Reasons for Water Crisis in Developing Countries

This article discusses the reasons for the water crisis in developing countries, specifically focusing on Pakistan, Bangladesh, and India. It highlights the impact of water scarcity on agriculture, economy, and society, and explores potential remedial measures. The article also touches upon the water crisis during the COVID-19 pandemic and the need for effective crisis management.

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Reasons for Water Crisis in
Developing Countries
(Pakistan, Bangladesh and India)
Name:
Student I.D:
Date:

Outline
Executive Summary
Crises Management
Water crises in Developing Countries (Pakistan, Bangladesh, and India)
Remedial Measures
Conclusion
Reasons for Water Crisis in Developing Countries
Executive Summary
Water is the substance of life and livelihood, the key to workable expansion. Effective
water organization is the basis for achieving most of the seventeen Sustainable
Development Goals, Certifying water and sanitation availability and sustainable
management for all. Nevertheless, water is becoming an urgent social and geopolitical
issue and is already of national importance in some areas. Business as usual means
that the world is far below water-related SDGs. In 2035, almost 40% population of the
world will live in areas with plain water stress. And the aptitude of environments to offer
freshwater is increasingly undermined. 60% of freshwater comes from cross-border
river basins. Cross-border water agreements must be strong and sufficient to cope with
progressively undefined ecological and climatical circumstances and changes in social
demographic. This change will increase the world’s 9.7 billion population by 2050 and
most of the people living in municipal areas (Global, 2022).
Diverse conceptualizations of water have led to struggle. The awareness of water as a
social right, and communal public and ecological goods are often conflicting with the
assessment of water as a product that needs to be valued to ensure competent and
maintainable use. Provinces, nations, and groups will need to align water viewpoints to
allow for passive and actual combined water source organization and supportable use.
Current management will mean undertaking ignored issues such as water excess in
present schemes, which has been 30% estimated, common official dysfunction, immoral
performance, poor answerability, and exploitation in the water areas of states (Bain, et
al., 2014).
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All countries in the world are concerned about food security and future water scarcity.
This paper focuses on water issues in three developing countries; India, Pakistan, and,
Bangladesh. Crossed by rivers and streams, Bangladesh is a water-rich country with
very little per heads water availability. Almost 94% of water resources in countries
originate across borders, and rivers and streams flow from India to Bangladesh. This
perception, combined with the greatness of India, colours the Bangladeshi mindset and
makes it feel exposed. Four concerns: Flood management: Water sharing with the
upper bank. Domestic water management and natural environment protection are more
important for Bangladesh policymakers.
Bangladesh has made certain arrangements with India to solve the problem. Not only
this issue, but it is also political problem that determines the future of the treaty. The
basic purpose of this research work is to focus on the East Himalayas, especially on the
water conflict between Bangladesh, Pakistan, and India. The dissertation is to highlight
the factors that raise serious concerns that have not yet been resolved after
comprehensive bilateral negotiations. To understand what issues are placed in the
language of the agreement signed between the two states and the future of these in the
context of the prevailing circumstances (Khalid, 2010).
The roots of conflict between India and Pakistan were drawn to the vicious and bloody
conditions lower than which two South Asian states appeared in the worldwide phase in
1947 (Masood & Kutcher, 1992). The entangled landscape of the Indus and Kashmir
arguments has a direct relation to the Radcliffe border award, according to which British
Punjab was separated between India and Pakistan at the time of the Divider of the
subcontinent, and further down India expanded control the roadworks of two rivers as
long as irrigation in West Punjab for example in Pakistan and only property link from
Indian ground to the significant state of Kashmir, through a road completed Madhapur
headworks (Aijazuddin, 2000). Therefore, by seizing parts of Kashmir, India grew
access to the catchment parts of the whole Indus River scheme, where its five branches
the Chenab, Beas, Jhelum Ravi, and Sutlej instigate (Ali & Chaudhri Muhammad,
1967).
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Crises Management
Crisis management is an organizational procedure and strategy method for identifying
and responding to fears, unexpected proceedings, or adverse disturbances that might
be impairment people, goods, or business developments. Need a contingency plan to
formulate for each event becoming a disaster.
Crisis can happen at any time, threatening with or without, and take most schemes,
including natural tragedies, active rifleman states, terrorist occasions, mass violence,
and even worldwide pandemics. Beyond instant threats to people, goods procedures,
disasters and dangerous emergencies are often changeable, pouring belongings on
operative morale, customer approval, brand repute, and even hoarding chains. Proper
forecasting for serious proceedings comprises creating a disaster management team
and emerging a plan to protect people from destruction formerly, during, and after the
protection of a serious event. Maintain business continuity, enable disaster recovery,
and protect assets. Additionally, all organizations must validate and test CM plans and
employ appropriate emergency communication techniques to support crisis response
across the organization (Global, 2022).
Water Crises during COVID-19
Most of the people diseased with the Covid-19, virus endures growth as the Indian
government announced to extend the lockdown until May 3, 2020. As officials’ exertion
to compress the arch and avoid the feast of the virus in communities, community health
news endures highlighting the position of indicator bareness and frequent handwashing.
The lack of admittance to harmless and clean water shows a major contest in India’s
efforts to fight coronavirus (Surie, 2020).
According to WaterAid, contempt important efforts to recover admittance to water and
hygiene, about 163 million people in India lack entree to sparkling and safe water, more
than 140,000, children pass away each year. An estimated 600 million people
nationwide suffer from water scarcity each year, and 200,000 people die from
insufficient or dangerous access to water stores (Surie, 2020). The total Indian budget is
extensive, with around seventy-three million employed days each year due to water
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disorders, subsequent in an estimated financial cost of 600 million yearly. Due to
unpredictability in infection and drizzle due to climate change, large parts of India are
now experiencing exciting seasonal famines and overflows, leaving loads of people
vulnerable and causing the government to reduce demand across different sectors. And
competition is difficult to manage (Surie, 2020).
According to the World Health Organization Safer Water, recovering strength report
issued before the epidemic, refining water, hygiene, and sanitation will result in 9.1% of
the worldwide ailment burden and 6.3% of all deaths. However, 4.2 billion people do not
have admittance to safe hygiene facilities do not have admittance to basic washing
hand services. In accumulation, diarrhoea disorders produced by aquatic pathogens
and deprived hygiene can obstruct the absorption of nutrients, which can lead to
malnutrition even in people with adequate nutritional access. This means that in areas
wherever hand washing is restricted, water diseases are previously widespread,
COVID-19 not only spreads more easily but can also increase mortality.
In most parts of the world, females may devote hours every day to fetching water or
come in packed lines at water sellers, growing the risk of acquaintance with the disease.
The scrap with these chores since, they are revolting or have to repair for tasteless
people, food and health security can be added cooperated. Restrictions may affect
access to water (CLAUDIA SADOFF & SMITH., 2020).
Pandemic recovery requires operative water organization that strengthens the
constancy of interrupted sustenance schemes. In near areas, lockdowns have disrupted
farming sequences, interrupted the supply of efforts, curbed petitions, and forced
workforces from grounds and workshops. As agricultural activity resumes, petitions for
irrigation water may increase rapidly as parched season cultivation increases to meet
food shortages. The key importance is, therefore, to prepare abstractions for potentially
important unplanned irrigation to keep undeveloped domestic water desires and marine
aquifers, lakes, and rivers intact. The risk of usual hazards such as deficiency, thrilling
weather, and overflowing during the epidemic is another key issue that impends water
refuge and long-term recapture. People banished by ruins are usually moved to tightly
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occupied campsites and shelters, but establishments may scrap to meet basic water,
hygiene and sanitation requirements (CLAUDIA SADOFF & SMITH., 2020).
Water Crises in Developing Countries
(Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh)
By 2025, Pakistan is expected to face a water shortage of 31 million acres, which is
about one-third of the water used for domestic irrigated agriculture each year. This is
especially important as irrigated agriculture accounts for 95% of Pakistan's water
resources and employs 38.5% of the workforce. Over the ensuing 30 years, weather
change is predictable to the growth of Pakistan with, water demand by fifteen per cent.
In addition, Pakistan will become a water-stressed country shortly due to explosive
population growth, continued cultivation of crops for example; rice and sugar cane, and
inefficient use of available water resources is increasing the possibility (Stein, 2020).
This rising demand for water as resources decline is also reflected in India, and the
relative water insecurity of these two neighbours could exacerbate already tense
relations. Many have focused on the potential for terrorist attacks or invasions along the
line of control to cause conflict between India and Pakistan, but not in the territory.
Pakistan, a neighbour of the lower bank, has already expressed concern that India
could use its position as a neighbour of the upper bank to block the flow of water to
Pakistan. Since 90% of the water Pakistan uses for agriculture comes from water
shared with India. Pakistan will focus on increasing water storage and improving water
utilization efficiency to reduce the potential source of this new tension (Salman, 2021).
In April 2018, Pakistan’s government released the general water resources
management strategy, which outlines an Integrated Water Resources Management
Policy consisting of 33 actions, the federal government must take to address Pakistan's
growing water stress and mitigate this coming crisis announced the plan. These actions
include cumulative water storing through refining overflow management, reducing smog
as a means of cumulative freshwater incomes, including withdrawal of water
regulations, strengthening and capacity to build facilities for water. While mostly focused
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on the possibility of terrorist attacks or incursions along the lines of control to provoke
conflict between India and Pakistan (Global, 2022).
Water uncertainty is defined as the absence of consistent sources of adequate
superiority. An amount that meets the needs of residents and the environment.
Economically Development is increasing and water consumption is increasing, causing
long-term water scarcity uncertainty. Already Pakistan is the third water-scarce republic
worldwide. The yearly amount of water per capita. The available volume is 1,017 cubic
meters, hazardously close to the rarity verge of 1,000 cubic meters. In 2009, water
availability in Pakistan was about fifteen hundred cubic meters. Pakistan ranks 9th in
the list of top 10 countries. Twenty-one million out of a total population of two hundred
and seven million lack admittance to clean water. Given that demand will rise as
reserves deplete, efficient and integrated water management is required but
unsustainable without management (Rehman, 2019).
Water uncertainty is defined as the absence of a dependable source of water. Suitable
superiority and amount of water sources responding to the needs of residents and the
neighbourhood. In many cases, lack of water can be the culprit both physical and
financial. Either a physical process or a person. Water must be unstable. It is not a
worldwide issue, then it has an impact on certain issues for a country or region or its
physical location and the state of financial growth. These are relations that need
additional clarification occupied to ensure that water is retained. In a good method and
to dazed the need for water. Financial water shortage, absence of speculation in
needed water. Organization for both transport and source this can damagingly affect the
amount of sea (Iqbal, 2019).
The result is an inadequate supply of water to meet the requirements and requirements
of the population. As the waters of financial expansion, advanced feasting is increasing
and so this is one of the long-term reasons for water uncertainty. Physical water scarcity
can be traced to this some main causes start from a lack of global freshwater, about 1%
of the water on Earth, which means there is previously freshwater exclusive. Populated
areas not nearby high-risk water sources anxiety due to lack of easy access to the
water supply. Corporal reasons for the water disaster are rising temperatures due to
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climate change, drying more water springs, and severely limiting the amount of water.
These are some of the foremost corporeal leading to increasing water shortages, and
indefinite growth of the world (Faruqui, 2004).
The effects of Water Scarcity are as follows:
1. Insufficient admittance to safe consumption water around 884 million people.
2. 2.5 billion people do not have adequate admittance to sanitary amenities. It often
leads to water pollution.
3. Groundwater overdraft (abuse). This leads to a decrease in agricultural production.
4. Overdevelopment and smog of water income impair biodiversity.
5. Provincial conflict over infrequent water resources, occasionally develops into an act
of war.
Rural areas of Pakistan are also expanding to wider areas, especially in new
settlements. Move from a village the exploration of maintenance. Anywhere find the
right residence, they are allowed to settle down the riverbed or under the bridge. The
village grows and turns into that. Most settlements and villages were washed away by
the recent flood. It was built on the riverbed and lowlands. More water supply
requirements and reduction of water sources near solidly populated areas. Second,
excessive pumping depressed the water. In positive areas, it is now underground. It will
be nearly unbearable to become deeper and more water with improved technology.
There is either rain on the surface of the earth or water in ordinary and man-made
pools. Stream water flows through numerous waterways.
According to (Rosegrant, 2002) Water shortages adversely affect agriculture production,
especially when farmers cannot crop on time. Farming More than 70% of the world's
water withdrawals are in continuous use. Domestic, industrial, and environmental
applications. Many have tried to develop more effectively. Water management methods
to solve this problem is forever growing challenge. One irrigation management strategy
for water management and wise use of crops for increasing agricultural yields of
irrigation. Existing systems are inefficient in using water.
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India’s financial records for 4% of the world's water resources were threatened by water
scarcity in 2011. India is suffering from the worst water disaster in history, with close six
hundred million people suffering from aquatic shortages. The statement further adds
that twenty-one cities, including Bangalore, Delhi, Hyderabad, and Chennai, are
probable to have depleted groundwater resources in 2021. Agriculture is the main
consumer of India's water supply. In rural India, 80-90% of drinking water requirements
are met by groundwater resources. Troublingly, India's water table fell by more than
60% between 2007 and 2017, with nearly 90% of the water extracted being used for
agriculture. In a report in 2014, the Agro Industry substance assessed that 70% of
India's agriculture. Nevertheless, sixty-five per cent of all precipitation trimmings are in
the ocean. Water smog is another cause of stress foremost to security damage to
health care. The Central Pollution Control Board reports that towns are a home
population of India but 70% of water pollution (ABRAHAM, 2022).
Official relations between India and Bangladesh span half a century, commencement
with India. The primary country to officially identify Bangladesh. Apart from practical
tests, the two countries portion a more reflective under bond entrenched and flooded by
a common history, language, and age to this day (Datta, 2002). The absorbent
boundary between two national states. Close ties are important, both physically and
socially the financial connections and planned benefits of the two countries, and
maintain stability on the Indian subcontinent. However, the current situation presents
difficulties. Various factors are hindering optimistic joint relations between these two
neighbours’ relocation issues. Dissatisfied anarchist activity, edge and employment
disputes, and the battle for the most important reserve of water. Try to find out how this
works, the and relations between Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh (Nawaz, 2018).
A patchwork of villages regularly interspersed with towns, Bangladesh. With a
population of 159 million, it is the 7th in the world dominates. From Dhaka metropolis
and Chittagong metropolis and port. A densely populated country with less than 1
million people, but some countries exceed that population soon. The Government of
Bangladesh has limited resources. The development of many villages turned into small
towns that contribute to the region. Agricultural areas as service centers and markets.
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Infrastructure investment will not continue as the urban population grows, and
government resources run out of preparations for the process and preservation of
facilities and services. Over three hundred secondary cities with 15,000 to 500,000
inhabitants, and a number growing up. Local governments suffer from a lack of budget
and decision-making power, the economic situation is not very active, and in many
cases, the environment and social conditions are bad. No makeshift settlements in the
absence of planned growth. Basic services are emerging in many cities. For example,
only about 100 secondaries, usually have a main water supply network that covers only
a small part of the city. Water is only available for a few hours a day at most and must
be boiled before consumption. Lack of drainage infrastructure is a major problem,
leading to long-term water shortages and a lazy state. Floods and storms in recent
years have also affected most of the cities. It took lives and intensified the unsanitary
conditions of a total loss. There is no sewage system and only partially covered
domestic septic tanks (Kolkma, et al., 2009).
Water shortage now moves more than 40% population of the world. This amount is
predicted to grow. Also lack financial data on this worldwide hazard. Water resource
organizations are inclined to be impervious and investors are infrequently suitably
engaged. Too much water risk and portfolio managers pay close attention to this. As
water scarcity worsens around the world, governments and vulnerable industries need
to rethink their approach to stakeholder involvement (Dupont, 2019).
Water shortage is not unpaid to a worldwide shortage of water, but due to enlarged
opposition to unsoiled water from specific sources. Increasing development, water-
intensive trades, and cultivation are the main drivers of this growth in demand.
Environment change is dropping the obtainability of freshwater bases. Rising infections
mean more water vanishing, drier soils, and thirst for cattle. This additional water
petition will only exacerbate the obtainability imbalance. In dry and semi-arid areas, it is
becoming increasingly difficult to meet everyone's water needs. Sticking to normal
business trends does not fill this water gap. This led to the reduction of water kept for
ecological purposes, of the petition, simply could not be met, and the relevant economic
or social benefits could not be realized (Dupont, 2019).
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The philosophy of exhaustive incomes such as groundwater is a vital feature of finances
that addresses the problems in founding ownership of communal possessions. Since
groundwater is a shared lake reserve retrieved by numerous dissimilar gatherings,
withdrawal by users mechanically reduces the water available to others. Greatest users
trust that because competitors do not preserve water for the future, they do little to
protect their water inventory, ultimately leading to market failure requiring regulatory
intervention. Comparing aquifer management strategies originate that different rule
interferences produced similar outcomes. Some researchers have argued that radical
regulation does not efficiently improve communal safety, thereby calling into question
the role of the public and its worth in maintaining reserve availability over the long term
(Global, 2018).
Administrations at the nationwide, state, and resident levels are eventually responsible
for certifying access to clean, reasonable, and dependable water goods. However, due
to the intertwining of water management and governance issues such as defensive
natural ecosystems, ensuring supply to industries and cities, and justifying the effects of
natural tragedies, assign responsibility to a single administration ministry or department.
These evil challenges require an agile and comprehensive public-private partnership
that enables diverse sectors and stakeholders to leverage their skills and possessions
in rejoinder to rapidly evolving and complex scenarios.
Civil humanity establishments are important in secondary independent community
conduct, and stakeholder participation. Local stages are particularly desirable in
circumstances where susceptible people and marginalized collections do not have
enough resources to claim their rights (Nelson, 2020).
Remedial Measures to Overcome Water crises
Maintenance of canals and other waterways maintaining unimpeded water flow is the
first step to reducing penetration. Over time, sedimentation leads to silting with a pocket
where mud accumulates more and more build such a hill. These sludge piles are getting
bigger when grass and bushes grow which is a major cause of obstruction of the flow.
Water that collects around the silt hill puts pressure on the side and leads to its
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penetration. Their steady conservation will ensure continuous water movement and
therefore less infusion, hence no avail (Munir. & Ejaz Qureshi, 2010).
Road construction and paths on both sides of the channel and Continued use of another
method of tumbling penetration. With the strong horizontal slope on both sides of the
waterway, the building of the slopes is easy separately of their charming beauty. Their
persistent use ensures continuous backup push down on the earth's surface to reduce
its massive water infiltration. Alternative water sources for grazing animals. Another very
vital step is to protect the embankment of the waterway. Severe damage to waterways
related to their extinction, and therefore discharged from water. Animals like buffalo,
especially this one numerous damage to irrigation. As a result, wall erosion, riverbed
silt, and eventually, wastewater in the form of drains and penetration. Canals will also
reduce wasted water.
Real-world water crises like the one currently devastating New South Wales have made
it increasingly clear that collaborative processes can determine the planning and
implementation of sustainable water management strategies. Even when conflicts of
interest are not an issue, stakeholder involvement has been shown to improve water
management efficiency. Early and transparent stakeholder consultation, ongoing
inclusiveness, and responsiveness are key elements to ensuring positive outcomes by
engaging the community in decision-making. As more attention is paid to water policy in
the face of intensifying climate change, it is also becoming increasingly important to
involve stakeholders in developing and implementing solutions to water challenges.
Water governance and operative stakeholder appointment go hand in hand. Embracing
this opens the door for policymakers, the secluded sector, and civil humanity to find
solutions together. It also covers the way for adopting transformational practices and
ensuring their acceptance. This ensures the sustainability of freshwater sources.
(Dupont, 2019). A company's water strategy needs to ensure compliance, manage risk,
improve water efficiency, waste management, replenishment across its business and
value chain, and identify and mitigate negative impacts. It has two purposes: to improve
operational performance and excellence. In more industries and regions, adopt new
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technologies, business models and fund innovation to proactively provide “harmless”,
profitable, and scalable water solutions.
There is a possibility of untapped leading companies taking this one step further by
taking a more integrated approach outside their processes to collaborate with others on
watershed organization and dignity. This requires the ability to effectively map and
engage different stakeholders. This needs composite data assembles and examination
of n the economic value of water, including trade-offs in water use, the relationship
between water and food and energy, political econ, and demographic understanding
(Stinson, 2020).
And for it to be actual, it requires shared investment and cooperative water
management and answerability apparatuses. Some business privileged have also
become candid advocates for water sustainability at limited, nationwide, and worldwide
levels. They capitalize, on invention and knowledge beyond instant operative needs.
Also support exertions to raise consciousness and educate the public about the
insistence of the water disaster, and collective support for moral water authority and
suitable community policy improvements (Stinson, 2020).
Conclusion
Today, water scarcity is increasingly plaguing South Asian countries, especially
Pakistan and India. Over the next few years, climate change could exacerbate regional
water conditions, but glaciers in the western Himalayans (the source of the Indus River
basin) are now very stable and may grow. Nevertheless, South Asian countries that
share the Indus River basin face difficult water decisions that require greater water
cooperation. The balance of rights and obligations is central to achieving harmonious,
rule-based cooperation among South Asian riverbank countries. However, in the Indus
River basin, the little harmony or cooperation. Immediate engagement in a transparent
strategy is required to address this critical issue, which includes strong options and
effective loading to improve water management and water use. We need to focus on
serving maps (Robina Khan, et al., 2022).
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Efficiency in all states within the Indus Basin. Both countries have serious and
compassionate efforts to find better ways to ensure adequate water supply, with
sophisticated storage facilities to minimize water losses within their borders. India must
avoid provoking the Pakistani sentiment that has become a popular epidemic in India's
nationalist politics, but Pakistan's inability to address water issues in the right context
and Pakistan takes its level seriously considered Pakistan, on the other hand, must not
only indulge in the blame game with India but also resolve interstate differences and
carefully manage its internal weaknesses. Urgent consultations between nations are
needed on a war basis to address all these questions (Robina Khan, et al., 2022).
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