Rapid Transition Away from Carbon Economy: Strategies for Nations

This dissertation explores the concept of carbon economy and the role of hydrogen as an alternative resource. It investigates the best strategies for nations to transition away from carbon economy and move towards a sustainable future. The study includes a literature review, research methodology, data analysis, and conclusion with recommendations. The aim is to understand the impact of carbon on the environment and the economy, and to provide recommendations for a carbon-free future.

Dissertation & PHD Thesis

TABLE OF CONTENT
TOPIC: RAPID TRANSITION AWAY FROM CARBON ECONOMY......................................4
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................4
Background:.................................................................................................................................4
Aim:.............................................................................................................................................5
Objectives:...................................................................................................................................5
Rationale and scope:....................................................................................................................5
Problem statement:.......................................................................................................................5
Structure of the report:.................................................................................................................6
CHATER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW....................................................................................6
Theme 1: Investigate the concept of carbon economy:...............................................................7
Theme 2: Examining role of Hydrogen as alternative resource:.................................................9
Theme3: To identify the best strategies which allow nation to transit away from carbon
economy.....................................................................................................................................11
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY................................................................13
Research type.............................................................................................................................13
Research approach.....................................................................................................................14
Research philosophy..................................................................................................................15
Research design.........................................................................................................................15
Data collection...........................................................................................................................16
Data analysis..............................................................................................................................17
Ethical consideration..................................................................................................................18
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS........................................................................................18
Theme 1: The importance of carbon economy in upcoming years:...........................................19
Theme 2: The importance of considering hydrogen as alternative source of energy:...............20
Theme 3 : Challenges of considering alternative resource for carbon economy.......................22
Theme 4: Strategies which allow nation to move away from carbon economy:.......................23

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION..............................................24
Reflection:..................................................................................................................................24
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................1

TOPIC: RAPID TRANSITION AWAY FROM CARBON ECONOMY
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Carbon economy is one of the most common but important term for almost every
country, this simply means less pollution due to economic activity (Lugo-Morin, 2021). It is very
clear that every sector in developing economic have been indulged with those activities that
impact environment and create dangerous problem for human as well as businesses. Carbon free
economy is dream for every nation, this is one of the biggest aim that will have great impact on
environment as well as every sector of the economy. Carbon free economy have major
connection with future sustainability allowing human life to become healthy and business to
grow with accurate speed. The dream of carbon free economy will be completed, nations are
moving towards sustainable economy where only valuable resource will be used which provide
less emission to the environment. Many nations have focused on Hydrogen as key valuable
resource which allow them to cover important area of carbon free economy, nation who started
building their economy on alternative resource like hydrogen, wind power, solar energy, biomass
energy, hydro power and certain other type of resource which allow nation to become free from
emission.
Background:
Rapid transition can be seen in carbon economy, major steps have been taken by every
nation to manage environment and its sustainability. Decarbonizing economy simply means
reducing those activities or taking those major steps to bring down impact on environment, it is
very clear that carbon free economy is dream for almost every country. Major steps have been
taken by global leaders to manage pollution, and impact on environment, controlling economic
activities will help in reducing carbon in the economy for example; banning plastic for industrial
and consumer goods (Bonsu, 2020). Decarbonizing can be beneficial for world economy to
reduce their carbon footprint. UK is one of those country who is focusing on carbon free
economy, this nation has taken major steps to reduce carbon from economy including use of
solar power, hydrogen, wind power and certain other measurement to manage carbon in the
economy. Nations who have understood the concept of carbon free economy have developed
certain type of strategies including heavy usage of hydrogen energy.

Aim:
The aim of this study is “To investigate the strategies through which a nation can
transition away from carbon economy”
Objectives:
 To investigate the concept of carbon economy.
 To examine role of Hydrogen as alternative resource.
 To identify the best strategies which allow nation to transit away from carbon economy.
 To recommend the best practice which allow nation to move towards carbon free
economy.
Rationale and scope:
Reason behind conducting this research is to understand how carbon is dangerous for
economy and environment, this research will focus on future impact that will have on global
economy due to measure taken now. Understanding major and important role of carbon in the
economy is major reason whereas there is personal reason to gain max. knowledge how global
economies taken steps to manage carbon economy (Grim and et.al., 2020). Apart from this, one
of the major reason is to understand role of greenhouse gasses to increase carbon in the
environment and increasing carbon barrier in economic development as well. Another reason to
conduct this study is personal interest of the researcher to examine broadness of the study, this
topic is based on current major issue faced by almost every nation. Researcher has carefully
examined role of those nations who are active in achieving goal of carbon free economy, these
nations have their own strategies and steps to reduce carbon from the economy.
Problem statement:
Carbon economy is major issue in the world, this simply means countries have to take
steps to reduce carbon in the economy with major control on industrial activities. Carbon is
problem, economic activities was never an issue. However, carbon arrive from economic
activities, industries play vital role why carbon is becoming dangerous for the nation and global
economy (Ionescu, 2021). There will be shut down to those manufacturing unit that create huge
problem for the nation and human life. Carbon inclusion in the economy will be dangerous so it
is important to take major steps to manage this issue in the world.

Structure of the report:
Chapter one: Introduction: This is first and the most important chapter in which researcher
need to highlight project title, aim and objectives on which study is based on. Introduction may
include problem statement, rationale of the study and background details with relevant terms,
this chapter is base for further study as reader can examine what exactly researcher is focusing
on.
Chapter two: Literature review: This chapter play significant role in the study, researcher
focus on collecting viewpoint of different author which can be included in the study. Literature
review is completed by crafting certain types of themes covering every critical area of the topic,
these themes satisfy requirement of objectives crafted in introduction chapter.
Chapter three: Research methodology: This chapter allows researcher to collect data from
different source, researcher have to consider the best methods to collect data. This chapter is
critical because researcher need to carefully collect data as per the requirement of chosen topic,
research methodology consist of different methods and techniques.
Chapter four: Data analysis: This is most important chapter which allow researcher to analyse
the data collected in previous study, this is critical process in which researcher carefully select
tools and methods to analyse the data. However, data analysis depend on type of data collected,
if researcher has focused on primary or secondary data.
Chapter Five: Findings and Discussion: This chapter allows researcher to provide final
viewpoint after analysing the collected data, this may include resulting the final outcome in
which researcher provide complete details of the study. This chapter depends on data which is
analysed in previous chapter.
Chapter six: Conclusion and recommendations: This is final chapter in which researcher try
to provide final conclusion to the report and help reader to examine how study was complete.
Researcher provides certain type of recommendations including recommendation to further
research and recommendation to company or nation chosen in the study.
CHATER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature review play significant role in the study which allow researcher to consider
viewpoint of different author, researcher consider their viewpoint in the form of published
literature. This chapter includes certain themes which cover important area of the chosen topic,
researcher consider viewpoint of author which allow them to examine concept of the chosen

topic. For the completion of this study, researcher has considered some of the most important
themes covering objectives and important element of the study, these are:
Theme 1: Investigate the concept of carbon economy:
According to Lugo-Morin (2021), Carbon economy is one of the most common but important
term in the nation, this simply means moving forward with aim to reduce carbon in the economy.
Nations who take major steps to reduce carbon from economy contribute to the betterment of
environment and world economy. It is very clear that due to climate change and sudden rise in
global warming indicated nations to take steps to manage carbon emission in the nation.
However, nations have to reduce these emissions or industrial development will be impacted,
the concept of carbon economy is very clear, this simply means low level of emission released in
the environment. Nations with aim of zero carbon economy is actively working to achieve this
goal, government took major steps to reduce carbon from the economy including ban on certain
type of industrial gasses including greenhouse gases. Major role of individual and society can be
seen in boosting carbon, daily usage of material including vehicle, fossil fuel burning and
household impact on the environment. The concept of low carbon economy is new to the world,
nations are slowly moving towards betterment of environment including certain steps and major
strategies, reduction in carbon is only possible when nation decide to move with an aim.
The concept of carbon economy may include certain type of contribution to the
betterment of the nation and their economy. Low carbon economy is challenging task, nations
have to reduce industrial development to achieve this goal because industry is one of the most
important aspect involved in the carbon emission. Government need to align policy with carbon
economy goal, industrial development will be sustained if major changes have bee introduced by
the government. Industrial sector including production, manufacturing, transportation, fossil fuel
consumption and certain other type of sector in industrial area which contribute carbon in the
economy and impact environment. Government is demanding industries to take major steps,
alternative resource can be the best strategies which replace one type of resource with alternative
one. For example; replacing fossil fuel with hydrogen, this may allow industry to use clean fuel
to manage their operation. Industries need to adopt hydrogen and certain other type of resource
which help them to slowly replace dangerous fuel with sustainable fuel bringing major reduction
in carbon in the economy and environment. Many nation take major steps to bring reduction in
carbon, firm who contribute to the goal have to face major challenges including challenges of

trade restriction, ban on chemical and material, involvement of government in industrial
development and certain other challenges which impact reliability of firm to measure
achievement of this goal in process.
Climate change is one of the significant challenge faced by international community
including different nations who are ready to provide their contribution in reducing carbon from
environment. It is very clear that Carbon Dioxide is one of the most dangerous chemical in the
air, environment including human, animals, plants and other living being gets impacted.
However, it is very important for nations to take a step and manage this issue. Industries need
continuous development in such a way that it impact society and human living quality, carbon
free economy is goal which may take time but need to be completed. Although, nature play
significant role in promoting climate change but role of human based activities are quite often.
Nations have to conserve their environment to contribute in carbon free economic goal. Many
nations have taken major and compulsory steps to manage carbon, the goal of carbon free
economy can not be achieved if government stay in active. There are many nations who took
major steps to manage carbon economy including policy designing, crafting, implementing laws
and regulation and certain other type of action which reduce carbon in the economy. Innovation
scale up can be seen when it comes to carbon free economy, nations have taken steps to bring
technological advancement.
As per the view of (Dzator, J. and Acheampong, A.O., 2020), stated that carbon plays an
important and crucial role in energy generation and for the functioning of the entire world.
Low carbon economy is a problem on energy efficiency and clean energy structure from where
the entire nature in affecting in wider manner. The low carbon economy, is used to simply and
represent the gases that are emitted din the atmosphere and are responsible for greenhouse effect
on the planet. Green house gases comprise variety of gases, including the gases from the
decomposition of organic matter, carbon dioxide, fluorinated and such more are commonly
known as carbonic gases. The government of each country has to understand the importance of
the nature and environment and should make the universe carbon free from which the effective
outcome can be received in definite order. Low carbon economy creates an opportunity to take
the advantage of available incentives and subsidizes where generating financial return for the
business. Author agreed and said that an individual is required to follow and practise the
activities which helps the environment and surroundings to not get harm in wider manner and

can adopt the sustainability in their working procedure which do not harm the atmosphere and
lower down or reduces the carbon emissions.
However, Cai, Lai, Liu and et.al., (2019) said that due to climatic conditions of today's
world has increases the carbon emission in wider manner and impacts the atmosphere
accordingly. In general terms, low carbon economy encourages the practices and procedures that
allows and enable for sustainability development and making the efforts to possible to reduce
GHG gases. With the help and support of the government or political parties they can put their
best efforts in encouraging the sustainability at higher or wider level and can promote the
activities and practices which overall save the atmosphere respectively.
Theme 2: Examining role of Hydrogen as alternative resource:
According to Fan and et.al., (2021), Hydrogen is one of the most valuable resource which have
three main purpose including to produce heat, energy and electricity. Hydrogen is component in
which safer consumption can be seen, it is very clear that hydrogen is one of clean fuel which
can be used to manage daily operation. Nations who consider hydrogen as important element
enjoy continuous growth and stability because they deal in hydrogen and other clean gases. Role
of hydrogen is critical in the nation development process, country who focus on hydrogen energy
have better growth in the international market station. However, hydrogen is source of income
from some nation including Saudi Arabia, this nation is one of the major supplier of hydrogen in
the world. Saudi government run major project on heavy production of hydrogen, they are
planning to invest more than $5 Billion in the production of hydrogen in the country and to
supply this hydrogen around the world. By the year 2026, Saudi Arabia will be world's biggest
supplier hydrogen promoting renewable energy source to run an nation. Saudi Arabia is
producing more than 2.9 million tones of hydrogen to fulfil the demand of hydrogen around the
world, it is very clear that nation who are depending on hydrogen for their operation.
Role of hydrogen can be seen in certain other purposes, JCB is one of those organizations
who is developing hydrogen supported engine for their automation in which they are planning to
keep their engine dependable on the hydrogen. However, engine need support of fossil fuel
because these industrial equipment is supported by fossil fuel energy. JCB is ready to introduce
even heavy industrial machinery runs on hydrogen as key source, this company have introduced
the concept of hydro powered engine depending on hydrogen. This clean fuel will promote goal
of carbon free economy in industrial area, JCB is on their mission to actively contribute in the

betterment of the environment. Apart from this, many other organization is developed concept of
hydro powered engine in the vehicle allowing them to ensure goal is achieved. Nations are
promoting hydrogen as key element in the economy. There are certain other roles of hydrogen in
the economy, these may include:
Reduction of pollution: One of the biggest benefit of using hydrogen as clean fuel is
protection of environment from harmful gases and emission, hydrogen is one of the safest fuel
which have ability to power engine, equipment and daily operations. Reduction is pollution will
be visible if industries continue to use hydrogen as key element, nations have to promote heavy
use of industry in economic development process. Reduction is pollution has been seen when
hydrogen is available at every source, industry adopting hydro powered energy have ability to
reduce pollution allowing environment to become better. It is very clear that firm who develop
strategies according to the requirement of government face less impact over the market.
Renewable source of energy: Hydrogen is one of the clean fuel which is ready to use for
certain purposes including generation of heat, electricity and power. Hydrogen is powerful and
renewable source of energy, nations who depend on hydrogen have ability to manage their
operation according to the demand. It is very clear that this type of energy require cost, many
nations including Saudi Arabia is planning to increase production capacity of hydrogen because
they believe this is one of the best renewable energy source that allow nations to run certain type
of operations. Hydrogen is basic source of energy but generating power is challenging process,
nations who develop strategies to manage source of energy to power their operation.
According to Huang, Zhao and et.al., (2022), hydrogen is considered as an alternative
fuel under the law Energy Policy Act of 1992 where the hydrogen as an alternative transportation
fuels stems from the power fuel cells in zero-emission vehicles as it's a potential domestic
production. Using the hydrogen as an alternative can provide the different kinds of results may
be in positive or in negative terms whereas per the author views using the hydrogen will provide
the benefits as hydrogen is most abundant element and produced from the primary energy
sources which helps in transportation fuel respectively. Hydrogen's energy content by volume is
quite low which makes the storing of hydrogen a challenge because it requires high pressure, low
temperature or chemical processes to be stored. Hydrogen fuel cells also produce electricity by
the combination of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. There are many and different kinds of fuels
cells which are available for a wide range of applications, small fuel cell can power laptop and

even cell phones and military applications whereas large fuel cells can supply electricity to
electricity power grids, supply backup or emergency power in buildings.
Theme3: To identify the best strategies which allow nation to transit away from carbon economy
According to Lewis, Wheeler and et.al., (2019) said that climate is one the biggest
challenges the entire nation and world is facing where it becomes important for an individual
country and a nation to keep their focus and concentration of the carbo economy concept. In
general, the carbon footprint or carbon economy is a subject which needs to be considered at the
international level and should adopt some relevant and effective decision to reduce the carbon
energy in the entire nation. However, each individual person should understand and importance
of the natural surroundings and should keep their focus and efforts on reducing the carbon
economy in the nation from where the green environment can be kept safe for the upcoming
future lives. According to the author, the government should ban the usage of plastics and
packaging from which the carbon emission can be reduced in definite manner and can lead the
entire world to stay in carbon free environment.
Similarly, Mensah, Long and et.al., (2018) said that it becomes important for an
individual person and a country to understand the areas of the improvement for the reduction of
the carbon emissions and economy and can successfully save the natural surroundings and
environment. The plastics are majorly used in packaging where it should be banned in each
country where Forest Stewardship Council certified 100% recyclable cardboard and paperboard
products where customers can use them accordingly. Also, for reducing the carbon emission, the
planting is most important factor to be considered by an individual person and country and
should plan more and more trees for the better results in regard with saving the nature more
efficiently. In general, the carbon emission refers to release of carbon dioxide, or a type of
greenhouse gases that filters into the atmosphere and majorly harms the nature and human
activities as well.
However, Mignamissi and Djeufack, (2022) said that there are different strategies the
individual can adopt by their own efforts which includes reduction of air travel. In today time,
the human or people have to travel from one place to another on the basis of different purposes
and reasons which makes them to use the fastest mode of transport which is air travelling. From
the highly usage of the air travel has leaded the atmosphere to get the excessive amount of
greenhouse gases which harms the surroundings in wider manner and increases the carbon

emissions. However, it becomes significant for the people to reduce the air travels from where
the carbon economy can be reduced in definite manner. Thus, eliminating the one round trip
transatlantic flight will save the 1.6metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents per year. Also, the
people should adopt or switch to clean up energy to reduce the carbon emissions such as solar
panels, wind turbines, geothermal energy are all energy sources with a higher level of
sustainability.
As per the view of Aragão, Anderson and et.al., (2018), said that people also can reduce
the carbon footprint by decreasing the fast fashion which helps them in wider and effective
manner. Today, the way where the clothing is designed and manufactured provides the results in
waste and pollution. Thus, the fast fashion industry is responsible for 10% of the global
greenhouse gas emissions and increasing the wastes and pollutions in highly manner. By
reducing the usage of the clothes from the companies who do not follow and practices the
sustainability at their business will help and encourage them to use the sustainability. People can
use the second-hand and eco-friendly companies to reduce the impact on the environment due to
high usage of the carbon emissions during producing the clothes. By encouraging and purchasing
the clothes from eco-friendly companies will help the natural surroundings to reduce the carbon
economy and saves the atmosphere in definite and wider manner.
From the view point of Semieniuk, Campiglio and et.al., (2021), said that reducing the
carbon footprint at home simply means as consuming less amount of energy. At home, there are
many appliances which consisted of high efficiency of energy level like heating and cooling
where the energy has been consumed in wider manner. Unplugging of electronics and bulbs at
home are the major energy consuming materials which should be reduced and overcome in
effective manner and can efficiently save the energy level. At home, people also can put the solar
panels which are the effective equipments for saving the energy level at the home where they can
accordingly use heating and cooling. From the transportation also, the drivers has a lot of choices
to reduce emissions where they can less drive, can use public transportation and keeping the
vehicles maintained which do not contain and requires the higher amount of energy level which
overall helps the nature.
However, Acheampong, Adams and Boateng, (2019) said that recycling is also a one of
the best strategy which can be adopted by the people and also can encouraged by the government
to be used in essential manner which delivers the effective results to the atmosphere and

surroundings. Everything which an individual person consume such as plastics and paper are
produced from energy where recycling and reusing slims carbon footprint. In most of the cases,
recycling uses less energy translates into fewer fossil fuels burned and reduced emissions of
GHG gases which contributes to climate changes. Government should ban the usage of plastics
majorly for the packaging of the items because the plastics are not easy to get reuse and recycled
in definite manner and leads the increases the carbon emissions in wider way. When so ever, a
new product is made and manufactured it consumed of large amount of energy level where some
products cannot get recycled and harms the environment and atmosphere in larger manner. By
adopting the recycling can benefit the environment in wider manner as it conserves energy,
reduces air and water pollution, reduces green house gases and conserves the natural
resources. However, it is important for an individual person to consider the products and items
which can be easily recycled and reuse which overall help and support the environment to be
safe and clean as well. Low carbon emissions should be reduced and overcome from the nature
and benefits the surroundings and human health in definite manner.
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research type
Research type is a very important and also a very essential factor of the research
methodology in particular (Mishra. and Alok., 2022). Also, this can be stated as the basis on
which a particular research is conducted. These are specifically the methods or the techniques
that are used by the researcher, who can be an individual, group of individuals or an organization
in particular, for the purpose of conducting a particular or precise research. These methodologies
are not selected randomly, they are selected on the basis of some major aspects that affect or
impact the working or the conduction of the research in particular. The aspects on the basis of
which the methods are particularly selected are, the goals or the objectives of the research that is
being conducted, the timeline of the research conduction, the purposes of the research and the
most suitable and also most appropriate strategy or method of performing or conducting the
research is selected, after thorough evaluation of these factors. There are mainly two categories
in which the segment of research type is divided into, these are namely, qualitative research type
and quantitative research type. Qualitative type of conducting research refers to conduction of
the research through using theoretical data or information. In this case no mathematical or
statistical information is used (Patel. and Patel., 2019). This research method is good because

expertise knowledge is not a necessity of the researcher in this case. In this method the core
focus is collection of data through asking open end questions mainly whose answers are
specifically in theoretical format. Even close ended questions can be asked but the answers still
require to be in theoretical form. The other one is quantitative type of research, in this method
which is totally different from the qualitative type, the data that is collected is required to be in
mathematical or statistical format. It is precisely based on the concept or focuses on the approach
of objective measurement and numerical analysis of data. As per this research, the more
appropriate research type is qualitative research.
Research approach
Research approach basically refers to the procedure as well as the plan which specifically
consists of or contains the steps of the broad assumptions of the detailed methodologies
including the methods such as, data collection, data analysis and also data interpretation (Opoku.
Ahmed. and Akotia., 2016). The selection of the research approach is totally based upon the
nature of the issue or the problem that is being addressed in the research that is being conducted
in particular. The research approaches are categorized into different parts in accordance to the
problem that the research is solving. There are majorly three types of the research approach in
particular, these are namely, the inductive approach of a research, the deductive approach or a
research and an abductive approach of research. Inductive approach basically refers to the
approach which is also known as the inductive reasoning in particular, this research approach is
specifically based on or focuses on the data or the information that is relevant and appropriate to
the topic on which the research is being conducted. In this approach after the data regarding the
research is being collected then the researcher will step back and overview the collected data or
information (Gupta. and Gupta., 2022). Deductive approach in a research refer to the approach
which precisely focuses on the scientific investigation as well as the scientific outcomes that are
associated with the topic of the research in particular. Abductive approach of research in
particular refer to the approach which specifically focuses on the puzzles as well as the
surprising facts which are connected to or related to the research that is being conducted or done
in particular. These facts or puzzles in particular may be encountered by the researchers with the
phenomena that is empirical which particularly cannot be specifically explained by the range of
the theories that are already existing. For this research in particular the inductive approach of the

research is conducted, because it is the most suitable and also the most relevant approach in
accordance to the topic of the research.
Research philosophy
Research philosophy in particular refers to the system in which the thought process of the
researcher works in particular, following which of the new as well as reliable knowledge
regarding the research which is being conducted in particular is gathered or is obtained in
particular (Cr., 2020). This is specifically the basis of conducting any research. The research
philosophy includes choosing the research strategy regarding, formulating the issue or the
problem, collection of data, processing of the data and further analysing the data or the
information that has been collected during the research in particular. It is a very vast and also a
very wide topic or aspect of the research methodology. There are majorly three kinds of research
philosophies in total, these philosophies are, positivism research philosophy, realism research
philosophy as well as Interpretivism research philosophy. Interpretivism research philosophy in
particular refers top the philosophy which is specifically based on a precise principle that states
or mentions that the researcher of the research in particular performs a certainly specific role in
the observation of the social world. This research philosophy is based on the interests of the
researcher of the project. Positivism research philosophy focuses on the factual information or
knowledge that is gained by the observations which also include the measurements and is very
trustworthy and also reliable as compared to other research philosophies as it is based on facts.
The role of the researcher who is conducting the research is very limited and not so essential in
this philosophy. As the data is collected as well as interpreted in an objective way. Realism
research philosophy totally is dependent on the idea regarding independence of the reality from
that of the human mind. This philosophy is specifically based over the assumption made by the
scientific approach in particular to knowledge development in particular. This can be divided
into two major groups, critical and direct. For this research in particular the best philosophy in
accordance to the topic is Interpretivism research philosophy.
Research design
Research design basically refer to a framework of the methods of the research that is
being conducted in particular as well as the techniques of the conduction of the research that are
chosen or preferred by the researcher for doing or performing the activities or the tasks to
complete the research (Sileyew., 2019). The research design allows the researcher to particularly

sharpen the conduction of the research methods that are suitable and appropriate in regard to the
topic of the research. Research design helps and supports the researcher in many ways and also
to identify the issues if any are faced during the conduction of the particular research and then
evaluating what all solutions can be implemented to solve those problems or issues in particular
and further plan the better route and ways for the development and growth of the overall research
tat is being done by the researcher specifically. There are majorly three types or categories of the
research design that can be used in accordance to the topics of the research and the type of
information or data that the research is aiming for. These types are, descriptive research design,
exploratory research design and case study research design. The selection of the research design
in particular is based on the aspects that are present or the topics that are covered in within the
research in particular. Descriptive research design refers to the research design whose major aim
is to gather or collect information or data to define or describe a situation, population or
phenomenon in a systematic way. Exploratory research design in particular is specifically
conducted for an issue that is faced for the first time in particular, in this there is no past
referential data or information that the researcher has or can consult to. Case study research
design is used for the purpose of generating a brief, multi- faceted and in- depth understanding of
an issue that is complex in the real life context. For this research the most appropriate design is
the descriptive research design.
Data collection
Data collection is specifically referred to the methods through which information or data
that is required for conducting a particular research is collected or gathered in particular (Zhou.
and et.al., 2018). It is a series of steps through which data is gathered or is collected and that
information in particular is measured on the variables of interest in particular and is checked that
the data or the information that has been collected or is being collected in particular is valid and
relevant according to the chosen topic and the aims as well as the objectives that are focused
upon within the research that is being conducted in particular or not. It is a very necessary as
well as essential aspect of the research methodology of the research that is being conducted in
particular. This is done in a systematic and an effective way. And the data that is collected needs
to be valid and also needs to be specifically related to the objectives of the research. There are
majorly two ways in which data collection can be done in particular, these two methods are
namely, primary methods of data collection and secondary methods of the collection of data in

particular. Primary data collection method specifically refers to the methods of data collection in
which first- hand data is collected. Means it is straight away collected from the raw sources in
particular. It is also a direct way of collection of data or information. This method of collection
of data is extremely reliable and also valid because the data is being collected from the authentic
sources straight, but with that this method is also very time- consuming as it takes a long time to
collect data from original sources without any mistakes and with full clarity, and also it is not at
all cost- efficient as it requires a huge investment too. Secondary data collection refers to
collection of data from other sources, and presenting the data that is already there in the past
records. This is both cost- efficient as well as time- efficient too. In this research in particular the
best suited data collection method is secondary method of data collection. And the data is
collected through the books and the journals.
Data analysis
Data analysis is the next stage that comes after the collection of the data or the
information that is particularly related to the research that is being conducted in particular
(Wickham., 2016). Data analysis by the name itself is understood that it deals with analysis or
evaluation of the data. The data that is being collected or gathered in the research in particular is
further evaluated as well as analysed briefly in the process of data analysis in particular. It is
therefore a systematic process or procedure which helps in evaluation of the information that has
been gathered or collected by the researcher in particular and then systematically apply the tools
and techniques to illustrate and also describe the data, recap and then condense and lastly in-
depth evaluating of that information in particular. Data analysis is one of the most necessary or
important aspects or steps that need to be considered in the process of research methodology in
particular. The data analysis can be done through different techniques. These techniques are
broadly classified into two categories (Heumann. and Shalabh., 2016). These categories in
particular are thematic methods of analysis of the data and the statistical methods of the analysis
or evaluation of the data. Thematic method of data analysis refers to analysing the data or the
information that is in theoretical form, which means the data that is qualitative can only be
analysed or evaluated in this method of data analysis in particular. Which makes the method
application or implementation easier and also the requirements of experts is not there in this case
in particular. On the other hand, statistical data analysis methods are the methods that focus on
analysing or evaluating the data that is in numerical or statistical forms and mainly through

implementation of mathematical formulas and statistical tools as well as techniques that are most
related to the data that is collected or gathered in particular. In this research the most appropriate
data analysis method is thematic method as qualitative data is collected in the research.
Ethical consideration
Ethical considerations are basically the ethics as well as the values that are being
considered during conducting a particular by the researcher in particular (Arifin., 2018). These
considerations might sound like not so important, but they play a very major and key role in the
achievement of the goals of the research and the success of the research project overall. These
are basically a set or a collection of the principles that support in providing guidance to the
research designs as well as the research practices in particular. The ethical considerations can be
of many types but the major focus of these should be upon performing or conducting the research
with a set of guidelines as well as rules in particular. Some considerations that can be considered
to show a sense of ethical conduct and backing the research up with guidelines are, informed
consent from the participants if primary research is conducted, anonymity is required,
confidentiality of the information gathered, voluntary participation, the potential for the harm
that could happen while conducting the research and the clear and precise communication of the
results that are received from the conduction of the research. There are a number of ethics that
have been considered while performing this research n particular. The ethics that are considered
are as follows:
 The information that is gathered from the books as well as the journals is collected from
authenticated and legal sources that provide information that is not wrong.
 The information that is collected by the researcher is not changed for any personal
preferences and personal issues by the researcher and it is presented in authenticated
manner only.
 The information or the data is not changed due to any biased behaviour of the researcher
towards any community or aspect of the society in particular.
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS
Data analysis is one of the most important chapter in the study which allow researcher to analyse
the collected data, this may include proper interpretation of data and finding the best result
allowing researcher to improve their study. Analysing data is challenging process, depending on
type of data collect, researcher analyse these data accordingly (Sheard, 2018). For the completion

of this study, researcher has considered statistical data analysis focusing on gathering relevant
facts & figure on chosen topic, interpretation of data has been performed by consider certain
themes covering important area of the study, there are certain type of these in this study, these
are:
Theme 1: The importance of carbon economy in upcoming years:
Carbon is most toxic element in environment and in economy as well, this slowly
takeaway healthiness of economy and impact performance of a nation in international market. It
is very clear that low carbon economy will going to rule over industry because this will allow
nation to depend on renewable and low cost energy consumption. However, generating energy
from other source was challenging till day, because there was no technological advancement but
today's technologically stable world had found out the best way to generate energy without
impacting environment (Ionescu, 2021). On 25 April 1954, first solar panel was developed to
produce energy from sun light, there was no impact over environment after generating clean
energy. Nation who is planning to transit away from carbon economy will going to enjoy certain
benefit, these are:
Economic stability: This is one of the major impact that will arrive when considering carbon
free economy, nation who are planing to completely leave carbon will enjoy economic stability
because they will depend on alternative resource which is more beneficial than carbon in the
economy. Low carbon economy is concept which is considered by almost every nation, but this
may impact industrial development process, industries depending on carbon and other fossil fuel
resource need to consider alternative resource before things goes against them. Economic
stability can be enjoyed by those nations who have other resource to power their operation and
industrial development.
Job creation: Nation who consider alternative resource for transit away from carbon economy
tend to generate more job and career development opportunities. Sound's weird but carbon does
impact every element of economy including job creation, nation who is impacted with polluted
carbon have low growth in industrial and business development. It becomes challenging for SME
to survive in carbon economy which means they can not provide enough job offer to employee
(Semmler and et.al., 2021). International Labour Organization (ILO) provided basic model to
understand role of carbon in reducing job opportunities, Economic Linkages Model provide clear
view where unmitigated carbon issue impact negatively on labour market condition. ILO

estimated that almost 1.5 Billion workers will enjoy stability in job opportunities by the year
2030 nation transit away from carbon.
Business competitiveness: It is very clear that reducing carbon based technology from economy
and industrial sector will reduce heat of global firm and will provide competitive opportunities to
SME who are struggling with alternative resource technology. There are many SME or industries
who consider alternative resource to manage their operation which means they might get
competitive advantage as government will demand industry ruler and other enterprise to shift
their operation on alternative clean energy. It is the best opportunity to a nation as well who is
planning to depend on alternative resource including Hydrogen, many industries in Saudi Arabia
is enjoying global market leadership because they are considering Hydrogen as key resource to
run their operation and beat global industry ruler.
Improved trade policy and relationship: Nations who consider carbon free economy as their
biggest dream have opportunities to gain that power in the global economy because this current
topic will going to become critical because every nation and international pressure is depending
those steps to manage betterment of environment. Trade policy will be improved if nation
consider alternative resource (Louche, Crifo and Marcus, 2019). For example; if A nation is
considered hydrogen to power their industrial operation then they might invite B nation with
same vision, together they can improve their industrial development and enjoy continuous
economic stability. Both nation have advantage of providing global footprint by consider
strategic partnership.
Theme 2: The importance of considering hydrogen as alternative source of energy:
Carbon economy simply means reducing carbon from economy, nation who consider
alternative resource enjoy continuous growth and stability. However, hydrogen is one of the best
alternative resource which allow nation to transit away from carbon (Kapitonov, 2021). It is very
clear that hydrogen is powerful resource which have ability to generate heat, energy and
electricity, nation who consider this resource have ability to gain global competitive advantage.
There are certain importance of Hydrogen and other alternative resource in the economy, these
are:
Pillar to economic development: Hydrogen and other clean resource including biomass gas,
wind power, tidal power and certain other type of resource which do not impact environment and
do not produce any kind of emission in the environment. Hydrogen and other resource can be

key pillar to economy because this provides complete support to economic operation of a nation.
For example; Saudi Arabia is enjoying continuous economic growth because they have
considered hydrogen as key energy source, this nation knows the importance of Hydrogen which
will help them to transit away from carbon economy, this major pillar to bring major change in
economic development and environment betterment.
As a trade benefit: Hydrogen is one of the most beneficial source of energy for every nation,
many country consider this as trade opportunities. For example; Saudi Arabia is one of those
nations who consider hydrogen for trade purposes, this nation has goal to become leading
hydrogen supplier across the world. Currently, Saudi Arabia is producing more than 1.5 Million
tons of hydrogen and have targeted to increase this capacity to 2.9 Million tons per year by the
year 2030 and 4 Million tons by the year 2035. Saudi Arabia consider hydrogen market as $700
Billion in upcoming mega projects including aim to depend their economy on hydro powered
industrial operation. Many countries consider Hydrogen as trade opportunity, they believe this is
right time to become global market leader with the help of supplying hydrogen to other nation.
Reverse climate change: This is one of the most important thing to be considered when
focusing on alternative energy source to run a nation, climate change is most challenging thing
for each every human being, businesses, industries, nations and other living things (Alomari and
Heffron, 2021). Change in climate may bring impact over human life quality and might become
challenging for living to survive earth atmosphere. Reverse climate change is visible when
focusing on hydrogen as key resource, it is very clear that hydrogen and other source such as
biomass, wind, solar and tidal energy source produce minimum or no emission or pollution in the
air which means issue of climate change can be solved. Global expert have provided clear
indication in which they said reducing climate change can reduce death rate, almost 7 million
lives can be saved by considering betterment to environment.
Cheaper to produce: Alternative resource including hydrogen, wind energy, solar panel and
tidal energy are cheaper to produce energy. However, saying cheaper will be false because every
energy source required investment but from extraction of crude oil to convert it into final
product, it is challenging keeping cost under control (Liu and Liu, 2016). Fossil fuel energy is
costly process, nation need to invest heavily on plantation and machinery, although consider
alternative source require less budget. For example; plantation of solar panel is costly which
means there will be high cost installing and maintaining solar panel, it is very clear that solar

panel produce less emission, these panel generate high power which can be converted into
electricity.
Theme 3 : Challenges of considering alternative resource for carbon economy
The consideration of alternative sources that will be eco- friendly and better for the environment
for the carbon economy in particular has its benefits for sure, but everything that is beneficial
also is achieved through facing challenges (Darda. Papalas. and Zabaniotou., 2019). As there are
two sides of a coin in particular, there are challenges to a thing that has benefits too. Similarly,
for the nations to change to resources that are to be used as the alternatives of the resources that
are harming the environment majorly and also enhancing the carbonization. The major
alternative resource that is to discussed regarding is hydrogen. There are other alternative
resources such as wind resources, solar resources and the biomass resources in particular. One of
the major challenges that occurs through usage of hydrogen resources in the nation is that it
causes social as well as environmental issues or problems. The reservoirs and the dams that are a
major requirement for application of hydro power are built over the rivers, this leads to reduction
in the flow of the river, it also raises the temperature of the water, the quality of the water is also
degraded because of this and there is build up of sediments because of that too. This has a major
negative impact over the life that is present in the water bodies or are even dependant or around
these water bodies in particular, which include fishes, wildlife and birds. And also, uncertainty
regarding the impacts that the generation of power through hydrogen in particular has over the
change in the climatic conditions in particular, the overruns in the investment cost and the
restrictive guidelines regarding the resources being untapped are major barriers or challenges in
the deployment of hydro power in the future which will impact decarbonization on a major basis.
There are challenges that are major barriers for implementation or application of other
alternative resources for carbon economy in particular, one of these resources is solar energy, the
resource is friendly in accordance to the environment for sure but not so friendly for the pockets
of the customers (Mohsin. and et.al., 2019). Which means, this resource is very expensive at it
initial purchasing stage, the rates of the system are fairly high. Also, the energy resource is
totally dependent on the weather conditions, if the weather is sunny it will work efficiently but if
the weather is cloudy then some glitches may occur. Also, it uses a large area and it not at all
space efficient. Another alternative resource is the wind energy in particular, the major challenge
faced in using this is the noise the turbine blades used to produce the wind energy make is

extreme and high, also the wind plants may impact the local wildlife of the area they are set in,
mainly killing the birds. One of the alternative resources is biomass, the major challenges faced
in implementing this is that it requires a lot of space in particular, also it is a little expensive and
may lead to the deforestation.
Nation who consider strategies to transition away from carbon economy face certain type
of barrier which impact their smooth process, it is very clear that nation who consider hydrogen
and other alternative resource enjoy continuous growth and stability. Transition away from
carbon economy is challenging process, nation need to develop certain type of strategies which
allow them to make this goal possible. However, every nation have their own economic stability
and availability of resource to generate clean energy, there are certain type of barrier that arrive
while transiting away from carbon economy, these are:
High cost: Almost every nation depend on carbon generate energy source, considering
fossil fuel. Nation who operate their industrial development on carbon resource including fossil
fuel which impact environment, now transiting away from carbon economy will be challenging
for the nation because starting the process of consider alternative resource is challenging task
(Wang, Chun and Cui, 2022). Nation who consider alternative source of energy know that
installation and generation of energy will be challenging and costly as well. Nation has to face
issue of high cost when considering these resources because these are highly costly.
Theme 4: Strategies which allow nation to move away from carbon economy:
From the above discussion it has been simply identified and analysed that nation has to
consider some relevant and appropriate strategies for the better atmosphere and environment
where they should lower down and reduce the usage of carbon economy which will provide the
beneficial outcome and results. Low carbon economy simply defined as economy which is based
on energy sources that produces low level of greenhouse gases emissions. However, it becomes
important and significant for an individual to understand the importance of the sustainability at
the nature which overall impacts the nature, atmosphere or a surrounding in positive manner
(Ganda, 2019). Nation has to consider some relevant aspects while adopting the sustainability at
the nature and surrounding where different people and individual can help and support to
encourage the environmental safety in definite manner. In general, pestle analysis is a tool to
determine the macro environment which may influences the performance of a policy or a
regulation or can of an organization. The pestle analysis is consisted of six factors where it can

influence the people, organization and individual human being to adopt the changes to reduce the
carbon emissions.
The first factor of the pestle analysis includes the political point where policies,
regulations, tariffs and such more elements get covered where the government should implement
some relevant strategies and activities for an individual and people of nation to reduce the carbon
emissions and can support them to save the environment. There are many countries whose
government has created appropriate laws for the protection of the surroundings and putting the
best efforts to reduce the carbon economy (Xu and Wang, 2018). The second factor refers to
social element where it includes cultural perceptions, acceptance and awareness where people
should avoid the fast fashion buying decision process as it will help to reduce the carbon
emissions as the fast fashion is one of the most harmful for the surrounding and nature. The third
factor highlights the economical factor in which it involves the inflation, investment costs,
depreciation factors and such more (Pickl, 2019).
An economical factor can influence the growth and development of the country due to
excessive usage of the carbon from different purposes which will lower down the economy level
of the country and also harms the environment as well. However, environmental factor puts the
great impact over the process of carbon emissions and economy where it involves the climatic
conditions which changes in rapid manner due to higher level of deforestation and increased
consumption of energy for the transportation (Rosenbloom, Markard and et.al., 2020).
Accordingly, the legal factor refers to industry regulations and more where organizations should
adopt some relevant and appropriate strategies for the reduction of the carbon economy. By
following and practising the sustainability at the organization will enable to reduce the carbon
economy and energy level which saves the environment and surrounding in definite manner.
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Reflection:
From the above report, I have explored one of the most important topic, carbon economy
is current critical area where research was required. I have consider this topic to analyse the
importance of transiting away from carbon from economy as well as economy, I have focused on
carbon economy concept and explore key benefits that will arrive after consider carbon free
mission. However, I have encountered with certain type of challenges during this study because
this topic was new to me and I have not explored such global topic. It is very clear that when

researcher study on current global topic then they have to consider facts and figure which are
fresh and new in the market. I have included new data collected from different sites and recent
author.
The above report helped me to explore certain learning outcome in which I have explored
clear understanding on hydrogen as alternative resource which allow nation to achieve goal of
carbon free economy, I carefully explored importance of hydrogen and alternative resource to
manage carbon in the economy. I set some learning outcome by my self because I want to
explore each and every part of this topic, I covered important area of the study considering
certain type of themes. I have explored different source to gather relevant and fact full
information to be included in the study to make it reliable.
The above report helped me to gain enough knowledge and skills, however, I have
encountered with certain type of gaps, from chapter one to last chapter, I have explore certain
type of gaps which impacted this study. Chapter one with clear introduction is provided allowing
reader to understand the chosen topic, chapter two helped me to consider viewpoint of different
author, here first gap was explored which was lack of literature available. Other chapter went as
per the requirement allowing me to carefully and effectively complete my study.

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