Recent Developments in Global Energy Market - Energy Finance

This article discusses recent developments in the global energy market, including digitalization of assets, E-fuels, wind technology, solar technology, and lifestyle providers. It also covers structural changes and their influence on the industry. The article provides insights into the impact of these developments on the energy market and the opportunities they present.

qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqw
ertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwert
yuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyui
opasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiop
asdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasd
fghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfgh
jklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjkl
zxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxc
vbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvb
nmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqw
ertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwert
yuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyui
opasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiop
asdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasd
fghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfgh
jklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcv
Ru0
Energy Finance
Recent Developments in Global Energy Market
7/27/2018

Energy Finance
Recent Development
Introduction
Recent development in the global market has progressively advanced at a very fast decade,
which includes Digitalization of assets gained a digital edge and allows making accurate
decision making through online records and real-time collaboration. It is the most recent
developments in the total energy market. Digital technologies make energy systems easy to
connect, well organized, reliable and supportable around the world (Vogelsang, 2010).
E-fuels allow gas stations, petrol, diesel, kerosene to stabilize the energy supply. It should be
electrified whether it is technically or ecologically feasible. In this emerging world, E-fuels
have risen as a salvation of sorts. E-fuels are perfect with the present industrial and supply
chain infrastructure for the worldwide energy woes, particularly in the light of the advances
in material sciences and Al (Beaudin et al., 2010).
Wind technology is an economical source of energy and in distant areas; it can be used for
charging batteries and can be shared with a diesel engine to save fuel. One of the fastest
developing sources of energy, wind technology has everything that absorbs in the 21stcentury.
It should be affordable, renewable and has zero emissions. Aspects like advances in
aerodynamics, increased tower height, and high power capacity has likewise played a major
role in transforming wind technology into one of the most sought-after power generation’s
alternatives in many nations throughout the world. It is trusted that the next generation of
wind innovation will be fuelled by kite turbines (Patel, 2005).
Solar technology can be used for warming and igniting homes and industries, for producing
electricity, and for hot water warming, solar cooling, and a diversity of other industrial or
commercial use. Current advancements have made the production of solar cells more
productive and cost-effective at the same time (Dincer, 2011).
Energy suppliers are also transforming into lifestyle providers. In the following, an effort has
been made to analyse the most recent developments, structural change and future
developments of each recent development. At present, there is a rising trend wherein
consumers are deciding on wind turbines or solar roofing. Thus, it is not difficult to conclude
that economization and development of energy alternatives are the trends that kept the
1

Energy Finance
industry in full liveliness. Environmental concerns and technological improvements changed
the energy paradigm seeking competitive landscape and speedy improvements related with
the hydro, renewable, renewable energy sectors (Sanquist et al., 2010).
Analyse recent developments
The most recent developments in global energy markets are-
 Digitalization of assets,
 E-fuels made a fabulous entry,
 A fresh breeze of change with wind technology,
 Next-generation solar conversion goals and
 Energy suppliers are transforming into lifestyle providers.
Digitalization of assets creates a business challenge for all enterprises, business leaders and
competitors. It has become a progressively significant part of our daily experience and
safeguards permission and rights such as video, text, images and other interactive and
multimedia mechanisms. It has gained a digital edge with the rise of augmented and virtual
reality. They have converged to fundamentally asset management as everything is online,
network and mobile devices have made continuous connectivity extensively available and
cloud computing has made things clear. Digitization improves energy system in security,
efficiency, convenience and sustainability. In future digital energy systems may be able to
recognize who want energy and deliver it at the right time, and at the lowest cost (Toygar,
Rohm and Zhu, 2013).
E-fuels are synthetic fuels denoted by means of the flow of water and carbon dioxide. This
procedure is stated as either power-to-liquid or power-to-gas, depending on whether liquid or
gaseous fuels are being combined. They are seen as the potential disturbance in the existing
fuels space. They are one of the environment-friendly energy alternatives (Sims, Rogner and
Gregory, 2003).
Wind technology is the utilization of airflow through breeze turbines to provide
the mechanical capacity to turn electric generators. There have been major technological
achievements that have enhanced the previous overall performance and consistency, while
disposing of technical difficulties that used to obstruct the large-scale use of wind technology
for power generation (Manwell, McGowan and Rogers, 2010).
2

Energy Finance
Solar technology is the transformation of sunlight into electricity, either specifically
utilizing photovoltaics or indirectly using concentrated solar power. The total energy system
including energy-efficient products, fuel, and investment in equipment, electricity, and capital
costs represents significant roles in society. Exposure to non-renewable energy sources
volatility would drop in decarbonisation under current strategies. This has a widespread effect
on the economy and employment in agriculture, transport, manufacturing, construction and
services. It would enhance opportunities to fulfil demand and develop cost-competitive
technologies (Sharma et al., 2012).
Energy suppliers are taking a step ahead towards transformation in lifestyle providers.
Subsequently, energy suppliers are also moonlighting as lifestyle providers. Traditional
energy companies will not generate electricity, but enforced stakeholders to re-align their
services (Bertoldi et al., 2010).
Structural changes in the global energy market
The structural change in the global market is more towards sustainable power and diversified
supplies for the security of worldwide energy infrastructure. As renewables are part of a
portfolio, are rapidly gaining market share along with benefits such as energy mix
diversification, and dispersed generation rising at a fast pace (Song, Shao and Wu, 2010).
Digital disruption is creating new opportunities in acknowledging interconnected assets and
insightful networks and the possibility of threats such as the likelihood of cyber- attacks. New
technologies, such as batteries and matrix- inserted generation, are making the cyber-security
more vulnerable. The rebalancing of energy supply is leading to a geopolitical movement,
which enhances opportunities and challenges for energy market (Rieger, 2010).
The largest group of E- gasoline were made which is reliant on crude oil. It is perfect with the
existing infrastructure and it offers the possibility of a closed carbon cycle. It is currently
created from biomass in a two-step process. In the initial step, Global Bio-Energies produces
vaporous isobutene (C4H8) in a testimony. In the second step, additional hydrogen
transformed into isooctane (C8H18) and fuel is free of sulphur and benzene and particularly
low in toxins when it burns (Peters et al., 2012). Alternative fuels have effectively deal with
the great potential for economic mobility and are assisting to decrease CO2 discharges from
ignition motors by up to 80 per cent. The creation was called Blue Crude, which was refined
3

Energy Finance
and produced. Hydroelectric powers are the only vitality supply required for this (Moser,
2010).
It has begun to move offshore, i.e. to utilize space and great breeze for vast scale electricity
generation (Knutson et al., 2010). Offshore wind power is not simply technologically
challenging yet, in addition, a capital intensive and risky business that requires specific
organizational and financial resources. It is accompanied for investors, turbine manufactures,
policymakers, project developers and associations in the field (Farfan and Breyer, 2017).
Solar power includes harnessing the intensity of the sun. From photovoltaic (PV) cells that
catch photons and transform into electricity, to solar thermal energy (STE) that utilizes the
sun’s heat, solar is amongst the most promising alternative energy sources available today.
These photons are moving and when they strike PV module covert into electricity. It is much
more sophisticated and modern technology (Candelise, Winskel and Gross, 2013).
Decarbonisation of the energy system does not differ substantially from the current policy
initiatives. Solar panels on the market today produced from a single semiconducting material;
typically, silicon retains only a limited band of the solar spectrum. These panels normally
convert less than 20 per cent of that energy into power.
The year has seen huge changes in production and energy suppliers and perceived an
economic slowdown in developing economies, along with unsteadiness and geopolitical
change, which adequately reorganized demand and supply. The transition move towards
sustainable power source and diversified materials is enhancing opportunities for the digital
energy transformation. As renewables are part of energy portfolio, and attaining market share
bring along advantages, for example, energy mix diversification, which is developing at a fast
pace (Karakosta, Doukas and Psarras, 2010).
Global inexperience in taking care of large-scale cyber-attacks increased the probability so
that future wars and assaults will have a bigger cyber component. Significant transformations
are initiating a revolution in electricity, human comfort and global commerce. This has
prompted to a paradigm shift within the power industry, from an unbending capacity to a
focus on adaptability. New technologies and players presently describe the global electricity
market.
The root cause of the transformation of the area is a unique conjunction of worldwide
megatrends. It is also liable to see a lot of opportunity and development in a new sector that
4

Energy Finance
includes innovation, clients, and information. Smart grids, local storage, microgrids, and local
generation all develop opportunities for the organization to engage clients in new ways (Dijk
and Yarime, 2010).
Influence
Digital assets act as the main source resources cited in high profile cases. We can trace
location and time through photographs on phones which have GPS, time and date data. They
deliver a digital trail for digital forensic investigators. To influence the ideas and opinions of
others we create digital assets. It helps to create the product ads, tweets, blogs, and videos on
the web. Digital assets let us keep in contact through sharing on social platforms, which helps
in building a personal connection. They show the world about the live streams, photographs,
videos of the tragic news events which has happened recently. In this, videos are edited by
one nation to send a message to another nation. They are also digital notes from records of
conversations and follow up.
Due to a state of emergency E-fuels may be unable to maintain due to the requirement that is
maintained over a previous period. This is for consumer protection and influences the carbon
intensity of energy. It leads to a disruption either in the oil supply chain or in a state of
emergency, which causes decarbonisation of a supply chain, volatility of fuels and energy
prices. Despite whether the disruption is genuine or perceived, supply disruption because of
geopolitical events can influence e-fuel. Rise for emerging market demand for fossil fuels is
arguably the more geopolitically significant energy development. It is an event particularly to
the oil industry, for example, a refinery outrage, can generate both actual and perceived
disruption. In addition, if there is a negative PR effect, an oil brand may bring down the cost
to protect reputation and demand. Accordingly, demand is growing for consumer awareness;
retailers had to become more cognizant of competitors. It affects these seven elements: -
operations, price, market, brand, location, merchandising and facilities.
Wind speed is a vital factor in shaping annual energy output. As a rule, if the wind speed is
higher, the rotor speed will turn out to be quicker and the energy will be improved. Average
wind speed shifts with geographic location, wind turbines create greater power as wind speed
increases. Wind consistency also varies with geographic area, which will generate at a given
speed. Within the temperature extend from -20 degrees to 50 degrees; the wind turbine can
work routinely. It will influence the yield energy. If the temperature is too squat, the cutting
5

Energy Finance
edges and cutting edges and other parts may be solid, and the wind turbine will discontinue
(Pryor and Barthelmie, 2010).
When the sun is at its topmost, during noontime, the solar energy is gathered; therefore, there
is an expansion in the power output. Solar cells encounter disparities in light intensity with
the incident power from the sun. Under hazy conditions, a solar cell with a high shunt
opposition holds a better fraction of its unique power than a solar cell with a low diversion
obstruction. Heat is the rival of efficiency, and cold environments can retain solar systems
from losing productivity and overheating. Besides that, snow concentrates and reflects
sunlight to improve overall irradiance. Therefore, as long as the snow is covered from a
module, the system will gain benefit from the cold environment. If humidity infiltrates into
the solar panel frame, this can diminish the panel’s performance creating less measure of
intensity and can permanently deteriorate the execution of the modules. Furthermore, the
climate stays dry and extremely hot, but also is moist in the coastal region. Moistness, lack of
rainfall and dust are barriers to utilizing PV. It decreases the amount of water vapour in a gas
like air. It is defined as the proportion of water vapour in the air to the most extreme water
vapour the air can embrace at a given temperature. In the event that air is relatively dry as
compared to its dimensions, relative humidity rate is low. Due to temperature, evaporation
and condensation relative humidity varies (Xu et al., 2010).
Energy suppliers are transforming into lifestyle providers, as there has been a trend towards
the improved commercialization of renewable energy sources. Rapidly evolving technologies
can progressively accomplish a transition of energy production, waste management, better
environmental and energy practices. Power plants utilize air emission to reduce emanations
as air pollution discharge guidelines limit the number of substances that power plants can
discharge into the air. Some of which includes:-
 Consuming low-sulphur content reduces emissions. Handling and pre-treating can
decrease the level of unwanted compounds in combustion gases.
 Electrostatic precipitators utilize that power charged plates that draw particulates out
of the combustion gas.
 Wet scrubbers use a fluid solution to eradicate from ignition gases.
Developing concerns over environmental change, security of supply and energy costs are
provoking energy providers to react with new ventures. Renewable generation capacity and
smart grid infrastructure are few initiatives across the globe. Many of these investments are
6

Energy Finance
centred on encouraging consumers to manage their energy efficiently and effectively.
Empowered by smarter metering and in-home innovations, consumers are gaining new
programs, policies and tools to enable them to use more productively. However, technology
is a new and at last decisive challenge: connecting the “new energy consumer” (Van Vliet,
2012).
Most influential event in the development
Solar conversion goals are considered as the most influential event in the development as it
emerges as the most feasible and sustainable alternatives for solid energy production. An
extremely capital-intensive market, the solar power industry perceives immense investment
because of the enormous reduction in the charge of solar modules (Zhou, Wang and Ochieng,
2010). Our market examiners anticipate solar photovoltaic innovation to generate near 20%
of the world’s power by 2050. It also contributes to the reduction in sunlight effectiveness
since it reflects a portion of the sun’s rays and limits the measure of sun absorption of the
panels.
Future Developments
Digitalization of assets is connected with more assets as it is calculated within the subsequent
five years there will be approximately 25 billion newly connected devices. It is coupled with
the expansion of associated assets is the exponential growth in information. There will be an
expanding requirement to store and manage data in more prominent volumes than before.
Moreover, by gathering data from previously divergent sources, there will be greater
opportunity to relate data points and drive more extravagant bits of knowledge than
previously before. They provide more data and come up with a greater opportunity to convey
analytic insight that takes out the cost. It should believe that in the next 5-10 years will see
analytics play an important role (Conway, 2010).
E-fuels extended period of conformity and co-evolution of fossil fuels and renewable is likely
seen as new energy framework supplement or supplant old. The cost competitiveness of new
advancements leads to the development of business models and new policies that empowers
the acceleration of renewable, development in a dispersed generation and a move to a lower
carbon energy mix. Execution of successful energy productivity measures and careful
administration of power demand will play a key part in creating a clean, minimal effort
7

Energy Finance
energy future (Ellabban, Abu-Rub and Blaabjerg, 2014). Solar houses will reshape residential
energy provision and, combined with better batteries, online connectivity and storage, will
thus change the wider electricity system. Driverless and autonomous trucks are presently
beginning to have an impact. The vision of long-distance units of trucks all running on
insightful highways without drivers (Hoffert et al., 1998).
U.S. offshore wind energy assets are indigenous, abundant, and extensively scattered among
the most expensive and extremely obliged electric load centres. The current shallow-water
offshore wind turbine is essentially an advanced version of the normal land-based turbine
with some framework redesigns to represent situations. To minimize these, turbines might be
furnished with an improved monitoring system, onboard service cranes, oil temperature
framework, and automatic bearing lubrication system. The ultimate vision is that it would
build up significant zones of the outer continental shelf to wind energy development. This
would require the utilization of deep water skimming platforms that could be created and
collected in dry docks. Deep-water technology also keeps away from the requirement for
long-distance communication on the ground that wind farms can be found substantially closer
to load centres (Kaldellis and Zafirakis, 2011). Numerous unique designs are under
development to decrease drivetrain weight and cost while enhancing quality. One approach
for enhancing consistency is to construct an immediate drive generator that wipes out the
density of the gearbox. This concept depends on piercing the drive path from the rotor to
drive a few parallel generators (Liserre, Sauter and Hung, 2010). The cost power of
enormously big cranes for huge tower sections and blades is motivating the investigation of
tower configuration approaches.
In solar technology, perovskites can show a wide variety of valuable properties, such as
superconductivity, photovoltaic activity, and giant magneto resistance. Their utilization in PV
cells has created a lot of optimism, as they have demonstrated an unprecedented increase in
efficiency in the previous seven years. Solar photovoltaic also installed PV limit worldwide
has multiplied every two years. If PV limit were to keep growing at the present rate, solar
panels would fulfil all world electricity demand, which covers the earth and form a sphere
around the sun. Organizations have utilized organic photovoltaic (OPV) technology to create
power, producing through spaces, rotating commercial buildings, skyscrapers, and towers
into vertical power generators. Solar Windows are built with solar panels that gather the
energy from the sun, and transforming it into electricity. These plates retrofit a wide range of
windows to accomplish partial independence from the power matrix. More than the 54 per
8

Energy Finance
cent of the power consumed internationally derives from non-renewable energy sources,
contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. The solar window can change each window into a
foundation of electricity, preparing for a zero-emission and sustainable future (Scrosati and
Garche, 2010).
Digitalization progressively enables to communicate and provide data for clients and
operation. Smart meters, network remote control, automation systems, digital platforms, and
smart sensors focus on aggregation and optimization. It allows associate resources and
network data to enhance utility administrations and situational awareness. Electrification
creates environmental advantages by shifting from petroleum products and increases energy
efficiency. In OECD markets, the electrification opportunities are among the largest
polluters: industrial/commercial applications, transportation, electric vehicles, heat pumps,
and private warming. Adoption of EVs will build power consumption, and offer an awesome
opportunity to enhance utilization of the grid. This could be achieved if reviving technology,
together with appropriate pricing, smart and adaptable charging is deployed
Decentralization refers to a few innovations with different implications:-
 Distributed generations from sustainable sources i.e. photovoltaic solar which reduces
demand during radiant hours of the day.
 Energy efficiency takes into consideration to reduce energy use while giving the same
service.
 Demand reaction empowers controls of energy use during high pricing and demands.
Distributed generations can benefit clients and the system in valuable ways. For clients, solar
can be an economical as well as an attractive option in bright regions where they create more
electricity (Lior, 2010).
Reasoning
It sees the development throughout the next 5-10 years of a genuinely associated workforce
that will have real-time access to information and knowledge about critical assets. There will
be rapid innovations and widespread use of advanced visualisation capability as well a
“traditional” 3D technology.
The energy system will become more demand-driven that will generate renewable resources
and better technology among developers. It will likely to reshape lifestyle and change energy
9

Energy Finance
use. Solar houses, automated trucks, and the extended transition will help in building future
and play a key role in making a clean, low-cost energy future.
Many of these potential improvements, such as advanced rotors, offshore wind, and
innovative towers would have significant impacts on capital cost and annual energy
production. Power creation from wind technology has advanced very rapidly over the
previous decade as efficiency has drastically increased, bringing about a robust business
market that is competitive with traditional power generation.
These technologies shape the future of solar technology including bio-solar cells, perovskites,
solar photovoltaic etc. that gives a new way of transforming solar energy into electricity.
Such improved technology will continue to make solar energy more competitive.
It is challenging and full of opportunities and growth through new ventures and new markets.
Digitalization, electrification and decentralization navigate an organization through
continuous innovation reinvention, and continuous disruption. It will help in fostering
collaboration and initiatives across different markets.
Conclusion
These five trends have changed the whole game of the global energy market as it reached a
new stage of development characterised by technological maturity and economic
affordability. It develops long-term strategies to reflect the potential contribution of next-
generation wind and other technologies to meet targets and objectives. It makes the overall
system more accommodating to variable generation by investing in an appropriate mix of
flexible resources. Researchers associated biological-solar cells into a bio-solar panel and
generating power from the panel. Once a functional bio-solar panel winds up accessible, it
could turn into a permanent power source for providing long-term power and wireless sensors
utilized at remote locations.
It must enhance the capacity to deal with large lively burdens with enlarged structural
effectiveness to avoid the valuable cubic weight development depicted already. Solar
technology is the most influential among all as power generation using petroleum gas-fired
power generation plants developed rapidly and it is keep on continue to grow in the following
two decades. In the instances of fossil fuels (natural gas and coal) and nuclear power, which
incorporates externalities related with upstream activities, fuel extraction, investigation and
10

Energy Finance
handling, and transportation of fuel to creating facilities, as well as harms associated with
electricity generation and circulation? If solar energy for electricity becomes a vital part of
the U.S. energy, more attention should be paid to harm resulting from the recycling,
manufacturing, and disposal of equipment, and it addition potential land impacts. So, major
consideration would be to improve energy efficiency, shift to renewable sources and reduce
other emissions which could significantly reduce the indemnities of external effects.
11

Energy Finance
References
Beaudin, M., Zareipour, H., Schellenberglabe, A. and Rosehart, W. (2010) Energy storage for
mitigating the variability of renewable electricity sources: An updated review. Energy for
sustainable development, 14(4), pp.302-314.
Bertoldi, P., Rezessy, S., Lees, E., Baudry, P., Jeandel, A. and Labanca, N. (2010) Energy
supplier obligations and white certificate schemes: Comparative analysis of experiences in
the European Union. Energy Policy, 38(3), pp.1455-1469.
Candelise, C., Winskel, M. and Gross, R.J. (2013) The dynamics of solar PV costs and prices
as a challenge for technology forecasting. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 26,
pp.96-107.
Conway, P. (2010) Preservation in the age of Google: Digitization, digital preservation, and
dilemmas. The Library Quarterly, 80(1), pp.61-79.
Dijk, M. and Yarime, M. (2010) The emergence of hybrid-electric cars: Innovation path
creation through co-evolution of supply and demand. Technological Forecasting and Social
Change, 77(8), pp.1371-1390.
Dincer, F. (2011) The analysis on photovoltaic electricity generation status, potential and
policies of the leading countries in solar energy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews, 15(1), pp.713-720.
Ellabban, O., Abu-Rub, H. and Blaabjerg, F. (2014) Renewable energy resources: Current
status, future prospects and their enabling technology. Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews, 39, pp.748-764.
Farfan, J. and Breyer, C. (2017) Structural changes of global power generation capacity
towards sustainability and the risk of stranded investments supported by a sustainability
indicator. Journal of Cleaner Production, 141, pp.370-384.
12

Energy Finance
Hoffert, M.I., Caldeira, K., Jain, A.K., Haites, E.F., Harvey, L.D., Potter, S.D., Schlesinger,
M.E., Schneider, S.H., Watts, R.G., Wigley, T.M. and Wuebbles, D.J. (1998) Energy
implications of future stabilization of atmospheric CO 2 content. Nature, 395(6705), p.881.
Kaldellis, J.K. and Zafirakis, D. (2011) The wind energy (r) evolution: A short review of a
long history. Renewable energy, 36(7), pp.1887-1901.
Karakosta, C., Doukas, H. and Psarras, J. (2010) Technology transfer through climate
change: Setting a sustainable energy pattern. Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews, 14(6), pp.1546-1557.
Knutson, T.R., McBride, J.L., Chan, J., Emanuel, K., Holland, G., Landsea, C., Held, I.,
Kossin, J.P., Srivastava, A.K. and Sugi, M. (2010) Tropical cyclones and climate
change. Nature geoscience, 3(3), p.157.
Lior, N. (2010) Sustainable energy development: the present (2009) situation and possible
paths to the future. Energy, 35(10), pp.3976-3994.
Liserre, M., Sauter, T. and Hung, J.Y. (2010) Future energy systems: Integrating renewable
energy sources into the smart power grid through industrial electronics. IEEE industrial
electronics magazine, 4(1), pp.18-37.
Manwell, J.F., McGowan, J.G. and Rogers, A.L. (2010) Wind energy explained: theory,
design and application. 2nd Ed. U.S.A: John Wiley & Sons.
Moser, S.C. (2010) Communicating climate change: history, challenges, process and future
directions. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 1(1), pp.31-53.
Patel, M.R. (2005) Wind and solar power systems: design, analysis, and operation.2nd Ed.
Boca Raton: CRC press.
13

Energy Finance
Peters, G.P., Marland, G., Le Quéré, C., Boden, T., Canadell, J.G. and Raupach, M.R. (2012)
Rapid growth in CO 2 emissions after the 2008–2009 global financial crisis. Nature Climate
Change, 2(1), p.2.
Pryor, S.C. and Barthelmie, R.J. (2010) Climate change impacts on wind energy: A
review. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 14(1), pp.430-437.
Rieger, O.Y. (2010). Enduring access to special collections: Challenges and opportunities for
large-scale digitization initiatives. RBM: A Journal of Rare Books, Manuscripts, and Cultural
Heritage, 11(1), pp.11-22.
Sanquist, T.F., Orr, H., Shui, B. and Bittner, A.C. (2012) Lifestyle factors in US residential
electricity consumption. Energy Policy, 42, pp.354-364.
Scrosati, B. and Garche, J. (2010) Lithium batteries: Status, prospects and future. Journal of
Power Sources, 195(9), pp.2419-2430.
Sharma, N., Peterson, V.K., Elcombe, M.M., Avdeev, M., Studer, A.J., Blagojevic, N.,
Yusoff, R. and Kamarulzaman, N. (2010) Structural changes in a commercial lithium-ion
battery during electrochemical cycling: An in situ neutron diffraction study. Journal of Power
Sources, 195(24), pp.8258-8266.
Sims, R.E., Rogner, H.H. and Gregory, K. (2003) Carbon emission and mitigation cost
comparisons between fossil fuel, nuclear and renewable energy resources for electricity
generation. Energy policy, 31(13), pp.1315-1326.
Song, J., Shao, G. and Wu, J. (2010) Responding to regulatory, market, and information
technology changes: Chinese newspapers in the transitional era. Global Media
Journal, 9(16), pp.1-15.
Toygar, A., Rohm Jr, C.E., and Zhu, J. (2013). A new asset type: digital assets. Journal of
International Technology and Information Management, 22(4), p.7.
14

Energy Finance
Van Vliet, B.J. (2012) Sustainable innovation in network-bound systems: implications for the
consumption of water, waste water and electricity services. Journal of Environmental Policy
& Planning, 14(3), pp.263-278.
Vogelsang, M. (2010) Digitalization in Open Economies: Theory and Policy Implications.
New York: Springer Science & Business Media.
Xu, X., Huang, Y., Liu, C., Wang, W. and Wang, Y.L. (2010) Influence of distributed
photovoltaic generation on voltage in distribution network and solution of voltage beyond
limits [J]. Power System Technology, 10(34), pp.140-146.
Zhou, X., Wang, F. and Ochieng, R.M. (2010) A review of solar chimney power
technology. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(8), pp.2315-2338.
15