Rail Transportation Innovations and Challenges

This assignment delves into the evolving landscape of rail transportation, examining recent technological innovations aimed at enhancing efficiency and passenger experience. It scrutinizes the impact of these innovations on aspects like train-platform interfaces, station facilities, and overall service quality. The analysis also explores the challenges facing modern rail systems, considering factors such as urban development, environmental sustainability, and integration with other modes of transport. Ultimately, the assignment seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current state and future prospects of rail transportation in an increasingly complex world.

Running head: RAILWAY OPERATION 1
RAILWAY OPERATIONS
(Word count 3405)

RAILWAY OPERATIONS 2
Abstract
Continuous improvement in railway operations is about maximizing the potential of a station and
its efficiency in freight management. Revenue management, railway network systems, and risk
management are important elements in the management of railway systems. Customers today
prefer safe service delivery, it is the duty of the operation manager, and the management team
has to ensure that the station achieves its optimization. Combining all these elements in corporate
strategies is critical for planning and scheduling operations. Effective control and management
also depends on the nature of the railway operations. Design control systems feature efficient
management of freight, passenger services and operational management. These economic factors
of the railway industry require an application of the route setups, software designs, train controls
and traffic management systems. Therefore, a comprehensive design includes a design modeling.
This research considers differences in different urban railway network construction, operation
and freight system. Using themes such as safety and efficiency the research unveils the most
critical elements in the implementation.

RAILWAY OPERATIONS 3
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction................................................................................................................................4
1.1 Conceptualization..................................................................................................................4
1.1.1 Railway Design..........................................................................................................5
1.1.2 Lean operations..........................................................................................................6
1.1.3 Technology.....................................................................................................................7
1.1.4 Standardization...............................................................................................................8
1.1.5 Geographical and spatial factors.....................................................................................8
2.0 Case studies...............................................................................................................................9
2.1 Mainline Services Railway Station Design...........................................................................9
2.2 Commuter Services Railway Station Design.......................................................................10
2.3 DUART Services Railway Station Design..........................................................................11
2.4 LUAS Services Railway Station Design.............................................................................12
2.5 Rural Services Railway Station Design...............................................................................13
2.5 Freight Terminal (Depot) Design for ISO Container Traffic..............................................13
2.6 Freight Terminal (Depot) Design for Timber (Coillte) Traffic...........................................14
2.7 Freight Terminal (Depot) Design for Ore (Tare Mines) Traffic..........................................15
2.8 Freight ISO Container Traffic.............................................................................................16
3.0 Conclusion...............................................................................................................................16
References......................................................................................................................................18

RAILWAY OPERATIONS 4
1.0 Introduction
Operation management in the railway industry features intrinsic and extrinsic factors1. Railway
station designs such as tracks and depot infrastructure make a difference in efficient operations.
Extrinsic factors such as location, landscape, people and geographical factors also have a role to
play. Whether the design involves a ground level, an elevated or underground track, a reliable
system that facilitates for effective and efficient transport is necessary. The transit tacks have
advantages and disadvantages depending on the planned railway system. Technical designs like
the single track, base material, and railway system dynamics determine the success of a railway
operation. Efficiently managed railway systems have a plan that facilitates for cost reduction,
maximum productivity and safety. Improved revenue collection and freight management
influence track modelling for effective designs. This research is a discovery of the technical
factors behind station designs and rail freight management. It looks at studies featuring inter rail
vehicles and station designs for maximization of railway revenue through freight management.
The development of railway infrastructure in contemporary operations has a customer centric
approach that emphasizes on efficiency, speed connectivity, safety, improved reliability and
sustainability. Cost becomes a concern when there is demand for improved facilities and
operations because quality operations may require costly maintenance to improve capacity
challenges, upgrades, new freight, and passenger links.
1.1 Conceptualization
1 C, N. Pyrgidis, Railway transportation : design, construction and operations, CRC Press, 2016

RAILWAY OPERATIONS 5
The Long haul algorithms in engineering indicate that improved speed supports train
performance2. Research supports this improved speed for adequate connectivity in long route
train distances3. Such notions influence the design and operation of railway systems.
1.1.1 Railway Design
Contemporary railway designs incorporate important factors in thr design logistics and facility
decisions. Operation Research ( OR) in the transport system revolves around efficiency in the
supply chain and management of logistics4. Important routes provide links to business centers
and city locations. Railway operation managers make use of a management plan that
accommodates critical factors in the infrastructure. The use of a multiple criteria approach in
planning brings out different factors like facility designs, its operation metrics, sustainability and
control plans5. Railway design acknowledges that there are different train systems with varied
constructional and operational modes. These have specific implementation strategies with
advantages and disadvantages. Technology advancement incorporates efficient power supply
systems and high performance systems. Modern upgrades in urban railway systems are different
from rural stations because of urbanization needs6.Passengers also influence the design of service
facilities. Standard operations encourage quality implementation and efficiency for high
optimization of resources and operations.
2 P. G. Howlett, Pudney, P, J. Energy Efficient Train Control, Springer, Science & Business Media. 2012
3 C, C. Yang, L, C, Lin. B, R, Ke. Optimisation of train energy efficient operation for mass rapid transit systems.
Institute of Engineering Technology. Vol 6 (1), 2012, pp, 58-66
4 Dekker, J. Bloemhof, and L. Mallids. Operations Research for Green Logistics-An overview of Aspects, Issues,
Contributions and Challenges. European Journal of Operations Research, Vol 219 (3), 2012, pp, 671-679
5 M. Velasquez, T. and P. Heller. An Analysis of m\Multicriteria Decision-Making. International Journal of
Operations Research, Vol 10 (2), 2013, pp 56-66
6 R. Madlener, S. Sunak. Impacts of Urbanization on Urban Structures and Energy Demand. What Can we Learn for
Urban Energy Planning and Urbanization Management? Sustainable Cities and Societies. Vol 1 (1), 2011. pp, 45-53

RAILWAY OPERATIONS 6
1.1.2 Lean operations
Contemporary operations use of lean principles for various advantages in railway operations7.
Reduction of wastes, and costs motivates the maximization of profits for customer’s needs. The
lean operation focuses on managing quality using the least resource inputs. In this concept lies
effficiency which concentrates on optimization of resources. Lean resources, equipment and
tools combine under the umbrella of lean philosophy for an improved service industry 8. The lean
mode of thinking provides a blend of tools and practices for strategic impliementation of
services, innovation and supply chain management. Factors tht hinder efficiency in railway
operations include; cycle time, wastage of time and resources and trasnformed processes.
Pyrgidis identifies the inter urban railway management system in which basic design and service
level factors interact to produce efficient processess9. In the analysis, scheduling train services or
organization of tracks and continous improvement encourage pefomance. Therefore lean
operations focus on the customer, time, low costs, smooth service delivery and continous
improvement.
1.1.3 Technology
Research by Nielsen, points out the importance of using technology to improve on existing
models 10. Operations management employs continous improvement tactics which create
7 P. Myerson. Lean Supply Chain and Logistics Management. 2012, New York, McGraw Hill
8 E. G. Viera, and H. Leite. Lean Philosophy and its Application in the Service industry; A Review of the Current
Knowledge. Production, Vol 25 ( 3) , 2015
9 Pyrgridis, p, 253
10 L, K, Nielsen, G. Maroti, and L. Kroony. A Rolling Horizon Approach for Disruption Management of Rolling.
European Journal of Operation Research. Vol 220 ( 2), 2012, pp, 496-509

RAILWAY OPERATIONS 7
solutions to the underlying problems. Important applications such as scheduling, time
management, and computational testing shape the development of scheduling models.
Technology systems support efficienct operations by preventing risks and managing
emergencies. Complex railway systems in urban centers face the challenge of effective
controls11. Advanced challenges need advanced solutions and computer support systems have the
capacity to design smooth dispatch and operations. Busy railway networks require improved
concepts for successful implimentation of operation strategies. The emergence of a contemporary
rail networks highlight the role of comprehensive designs. Such systems combine power
systems, innovative energy efficiency, transportation networks, and infrastructural systems for a
competitve edge. ICT continues to shape the railway technology and operation management
considers customer demands for quality additions12.
1.1.4 Standardization
The International Competence Center supports standardized measures in the management of
railway operations13. Aligned with the ISO 9001: 2015 standards the International Railway
Industry Standard ( IRIS) enhances safety in business operations, equipment and passagers. The
ISO/TC 269 standardization encourages efficient planning through risk prevention during
earquakes and unexpected events. Professionals in the industry have a personal responsibility of
portraying professionalism and overcoming unsafe practices. These guidelines encourage
11 G. Caimi, M. Fuschberger, M. Laumanns, M. Luthi. A Model Predictive Control Approach for Discrete-Time
Rescheduling in Complex Central Railway Station Areas. Computers & Operations Research Vol 39 ( 11), 2012,
pp, 2578-2593
12H. Schiele, r. Calvi and M. Gilbert. Customer Attractiveness, Supplier Satisfaction and Preferred Customer Status:
Introduction, Definitions and an Overarching Framework. Industrial Marketing Management, Vol 41 ( 8), 2012, pp,
1178-1185
13 International Competence Center. New IRIS Requirements to be aligned with ISO Standard, 2016 <Available at
http://www.railway-technology.com/contractors/professional/international-competence-centre/pressreleases/
pressiris-iso-requirements>

RAILWAY OPERATIONS 8
sustainable railway services and the management of technical interfaces using standardised
procedures. IRIS offers globally recognized standard covering the operations general supply,
railway and civil projects, energy issues, services, intellectual services and rolling stock. Its
standards define the improvement, control, configuration, design, and data management
processess. In addition it identifies important aspects of customer care, planning, contingency
planning and the work environment. It provides a high level certification for professionals in the
railway industry14
1.1.5 Geographical and spatial factors
An analysis of literature on rural spatial infrastructural development reveals the territorial
influences in railway oprtations15. Some railway network projects are defined by the economic
activities, industrialization and modern trends. These determine the engineering tactics used
when reshaping railway line with the emergening needs and lanscapes. The disruption of spatial
structures for railway connectivity depends on the underlying functional needs. Urban railways
have busy networks that require advanced management systems to monitor and support the
demography. This explains the variations in technological implimentations. Passanger
distribution shapes optimization strategies like energy efficiency and performance enhancement.
Route management is a critical aspect of railway operation and distance is important when
measuring efficiency. Some regions are susceptible to space constraints, or geographical
challenges16.
14 IRIS Certification. IRIS. 2008 Available at <file:///C:/Users/BAT/Downloads/news_4045_EN.pdf>
15 G. De Block and J. Polasky. Light Railways and Rural-Urban Continuum. Technology, Space and Society in Late
19th Century, Journal of Historical Geography, Vol 37 (3), 2011, pp, 312-328
16 B. Slack. Rail Transportation and Pipelines. New York; Routledge, 2017, Chapter 3 Available at
https://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch3en/conc3en/ch3c3en.html

RAILWAY OPERATIONS 9
2.0 Case studies
2.1 Mainline Services Railway Station Design
The Main Line represents a major railway in railway network with interconnected branches. An
example is the Great Western Main Line Railway, which has routes connecting through main
cities of London, and Bristol. This is different from suburban and metro services. Based on
critical factors like freight vehicles, locomotives and passenger coaches, the main line comprises
of a double track, and multiple tracks that are parallel for the high urban capacity needs17.
Important considerations in a complex system includes high speed, and high frequency system
for intercity connectivity. Its design requirements meets the domestic market needs. Yield
management in this case calls for competitive services that are cost effective yet profitable.
Infrastructural management includes wider gauges for high capacity, bridges, dual track and
advanced locomotives. Different tracks influence costs, speed, stability and capacity18. Freight
facilities in a main line include advanced engineering to prevent accidents resulting from
collision and reliable tunnel designs among others. Lessons learnt from the Buttevant station
accident identify the need for modernized fleet management approaches19. Efficiency, factors
include improved track gauges, and freight systems such rail networks can accommodate
switches.
2.2 Commuter Services Railway Station Design
17 C. Behrens, E. Pels. Intermodal competition in the London-Paris Passenger Rail and air transport, Journal of
Urban Economics, Vol 71 ( 3), 2012, pp 278-288
18 Nielsen, Maroti and Kroon, 2012, pp, 63
19Buttevant, Buttevant Rail Disaster, 1980, available at http://www.buttevant.ie/Buttevant-Rail-Disaster-(1980).html

RAILWAY OPERATIONS 10
An example of a commuter rail service is Canada’s Go Transit commuter train designed for local
short distances20. Serving the central business district, the train serves the suburbs. Unlike the
rapid transit, this system may have a bidirectional schedule or system. Meeting the passenger
demands of a busy schedule, the transit system provides efficient transport services for morning
and evening rush hours. The lean factors in this system revolve around the speed, operating
schedule, short distance and large number of commuters. It usually covers less than 15 km hence
zone pricing is ideal because it favors the geographical location. Suitable for a larger train with
more seats, interval schedules, this design adheres to standard track features. In case of an
intercity commuter service such as the German S-Bahn, the system infrastructural developments
accommodates onboard facilities. The US electric commuter train serving the Northeast Corridor
has advanced installations allowing longer millage of 960 km21. The installation of digital
operations in modern transit includes systems controls and advanced mechanical engineering
elements.
2.3 DUART Services Railway Station Design
This is a city station located on a main road with tracks on both sides22. This means it provides
access to the station from both sides. Based on a specific design the Duarte station plan has a
framework for future improvements. The Metro passenger service covers a large area with a
spacious location for multiple facilities. Its plan accommodates residential units, office suites,
20 A. Paez, D. M. Scott and C. Morency. Measuring Accessibility: Positive and normative implementations of
various accessibility indicators. Journal of Transport Geography. Vol 25, 2012, pp, 141-153
21 The Economist. Reinventing the train, Ideas Coming Down the Track, June, 2013, Available at
<https://www.economist.com/news/technology-quarterly/21578516-transport-new-train-technologies-are-less-
visible-and-spread-less-quickly>
22 Foothill Gold Line, Duarte/City Hope Station. Available at
<http://www.foothillgoldline.org/cities-stations/duarte/>

RAILWAY OPERATIONS 11
commercial rooms and hotels. It also has a large parking for passenger needs with six station
extensions transformed into a Metro to meet the modern passenger demands. Safety is critical at
this station23. It has reminders for customers not to walk on tracks and to avoid going around
lower gates. It also has warning signs for care on both directions. Access parking facilities
improve system performance at the station. Its operation is in line with the ISO 9001: 2015
standards featuring the International Railway Industry Standard (IRIS) safety measures for
business operations, equipment and passengers. Rail transport elements at this system include
Service Quality (SQ) factors such as effective management of traffic, noise reduction and
customer satisfaction24.
2.4 LUAS Services Railway Station Design
Luas rail network in Dublin is an example of a light rail service catering for more than 30 million
passengers. Representing an ultra-modern infrastructure system its freight management approach
includes a smart card system, advanced ticketing and high security surveillance systems. Its track
and rolling stock incorporates and efficient power supply system with a global standard gauge,
upgraded rail vehicles and compatible configurations. These accommodate slow speeds for
vehicle and pedestrian traffic. In order to reduce time wastage, the computerized ticketing has
different vending points including new agents and shops. Due to continuous improvements, the
station launched a smartcard for online ticketing25. Its hours of operation shows strategic
management of peak seasons, timing and intervals. In order to bridge the gap in maintenance
23 T.Fujiyama, R. Thoreau, and N. Tyler, The Effects of the Design Factors of the Train-Platform Interface on
Pedestrian Flow Rates. Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics, 2012, pp, 1163-1173
24 A.T.Gumus, E. Celik, N. Aydin and Isikli, E. Identifying Key Factors of Rail Transit Service Quality: An
Empirical Analysis for Istanbul. Journal of Public Transportation, Vol 20, 2017, Available at
<http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jpt/vol20/iss1/4/>
25 ibid

RAILWAY OPERATIONS 12
costs, the station charges parking fees. In modern constructions like this, the infrastructure
supports modern locomotives and multiple units. Its multicriteria decision approach shows
appreciation for multiple approaches to quality26. Safety tram operation, quality constructions
and effective integration of the single and double tracks are critical. Improved station
announcements cater for the multilingual passengers at the station. The freight management also
involves different companies from the public and private sectors.
2.5 Rural Services Railway Station Design
The difference between rural and urban public transport is in the environment, customer needs
and station features. Unlike an urban railway network, which requires construction with strategic
projections of the future, a rural railway station has fewer facilities. Found within a simpler and
remote location the light railways serves a rural and urban landscape27. A rural railway station
may not be a high profile project but standard expectations such as safety is mandatory for all
railway stations28. The involvement of a multidisciplinary team is also mandatory because of the
planning needs. The design also considers important factors of engineering such as optimization
of resources and energy efficiency. A rural railway network may feature underground or over
ground features. Environmental engineering is a balance between functional efficiency and
environmental benefits29. The rural environment requires optimization through technology
strategies for its substations. Reliability through efficient energy use, improved double layer
26 M. Velasquez and P. Hester, pp, 57-59
27 N. Nordin, I. Faud, M. Masirin. Railway Station Facilities in Rural and Urban Services Based on Observation and
User Feedback, MATEC Web Conferences, 47, EDP Sciences Available <
https://www.matec-conferences.org/articles/matecconf/pdf/2016/10/matecconf_iconcees2016_03012.pdf>
28 G. de Block and J. Polasky. 2011, pp, 315
29 R. Buehler, and J. Pucher, Sustainable transport in Freiburg: Lessons from Germanys Environmental Capital.
International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, Vol 5 ( 1), pp, 43-70

RAILWAY OPERATIONS 13
capacitors for trams and high power batteries for onboard installations is economical. Unlike the
busy urban rail network, which requires timetable optimization, the rural system needs energy
optimization.
2.5 Freight Terminal (Depot) Design for ISO Container
Traffic
Cargo stations also need lean operations management plans. Characterized by complex handling
services, storage and loading activities the ISO container terminal optimizes on each of the
processes. The reduction of time spent in the transportation process is important for service
providers. Lean factors in this station advocate for reduced damages, faster transportation and
cost effectiveness. Distance is a crucial factor in this case because it determines the time spent.
Container sizes influence the load factor leading to double stack rail systems. For better freight
management container handling strategies come into play. Container conditions serve different
functions for refrigerated and different size cargo containers. Customer needs also include secure
containers with steel and storage bags. The double stacked and single stacked rail vehicles have
advantages but must compliment the station facilities. Important elements include electric
wiring, lauding gauges and wagon sizes. Rail network connection to ports saves time and road
transport costs30. Value addition at such freight systems may feature packaging, inspection, de-
stuffing or stuffing and consolidation.
2.6 Freight Terminal (Depot) Design for Timber (Coillte)
Traffic
30 M. Jason, and G. Wilmsmeier, ‘Port-centric Logistics, dry ports and offshore logistics hubs: strategies to
overcome double peripherality? Maritime Policy & Management, Vol, 39 (2), 2012, pp 207-226

RAILWAY OPERATIONS 14
Logistics management is important in the timber or coillte traffic systems. Carrying timber trains
requires specific plans for a terminal for bulk management. Improved infrastructure shows
reduction in load carriage in the pulp wood trains. Warehouse freight management of such cargo
needs to embrace a green approach31. Timber trains used by timber manufacturers transport tones
of wood in large volumes. This means reduced bottlenecks and improved container facilities
management. Value addition in this supply chain means incorporating flow related solutions like
environment friendly approaches32. Leveraging the costs and time factors in handling heavy
vehicles is not easy. Efficiency at the terminal or warehouse is a priority. The management of
facilities brings together cargo management strategies such as reduced inventory and
consolidated delivery processes. These save on time and resources while enhancing quality.
2.7 Freight Terminal (Depot) Design for Ore (Tare Mines)
Traffic
Spatial designs in rail operations depend on the supply chain process and the intermodal modes.
Designed for inland transportation, this depot deign spreads efficiency across the general
warehousing, specialized distribution and repairs. Depots, designed for bulk handling, have
special trains controlled for maximum movement and handling. Quality control in this design
considers vehicle maintenance and repair as one of its priorities. A combination of time, space
and accessibility factors create efficiency within the facilities and freight process33. Therefore,
freight management features improvements in equipment and freight train operations. Value
addition in dry bulk systems includes cleaning services and inbound warehousing. Offering high
31 P. Olesen, D. Powell, H, Hvolby, K. Fraser, Using Lean Principles to Drive Operational Improvements in
Intermodal Container Facilities. JFM, 13 (3), 2015, pp, 266-281
32 Fujiyama, Taku; Roselle, Thoreau and Tyler, Nick, 2014
33 Q. Jianguo, L. Yang, S. Li, Z.Gao, Integrated multitrack station layout design and train scheduling models on
railway corridors. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, Vol 69, 2016, pp, 91-119

RAILWAY OPERATIONS 15
security is also crucial. Such specialized services have an infrastructure design suitable for the
service. The integration of different services from providers like insurance and freight
management supports the standard designs of the functions laid out.
2.8 Freight ISO Container Traffic
Rail transit flat cars are useful for long distance transit systems. Installed with computerized
systems, the management of container traffic continues to develop. Supporting global
transportation needs, ISO containers transport products to and from warehouses. Though meant
to ease congestion, rail transport faces challenges. Among these is security risks of damages, or
container thefts. Research reveals that the cost of rail transport is a worrying trend that keeps on
increasing. ISO containers have standardized features such as cubic height for reduced
variability. In an attempt to synchronize the flow of freight, the industry uses ISO alignment
plans for reduced wastage, and continuous improvement34. The lean approaches support efficient
freight distribution through faster processing of train and container data. Resource utilization
advocates for better lifting machines, lifts and operating machines. Quality terminus have a
unified flow thanks to standardization35. ICT implementation and effective terminal routines
enhance quality.
3.0 Conclusion
From the research, the success of a railway system depends on a number of factors. The lean
thinking identifies critical elements whose synergy depends on the rail design and freight
network. Different types of railway stations have different needs but strategic implementation of
34 V. Reis, J.F. Meier, G. Pace, R. Palacin. Rail and Multi-Modal Transport. Research in Transportation Economics,
Vol 41 (1), 2013, pp, 17-30
35 Ibid, p, 27

RAILWAY OPERATIONS 16
operational management approaches leads to successful controls in all cases. In a modern urban
railway network, speed may feature as a customer demand. Consequently, freight management in
the cargo industry depends on the type of transportation in question. Managing efficiency in rail
transport calls for the implementation of standard procedures and effective design of railway
tracks, rail vehicles and internal components of a rail system. Value addition in rail transport
system includes the use of green environmental approaches. Cargo transportation calls for an
analysis of its features such as its bulk, size, height, perishables and liquid components of
products. The management of passenger freight depends on market trends like security.

RAILWAY OPERATIONS 17
References
Buehler, R and John P. Sustainable transport in Freiburg; Lessons from Germany's
Environmental Capital. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 2011. 43-
70. Print.
Buttevant. Buttevant Rail Disaster. 1980. Web. 26 November 2017.
<http://www.buttevant.ie/Buttevant-Rail-Disaster-(1980).html>.
De Block, G and J Polasky. Light railways and the rural urban continuum; technology, space and
society in late nineteenth century Belgium. Journal of Historical Geography 37.3 2011
312-328
Dekker, R, Bloemhof, J and Mallids, I. Operations Research for green logistics-An overview of
aspects, issues, contributions and challenges." European Journal of Operational
Research 219.3, 2012: 671-679.
Foothill Gold Line. Foothill Gold Line. 2016. Web. 26 November 2017.
<http://www.foothillgoldline.org/cities-stations/duarte/>.
Fujiyama, T; Roselle, T, and Tyler, N. The effects of the design factors of the train-platform
interface on pedestrian flow rates. Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics. Cham:
Springer, 2014. 1163-1173. print.
Gumus, Alev, et al. Identifying Key Factors of Rail Transit Service Quality: An Empirical
Analysis for Istanbul. Journal of Public Transportation 20.1 (2017). web. 26 November
2017. <http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jpt/vol20/iss1/4/>.
Howlett, P, G and Pudney, J. Energy-efficient train control. Springer Science & Business Media,
2012.
International Competence Center Rail Press Releases. New IRIS Requirements to be Alighned
with ISO Standard. 2016. 25 November 2017.
<http://www.railway-technology.com/contractors/professional/international-competence-
centre/pressreleases/pressiris-iso-requirements>.
International Railway Industry Standard. The Global Quality Standard for the Railway Industry.
SNCF, 2008. 26 November 2017.
<file:///C:/Users/BAT/Downloads/news_4045_EN.pdf>.

RAILWAY OPERATIONS 18
Madlener, R and Sunak, Y. "Impacts of urbanization on urban structures and energy demand:
What can we learn for urban energy planning and urbanization management?"
Sustainable Cities and Society 1.1, 2011,: 45-53.
Monios, J, and Wilmsmeier G. Port-centric logistics, dry ports and offshore logistics hubs;
strategies to overcome double peripherality? Maritime Policy & Management 2012,: 207-
226.
Myerson, P. Lean supply chain and logistics management. New York: McGraw Hill, 2012.
Nielsen, L, K, Maroti, G, and Kroon, L. A rolling horizon approach for disruption management
of railway rolling stock. European Journal of Operational Research 220.2, 2012: 496-
509.
Nordin, N, H, Ahmad, I, F, and Mohd I, M,. Railway station facilities in rural and urban services
based on observation and user feedback. MATEC Web of conferences. EDP Sciences,
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Olesen, P., et al. Using lean principles to drive operational improvements in intermodal container
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2017. <file:///C:/Users/BAT/Downloads/Article-JFM-2015.pdf>.
Pyrgidis, C, N. Railway transportation systems; design, construction and operation. CRC press,
2016.
Qi, J, et al. Integrated multitrack station layout design and train scheduling models on railway
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Reiss, Vasco, et al. Rail and Multi-modal Transport Research in Transportation Economics
(2013): 17-30. Web.
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New York: Routledge, 2017.
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<https://www.economist.com/news/technology-quarterly/21578516-transport-new-train-
technologies-are-less-visible-and-spread-less-quickly>.
Velasquez, M and Hester, T. An analysis of multicriteria decision making methods."
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RAILWAY OPERATIONS 19
Viera, E, G and H Leite. Lean philosophy and its applications in the service industry: a review of
the current knowledge." Production 25.3, 2015. 26 November 2017.
<http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-65132015000300529>.
Yang, C, C, Lin , C and Ke, B, R. "Optimisation of train energy efficient operation for mass
rapid transit systems." Institute of Engineering and Technology 6.1, 2012, 58-66.