exposure of radiographer related to the location in C-arm fluoroscopy-
guided pain interventions. The Korean journal of pain, 27(2), 162.
Faggioni, L., Paolicchi, F., Bastiani, L., Guido, D., & Caramella, D. (2017). Awareness of
radiation protection and dose levels of imaging procedures among medical students,
radiography students, and radiology residents at an academic hospital: Results of a
comprehensive survey. European Journal of Radiology, 86, 135-142.
Furmaniak KZ, Kołodziejska MA, & KT, S. (2016). Radiation awareness among dentists,
radiographers and students.
Furmaniak, K. Z., Kołodziejska, M. A., & Szopiński, K. T. (2016). Radiation awareness
among dentists, radiographers and students. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, 45(8),
20160097.
Motevall, S. M., & Borhanazad, A. M. (2015). Assessment of occupational exposure in
medical practice in Tehran, Iran. Romanian Reports in Physics, 67(2), 431-438.
Online
What Is a Radiology Information System?. 2019. [Online]. Available through:
<https://www.adsc.com/blog/what-is-a-radiology-information-system>.
Furmaniak KZ1, Kołodziejska MA1, Szopiński KT1. 2016. Radiation awareness among
dentists, radiographers and students. [Online]. Available through:
<https://www.adsc.com/blog/what-is-a-radiology-information-system>.
Suzuki A1, Matsubara K2, Chusin T3,4, Sasa Y1. 2018. EYE LENS DOSES OF RADIOLOGY
TECHNOLOGISTS WHO ASSIST PATIENTS DURING RADIOGRAPHY. [Online].
Available through: <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30753707>.