Safety, Risk and Reliability in Designing a Plant for Recycling Scrap Glasses
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AI Summary
This report analyzes the designing of a plant that recycles scrap glasses, with a focus on safety, risk analysis, and mitigation techniques. Recommendations for safety are provided, and the risks are analyzed and criticized.
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Running head: SAFETY, RISK AND RELIABILITY
Safety, risk and reliability
Name of the student:
Name of the university:
Author Note
Safety, risk and reliability
Name of the student:
Name of the university:
Author Note
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1SAFETY, RISK AND RELIABILITY
Executive summary
Here the case designing of plant, recycling scrap glasses is demonstrated. A rising urgency has been
there regarding the design of various plants. It is helpful to optimize various aspects of safety and
allow a various activities to continue. Moreover, there is a designing of various plant items that is to
be done by engineering who are largely expert in that sector. Here different elements of the plants
and its activities are to be selected. Further, various recommendations are provided according to
security. Again, as per the current scenario, various risk analysis, mitigation techniques are
demonstrated here. Then the risks are analyzed with proper criticism.
Executive summary
Here the case designing of plant, recycling scrap glasses is demonstrated. A rising urgency has been
there regarding the design of various plants. It is helpful to optimize various aspects of safety and
allow a various activities to continue. Moreover, there is a designing of various plant items that is to
be done by engineering who are largely expert in that sector. Here different elements of the plants
and its activities are to be selected. Further, various recommendations are provided according to
security. Again, as per the current scenario, various risk analysis, mitigation techniques are
demonstrated here. Then the risks are analyzed with proper criticism.
2SAFETY, RISK AND RELIABILITY
Table of Contents
1. Introduction:......................................................................................................................................3
2. Risk analysis and mitigation:.............................................................................................................3
3. Analysis and critique:......................................................................................................................11
4. Recommendations for safety:..........................................................................................................15
5. Conclusion:......................................................................................................................................17
6. References:......................................................................................................................................19
Table of Contents
1. Introduction:......................................................................................................................................3
2. Risk analysis and mitigation:.............................................................................................................3
3. Analysis and critique:......................................................................................................................11
4. Recommendations for safety:..........................................................................................................15
5. Conclusion:......................................................................................................................................17
6. References:......................................................................................................................................19
3SAFETY, RISK AND RELIABILITY
1. Introduction:
The following study analyzes the designing of a plant that recycles scrap glasses. There is a
rising necessity to assure that the design of different important items of the plants and layout are
done. This is to optimize every aspects of safety and permit an effective operation. Here, the
designing of every plant items are done by other engineers who are highly expert in that area.
In this report various elements of the plant and its activities are selected. A series of
recommendations are discussed regarding security. In order to understand the present scenario, risk
analysis and mitigations are done. Then it is analyzed and criticized.
2. Risk analysis and mitigation:
Risks Analysis Mitigation process
Hazards of fire and explosion The fire is a common hazard to
the plant processing and
operations. This is caused as
proper maintenance of detectors
and alarms are done suitably.
Different factors behind this are
the failure of various electrical
equipments, unsuitable
handling of raw materials to the
plan processing. Apart from
this there are also carelessness
arising from operator side to
This includes the controlling of
emissions of flammable mist,
gases and vapors. There is use
of ventilation system for
controlling vapors as the
abnormal and normal
conditions goes on. The
ignition sources are to be
eradicated from the plants.
Different systems are to be
installed for detecting leaks of
flammable vapors and gases
1. Introduction:
The following study analyzes the designing of a plant that recycles scrap glasses. There is a
rising necessity to assure that the design of different important items of the plants and layout are
done. This is to optimize every aspects of safety and permit an effective operation. Here, the
designing of every plant items are done by other engineers who are highly expert in that area.
In this report various elements of the plant and its activities are selected. A series of
recommendations are discussed regarding security. In order to understand the present scenario, risk
analysis and mitigations are done. Then it is analyzed and criticized.
2. Risk analysis and mitigation:
Risks Analysis Mitigation process
Hazards of fire and explosion The fire is a common hazard to
the plant processing and
operations. This is caused as
proper maintenance of detectors
and alarms are done suitably.
Different factors behind this are
the failure of various electrical
equipments, unsuitable
handling of raw materials to the
plan processing. Apart from
this there are also carelessness
arising from operator side to
This includes the controlling of
emissions of flammable mist,
gases and vapors. There is use
of ventilation system for
controlling vapors as the
abnormal and normal
conditions goes on. The
ignition sources are to be
eradicated from the plants.
Different systems are to be
installed for detecting leaks of
flammable vapors and gases
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4SAFETY, RISK AND RELIABILITY
plant sites. The current plan has
comprised of chemical damage
systems and various other tools
that are results of explosions
and loss of containment
(Aragonés-Beltrán et al., 2014).
Besides, the hackers are also
able t6o hack fire systems and
develop different false alarms
rendering the unreliable
and help to undertake activities
to be taken. Further,
intrinsically secure and
flameproof equipments are to
be used. Moreover, substituting
flammable materials for the
ones that are less flammable
and combustible are to be used.
Besides, incompatible materials
like oils and oxidizers are to be
assured that are segregated and
separated (Kim, Lee & Jung,
2017). Moreover, different
combustible and flammable
quantities are to be reduced that
includes items contributing to
fire load. However, they are
harmful chemicals themselves
like oils and wooden pallets.
Here, tools used in controlling
flammable hazardous chemicals
are to be ensured to maintain
accordance to instructions of
manufacturers. Then there
plant sites. The current plan has
comprised of chemical damage
systems and various other tools
that are results of explosions
and loss of containment
(Aragonés-Beltrán et al., 2014).
Besides, the hackers are also
able t6o hack fire systems and
develop different false alarms
rendering the unreliable
and help to undertake activities
to be taken. Further,
intrinsically secure and
flameproof equipments are to
be used. Moreover, substituting
flammable materials for the
ones that are less flammable
and combustible are to be used.
Besides, incompatible materials
like oils and oxidizers are to be
assured that are segregated and
separated (Kim, Lee & Jung,
2017). Moreover, different
combustible and flammable
quantities are to be reduced that
includes items contributing to
fire load. However, they are
harmful chemicals themselves
like oils and wooden pallets.
Here, tools used in controlling
flammable hazardous chemicals
are to be ensured to maintain
accordance to instructions of
manufacturers. Then there
5SAFETY, RISK AND RELIABILITY
should be adopting g of proper
housekeeping practices in
minimizing accumulation of
combustible dusts.
Environmental hazards The process plants are
comprised of internal and
external surrounding of the
plants. Here, the environmental
factors are the security,
drainage, fences and bunds of
emissions and operators from
various process plants and
waste products coming from
plants (Halpin & Officer,
2016). Further, there are waste
products that are coming from
plants as outputs for the overall
environment. Here, the adverse
scenario gets affected because
of chlorofluorocarbons. This
plant gets handled by acids that
are provided with large impacts
over the environment across the
process plant
Here post-consumer glass is
the alternate. This is effective
equally and lowering cost
binder agent strategies for
backfilling. This is
implemented to assist in
decreasing backfilling energy
expenses. Thus it can ultimately
eradicate the reduction of green
house gas emissions. This is
generated by the plant. Further,
extensive engineering testing,
comprising of pipe flow loop
tests and tests of strengths can
be induced to undertake
technical feasibility of process
integration under the industry
(Noli & Tsamos, 2016).
Financial assessments has
discussed that the glass is
should be adopting g of proper
housekeeping practices in
minimizing accumulation of
combustible dusts.
Environmental hazards The process plants are
comprised of internal and
external surrounding of the
plants. Here, the environmental
factors are the security,
drainage, fences and bunds of
emissions and operators from
various process plants and
waste products coming from
plants (Halpin & Officer,
2016). Further, there are waste
products that are coming from
plants as outputs for the overall
environment. Here, the adverse
scenario gets affected because
of chlorofluorocarbons. This
plant gets handled by acids that
are provided with large impacts
over the environment across the
process plant
Here post-consumer glass is
the alternate. This is effective
equally and lowering cost
binder agent strategies for
backfilling. This is
implemented to assist in
decreasing backfilling energy
expenses. Thus it can ultimately
eradicate the reduction of green
house gas emissions. This is
generated by the plant. Further,
extensive engineering testing,
comprising of pipe flow loop
tests and tests of strengths can
be induced to undertake
technical feasibility of process
integration under the industry
(Noli & Tsamos, 2016).
Financial assessments has
discussed that the glass is
6SAFETY, RISK AND RELIABILITY
competitive for cost relative to
cements. Moreover, the socio
economic studies have
indicated that the use of glass in
the plan can generate latest
market for waste glass. This
needs less processing with cost
reduction.
Operational hazards Staffs of the organization can
get unsatisfied with their
profession. They can turn into
disgruntled. This has led to
particular kinds of sabotage of
employees. Here the employees
are angry over management
team and organizational
processes that have started to
slack the efforts. At social
media threats, as the attacker
compromises the social
networking sire through
malicious codes, the visitor gets
susceptible to attacks
(Thongthammachart, Pimkotr
The first mitigation plan is
prevention. The regulatory
actions, government and
administrative must influence
the methods the plant
developed can reduce loses of
hazards. This includes storm
water management, regulations,
open space preservations,
capital improvement initiates,
laws of flood plains and
planning and zone. Then there
must be public awareness and
education. This is to inform
citizens and elected officials
regarding the ways and hazards
competitive for cost relative to
cements. Moreover, the socio
economic studies have
indicated that the use of glass in
the plan can generate latest
market for waste glass. This
needs less processing with cost
reduction.
Operational hazards Staffs of the organization can
get unsatisfied with their
profession. They can turn into
disgruntled. This has led to
particular kinds of sabotage of
employees. Here the employees
are angry over management
team and organizational
processes that have started to
slack the efforts. At social
media threats, as the attacker
compromises the social
networking sire through
malicious codes, the visitor gets
susceptible to attacks
(Thongthammachart, Pimkotr
The first mitigation plan is
prevention. The regulatory
actions, government and
administrative must influence
the methods the plant
developed can reduce loses of
hazards. This includes storm
water management, regulations,
open space preservations,
capital improvement initiates,
laws of flood plains and
planning and zone. Then there
must be public awareness and
education. This is to inform
citizens and elected officials
regarding the ways and hazards
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7SAFETY, RISK AND RELIABILITY
& Jinsart, 2017). Further, there
is a probability of plane crash
ion that plant. Hence the
complete plant gets damaged
and impacts the overall
business activities of the plant.
Further, there are also scopes of
loss of important information of
the business
to mitigate them. This involves
outreach projects, and hazard
information centers (Chen &
Liou, 2016). Next, there is
natural resource protection.
This minimizes persevering,
restoring the functions of
natural systems. This also
involves erosion and sediment
control, streaming corridor
restorations, watershed
management, and wetland
preservation and restoration
(Gunnlaugsson, 2016). Next,
there is emergency services that
secure protect the plants
immediately after the hazard
event. This includes protection
of essential facilities,
emergency response services
and warning systems. Then
there is structural project where
the activities include
constructions of strictures to
& Jinsart, 2017). Further, there
is a probability of plane crash
ion that plant. Hence the
complete plant gets damaged
and impacts the overall
business activities of the plant.
Further, there are also scopes of
loss of important information of
the business
to mitigate them. This involves
outreach projects, and hazard
information centers (Chen &
Liou, 2016). Next, there is
natural resource protection.
This minimizes persevering,
restoring the functions of
natural systems. This also
involves erosion and sediment
control, streaming corridor
restorations, watershed
management, and wetland
preservation and restoration
(Gunnlaugsson, 2016). Next,
there is emergency services that
secure protect the plants
immediately after the hazard
event. This includes protection
of essential facilities,
emergency response services
and warning systems. Then
there is structural project where
the activities include
constructions of strictures to
8SAFETY, RISK AND RELIABILITY
decrease the effect of the
hazard. This includes retaining
walls, setback levees, secured
rooms and floodwalls.
Risks regarding health from
pollution rising from various
power generation tasks
It occurs mainly from burning
coals. Various microscopic
chemical elements and different
pollutants get released into air
with different smokestacks that
are situated at pulverized
facilities of coal combustions. It
happen wide array of different
health issues for various
communities who are located
about a hundreds of miles from
the plant. Here the elements
cause damages to circulatory
and respiratory systems (Orita
et al., 2015). Here the particles
are linked to rise in rates of
asthma, coughing and risks of
infant death. Here, the
cardiovascular disease is a
popular concern in this type of
Here the emissions must be
controlled strictly to minimize
pollutions. Here, various tools
are the compulsory perquisites
and must be specified under
contract document. Emission
will have to be strictly
controlled to minimize
pollution. The following
equipments are compulsory
requirements and should be
specified in the contract
document. Firstly, electrostatic
precipitators or bag filter
houses are vital and can capture
most of the particles of fly
ashes. This distinct fly ash must
be handled pneumatically and
stored in silos as a beneficial
by-product use. Here, the
decrease the effect of the
hazard. This includes retaining
walls, setback levees, secured
rooms and floodwalls.
Risks regarding health from
pollution rising from various
power generation tasks
It occurs mainly from burning
coals. Various microscopic
chemical elements and different
pollutants get released into air
with different smokestacks that
are situated at pulverized
facilities of coal combustions. It
happen wide array of different
health issues for various
communities who are located
about a hundreds of miles from
the plant. Here the elements
cause damages to circulatory
and respiratory systems (Orita
et al., 2015). Here the particles
are linked to rise in rates of
asthma, coughing and risks of
infant death. Here, the
cardiovascular disease is a
popular concern in this type of
Here the emissions must be
controlled strictly to minimize
pollutions. Here, various tools
are the compulsory perquisites
and must be specified under
contract document. Emission
will have to be strictly
controlled to minimize
pollution. The following
equipments are compulsory
requirements and should be
specified in the contract
document. Firstly, electrostatic
precipitators or bag filter
houses are vital and can capture
most of the particles of fly
ashes. This distinct fly ash must
be handled pneumatically and
stored in silos as a beneficial
by-product use. Here, the
9SAFETY, RISK AND RELIABILITY
coal based air pollution. As
these elements enter the
circulatory systems, they
damage through oxidation and
inflammation.Here, the process
of inflammation constricts
blood vessels that causes of rise
in risks of various
cardiovascular diseases. This
includes strokes and heart
attacks and can result in death.
Here, the power plant emissions
are also lined to rise in rates of
asthma rates with chemical and
dust particles that are released
by facilities known to as
respiratory irritants
output of the fly-ash in every
plat is 4200 ton per day (Gong
et al., 2018). Further, the flue-
gas desulphurization of FGD is
a tool that uses chemical
scrubbers for removing
sulphur-dioxide coming from
exhaust flue gas. Besides, SCR
or selective catalyst reduction
can be deployed to eradicate
nitrogen oxide coming from
boiler exhaust. Here, the system
uses ammonia for decreasing
nitrogen oxide through catalysts
o different simple nitrogen
which is a harmless inert gas.
This is an important application
as an imported coal having
huge content of nitrogen.
Health risk caused by
electromagnetic fields in
electricity distribution
Here most of the researches
into this concern has focused on
seeking out whether the
magnetic field are the causes of
cancers and can assist
Here the share of electricity
creation from all kinds of
technologies has assumed that
most of the available resources
are not exceeded. This energy
coal based air pollution. As
these elements enter the
circulatory systems, they
damage through oxidation and
inflammation.Here, the process
of inflammation constricts
blood vessels that causes of rise
in risks of various
cardiovascular diseases. This
includes strokes and heart
attacks and can result in death.
Here, the power plant emissions
are also lined to rise in rates of
asthma rates with chemical and
dust particles that are released
by facilities known to as
respiratory irritants
output of the fly-ash in every
plat is 4200 ton per day (Gong
et al., 2018). Further, the flue-
gas desulphurization of FGD is
a tool that uses chemical
scrubbers for removing
sulphur-dioxide coming from
exhaust flue gas. Besides, SCR
or selective catalyst reduction
can be deployed to eradicate
nitrogen oxide coming from
boiler exhaust. Here, the system
uses ammonia for decreasing
nitrogen oxide through catalysts
o different simple nitrogen
which is a harmless inert gas.
This is an important application
as an imported coal having
huge content of nitrogen.
Health risk caused by
electromagnetic fields in
electricity distribution
Here most of the researches
into this concern has focused on
seeking out whether the
magnetic field are the causes of
cancers and can assist
Here the share of electricity
creation from all kinds of
technologies has assumed that
most of the available resources
are not exceeded. This energy
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10SAFETY, RISK AND RELIABILITY
developments of cancerous
conditions. Additional impacts
as examined have miscarriages
of depression and diseases of
Alzheimer. Despite the
researches, there are no
persuasive proofs that are posed
by the field regarding health
risks. Here, the results obtained
have highlighted that there are
any risks (Li, Ma & Yang,
2018). As per a review
published by WHO or World
Health Organization in June
2007, usage of exposure
guidelines published by
International Commission over
Non-ionizing radiation
protections with low cost
measures for reducing
exposures. Here, this can be
achieved readily
available is to be analyzed at
regional basis, assuring that
every assumption are met in
principle. The quantities of
biomass required from the
available residues are needed to
be purpose-grown. This can be
constrained by water and land
availability. Ad there are
various uncertainties in this
regard, there must be enough
production that must be
possible the area of the plant
(Farfan & Breyer, 2017).
developments of cancerous
conditions. Additional impacts
as examined have miscarriages
of depression and diseases of
Alzheimer. Despite the
researches, there are no
persuasive proofs that are posed
by the field regarding health
risks. Here, the results obtained
have highlighted that there are
any risks (Li, Ma & Yang,
2018). As per a review
published by WHO or World
Health Organization in June
2007, usage of exposure
guidelines published by
International Commission over
Non-ionizing radiation
protections with low cost
measures for reducing
exposures. Here, this can be
achieved readily
available is to be analyzed at
regional basis, assuring that
every assumption are met in
principle. The quantities of
biomass required from the
available residues are needed to
be purpose-grown. This can be
constrained by water and land
availability. Ad there are
various uncertainties in this
regard, there must be enough
production that must be
possible the area of the plant
(Farfan & Breyer, 2017).
11SAFETY, RISK AND RELIABILITY
3. Analysis and critique:
To analyze the risks the elements to be asked are as follows:
Figure 1: “The risk triplets”
(Source: Harrison & Lock, 2017)
These three questions are known as risk triplets. The engineers refer to this method as PRA
or probabilistic risk assessment while analyzing risks at nuclear power plants. Here the analysis has
been using and calculations to seek answers to risk triplet questions and generate tools known as
event there and various fault trees (Mokhtar, Hassim & Taib, 2014). Here, the trees have been
mapping out possible methods and likelihoods to reach the desirable and undesirable results in
organized way. Here the engineers use those maps to understand and create nuclear power plant
risks. This event tree begins with initiating events and tracking various provable event outcomes to
prevent and reach the undesirable outcome. Further, the following elements can be concluded from
the above action plans.
3. Analysis and critique:
To analyze the risks the elements to be asked are as follows:
Figure 1: “The risk triplets”
(Source: Harrison & Lock, 2017)
These three questions are known as risk triplets. The engineers refer to this method as PRA
or probabilistic risk assessment while analyzing risks at nuclear power plants. Here the analysis has
been using and calculations to seek answers to risk triplet questions and generate tools known as
event there and various fault trees (Mokhtar, Hassim & Taib, 2014). Here, the trees have been
mapping out possible methods and likelihoods to reach the desirable and undesirable results in
organized way. Here the engineers use those maps to understand and create nuclear power plant
risks. This event tree begins with initiating events and tracking various provable event outcomes to
prevent and reach the undesirable outcome. Further, the following elements can be concluded from
the above action plans.
12SAFETY, RISK AND RELIABILITY
Figure 2: “Property risk assessment for power plants”
(Source: Bruno et al., 2016, page number: 979-989)
In developing the plant there can be many operation and production risks. This includes
marketing processes, product designs and labor force management. Here, the limited aspects these
risks are to be picked by nuclear security risk analysis especially by PSA. The restricted aspects of
those risks are to be picked by nuclear security risks analysis especially by PSA. Here the revisiting
the current data from operational point of view has yielded notable benefits to be aware of
operational risks (Sovacool, Nugent & Gilbert, 2014). Besides, various financial and commercial
risks are to be determined. The movements of financial variables like finished products and
resources for sales interest rates currency exchange rates have developed risk for the plant. As the
Figure 2: “Property risk assessment for power plants”
(Source: Bruno et al., 2016, page number: 979-989)
In developing the plant there can be many operation and production risks. This includes
marketing processes, product designs and labor force management. Here, the limited aspects these
risks are to be picked by nuclear security risk analysis especially by PSA. The restricted aspects of
those risks are to be picked by nuclear security risks analysis especially by PSA. Here the revisiting
the current data from operational point of view has yielded notable benefits to be aware of
operational risks (Sovacool, Nugent & Gilbert, 2014). Besides, various financial and commercial
risks are to be determined. The movements of financial variables like finished products and
resources for sales interest rates currency exchange rates have developed risk for the plant. As the
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13SAFETY, RISK AND RELIABILITY
plant moves from regulated to one rate-controlled area to a competitive selling of electricity, the
economic variables are been expecting importance.
Figure 3: “Various levels of property risk Assessment”
(Source: Cai, 2015, page number: 186-192)
Then there are strategic risks. This has resulted from basic changes to economic, commercial
and political scenarios. Here, the instances are shifts in governmental kinds and modifications of
governmental spending trends, privatization challenges, nationalization and expropriation. Then
there are change in kind of market competition and changes to public sentiment towards specific
business lines, ownership partners and legal and regulatory changes in safety arenas and markets.
The security in the projects is in vulnerable situations. The assessments of risk resources and security
risks are the vital activities for prioritizing the current risks and manage them in the process to create
the power plant as a hazardous sector as far as safety is concerned. Thus the security present the
Level2PRAwhichstartswiththeLevel1coredamageaccidents,estimatesthefrequencyofaccidentsthatreleaseradioactivityfromthenuclearpowerplant.
plant moves from regulated to one rate-controlled area to a competitive selling of electricity, the
economic variables are been expecting importance.
Figure 3: “Various levels of property risk Assessment”
(Source: Cai, 2015, page number: 186-192)
Then there are strategic risks. This has resulted from basic changes to economic, commercial
and political scenarios. Here, the instances are shifts in governmental kinds and modifications of
governmental spending trends, privatization challenges, nationalization and expropriation. Then
there are change in kind of market competition and changes to public sentiment towards specific
business lines, ownership partners and legal and regulatory changes in safety arenas and markets.
The security in the projects is in vulnerable situations. The assessments of risk resources and security
risks are the vital activities for prioritizing the current risks and manage them in the process to create
the power plant as a hazardous sector as far as safety is concerned. Thus the security present the
Level2PRAwhichstartswiththeLevel1coredamageaccidents,estimatesthefrequencyofaccidentsthatreleaseradioactivityfromthenuclearpowerplant.
14SAFETY, RISK AND RELIABILITY
Hazardous
Event
Potential outcome
Potential outcome
Potential outcome
Escalation
Safety event
Safety event
Safety event
Escalation
construction phase in power plant can be on the basis of Bow-tie-technique (Wheatley, Sovacool &
Sornette, 2017).
Figure 4: “Different strategic risks”
(Source: Brookes & Locatelli, (2015), page number: 55-56)
In order to understand the more effectiveness of the study, two phases of the system
descriptions and determining risk sources are to be implemented and designed prior the risk is
analyzed. This includes determination of path of every branch of the bow-tie chart and the outcomes
of analysis in the relationship taking place between elements of every activity and threats. Here, the
outcomes of the relationship between the elements of threats and every activities and greatest level
of threats can be determined by various elements. This includes the following:
Hazardous
Event
Potential outcome
Potential outcome
Potential outcome
Escalation
Safety event
Safety event
Safety event
Escalation
construction phase in power plant can be on the basis of Bow-tie-technique (Wheatley, Sovacool &
Sornette, 2017).
Figure 4: “Different strategic risks”
(Source: Brookes & Locatelli, (2015), page number: 55-56)
In order to understand the more effectiveness of the study, two phases of the system
descriptions and determining risk sources are to be implemented and designed prior the risk is
analyzed. This includes determination of path of every branch of the bow-tie chart and the outcomes
of analysis in the relationship taking place between elements of every activity and threats. Here, the
outcomes of the relationship between the elements of threats and every activities and greatest level
of threats can be determined by various elements. This includes the following:
15SAFETY, RISK AND RELIABILITY
Figure 5: “Various sectors of risk threats for the plant”
(Source: Lee & Kang, 2016, 111-123)
4. Recommendations for safety:
Here various issues are identified and proper recommendations are suggested as far as
securities in various problematic areas are concerned:
Roadways on site:
o Here the scopes arising are to mitigate and decrease the adverse effects in modifying
and repairing current roads that has to be overlooked. Here environmental
considerations are to be included in plans that are to make to repair or modify the
current roads and pans to create new roads.
Turning radii:
Figure 5: “Various sectors of risk threats for the plant”
(Source: Lee & Kang, 2016, 111-123)
4. Recommendations for safety:
Here various issues are identified and proper recommendations are suggested as far as
securities in various problematic areas are concerned:
Roadways on site:
o Here the scopes arising are to mitigate and decrease the adverse effects in modifying
and repairing current roads that has to be overlooked. Here environmental
considerations are to be included in plans that are to make to repair or modify the
current roads and pans to create new roads.
Turning radii:
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16SAFETY, RISK AND RELIABILITY
o Here the turning speeds must be restricted to `5 mph and less. This speed is less to
pedestrian security.
Clearance between buildings:
o The clearance between the ground and proximity to objects has been decreased to
effectively insulate any aspect not placed in position where hazards can take place.
Safe stack heights of bundles:
o This includes block staking, brick stacking, pinwheel stacking and irregular stacking.
Crane operations:
o The reasons regarding where the rules and regulations are violated are to be used.
Then inadequate information and knowledge are to be deployed. Further, different
human errors are to be identified.
Forklift operations:
o Loaded trucks are to be driven and the unloaded trucks are to be driven with fork
downgrade. They must never p driven with load downgrade. Here, for kits must never
be turned on grade.
Lighting requirements both indoor and outdoor:
o Security practices according to availability of emergency lighting, particularly
performance and operations testing and evacuation of lighting systems are suggested.
These performances are also expounded on particularizing measurements for least
energy requirements and effective allocation.
Positions of employee facilities:
o The biggest line item of employee benefit is the budget that is complex to maintain
because of rise in premiums rapidly. Here small business has opted to drop health
o Here the turning speeds must be restricted to `5 mph and less. This speed is less to
pedestrian security.
Clearance between buildings:
o The clearance between the ground and proximity to objects has been decreased to
effectively insulate any aspect not placed in position where hazards can take place.
Safe stack heights of bundles:
o This includes block staking, brick stacking, pinwheel stacking and irregular stacking.
Crane operations:
o The reasons regarding where the rules and regulations are violated are to be used.
Then inadequate information and knowledge are to be deployed. Further, different
human errors are to be identified.
Forklift operations:
o Loaded trucks are to be driven and the unloaded trucks are to be driven with fork
downgrade. They must never p driven with load downgrade. Here, for kits must never
be turned on grade.
Lighting requirements both indoor and outdoor:
o Security practices according to availability of emergency lighting, particularly
performance and operations testing and evacuation of lighting systems are suggested.
These performances are also expounded on particularizing measurements for least
energy requirements and effective allocation.
Positions of employee facilities:
o The biggest line item of employee benefit is the budget that is complex to maintain
because of rise in premiums rapidly. Here small business has opted to drop health
17SAFETY, RISK AND RELIABILITY
insurances in current years. This is trend to be prompted in healthcare reform
legislation that has currently signed into the law.
Stocking of medical rooms of employee facilities:
o Here some facilities have a single health worker and staffs. Here prevention of
expensive and wasteful over-loading and various overstocking is to be done.
Gating or fencing needs of the site:
o This barrier should be along the site property line and under huge campus. This must
be selected solely by the necessity of the plant. Here, some wide guidelines are to be
provided for designing the barrier systems.
Positioning and sizing receiving area:
o Here the employers are to be provided with recommendations and must be included
in the layout. Here the dock approach is the topographical configuration is the sector
used. This provides employers with sales and recommendations. Here the storage
capacities are to be included to the layout. The dock is the approach to the
topographical configuration of the area used and position of trailers. However it can
allow water runoff from the plant.
5. Conclusion:
Here most of the development of tools is related to risk management, reliability, human
factors and securities are related to the plan. However, the close association between the subjects,
there are various approaches. The reliability engineering approaches have used various tools for
missing the component failures causing the failure of complicate systems. Here, the techniques must
include reliability, safety factors, standby sparing, diversity, redundancy and instances. Here the
insurances in current years. This is trend to be prompted in healthcare reform
legislation that has currently signed into the law.
Stocking of medical rooms of employee facilities:
o Here some facilities have a single health worker and staffs. Here prevention of
expensive and wasteful over-loading and various overstocking is to be done.
Gating or fencing needs of the site:
o This barrier should be along the site property line and under huge campus. This must
be selected solely by the necessity of the plant. Here, some wide guidelines are to be
provided for designing the barrier systems.
Positioning and sizing receiving area:
o Here the employers are to be provided with recommendations and must be included
in the layout. Here the dock approach is the topographical configuration is the sector
used. This provides employers with sales and recommendations. Here the storage
capacities are to be included to the layout. The dock is the approach to the
topographical configuration of the area used and position of trailers. However it can
allow water runoff from the plant.
5. Conclusion:
Here most of the development of tools is related to risk management, reliability, human
factors and securities are related to the plan. However, the close association between the subjects,
there are various approaches. The reliability engineering approaches have used various tools for
missing the component failures causing the failure of complicate systems. Here, the techniques must
include reliability, safety factors, standby sparing, diversity, redundancy and instances. Here the
18SAFETY, RISK AND RELIABILITY
plant can cause accident and this can be a complicated assimilation of various human actions, design
errors, faulty maintenance, component failure an actuation of control and instrumentation.
plant can cause accident and this can be a complicated assimilation of various human actions, design
errors, faulty maintenance, component failure an actuation of control and instrumentation.
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19SAFETY, RISK AND RELIABILITY
6. References:
Aragonés-Beltrán, P., Chaparro-González, F., Pastor-Ferrando, J. P., & Pla-Rubio, A. (2014). An
AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process)/ANP (Analytic Network Process)-based multi-criteria
decision approach for the selection of solar-thermal power plant investment projects. Energy,
66, 222-238.
Brookes, N. J., & Locatelli, G. (2015). Power plants as megaprojects: Using empirics to shape
policy, planning, and construction management. Utilities Policy, 36, 57-66.
Bruno, S., Ahmed, S., Shapiro, A., & Street, A. (2016). Risk neutral and risk averse approaches to
multistage renewable investment planning under uncertainty. European Journal of
Operational Research, 250(3), 979-989.
Cai, J. (2015). Planning and strategy of I and C systems upgrade project in nuclear power plant.
Chinese Journal of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 35(1), 186-192.
Chen, B., & Liou, F. M. (2016). Optimal capital structure of power plant projects with various
bargaining powers in project negotiations. Journal of energy engineering, 143(2), 04016051.
Farfan, J., & Breyer, C. (2017). Structural changes of global power generation capacity towards
sustainability and the risk of stranded investments supported by a sustainability indicator.
Journal of Cleaner Production, 141, 370-384.
Gong, Y., Su, X., Qian, H., & Yang, N. (2018). Research on fault diagnosis methods for the reactor
coolant system of nuclear power plant based on DS evidence theory. Annals of Nuclear
Energy, 112, 395-399.
6. References:
Aragonés-Beltrán, P., Chaparro-González, F., Pastor-Ferrando, J. P., & Pla-Rubio, A. (2014). An
AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process)/ANP (Analytic Network Process)-based multi-criteria
decision approach for the selection of solar-thermal power plant investment projects. Energy,
66, 222-238.
Brookes, N. J., & Locatelli, G. (2015). Power plants as megaprojects: Using empirics to shape
policy, planning, and construction management. Utilities Policy, 36, 57-66.
Bruno, S., Ahmed, S., Shapiro, A., & Street, A. (2016). Risk neutral and risk averse approaches to
multistage renewable investment planning under uncertainty. European Journal of
Operational Research, 250(3), 979-989.
Cai, J. (2015). Planning and strategy of I and C systems upgrade project in nuclear power plant.
Chinese Journal of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 35(1), 186-192.
Chen, B., & Liou, F. M. (2016). Optimal capital structure of power plant projects with various
bargaining powers in project negotiations. Journal of energy engineering, 143(2), 04016051.
Farfan, J., & Breyer, C. (2017). Structural changes of global power generation capacity towards
sustainability and the risk of stranded investments supported by a sustainability indicator.
Journal of Cleaner Production, 141, 370-384.
Gong, Y., Su, X., Qian, H., & Yang, N. (2018). Research on fault diagnosis methods for the reactor
coolant system of nuclear power plant based on DS evidence theory. Annals of Nuclear
Energy, 112, 395-399.
20SAFETY, RISK AND RELIABILITY
Gunnlaugsson, E. (2016). Environmental management and monitoring in Iceland: Reinjection and
gas sequestration at the Hellisheidi power plant. 001436794.
Halpin, M. E. D., & Officer, C. N. (2016). SUBJECT: DIABLO CANYON POWER PLANT, UNIT
NOS. 1 AND 2-ISSUANCE OF AMENDMENTS REGARDING TRANSITION TO A
RISK-INFORMED, PERFORMANCE-BASED FIRE PROTECTION PROGRAM IN
ACCORDANCE WITH 10 CFR 50.48 (c)(CAC NOS. MF2333 AND MF2334).
Harrison, F., & Lock, D. (2017). Advanced project management: a structured approach. Routledge.
Kardakos, E. G., Simoglou, C. K., & Bakirtzis, A. G. (2016). Optimal offering strategy of a virtual
power plant: A stochastic bi-level approach. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 7(2), 794-
806.
Kim, M., Lee, I., & Jung, Y. (2017). International Project Risk Management for Nuclear Power Plant
(NPP) Construction: Featuring Comparative Analysis with Fossil and Gas Power Plants.
Sustainability, 9(3), 469.
Lee, S. H., & Kang, H. G. (2016). Integrated framework for the external cost assessment of nuclear
power plant accident considering risk aversion: The Korean case. Energy Policy, 92, 111-
123.
Li, S., Ma, X., & Yang, C. (2018). A combined thermal power plant investment decision-making
model based on intelligent fuzzy grey model and ito stochastic process and its application.
Energy, 159, 1102-1117.
Mokhtar, M. M., Hassim, M. H., & Taib, R. M. (2014). Health risk assessment of emissions from a
coal-fired power plant using AERMOD modelling. Process Safety and Environmental
Protection, 92(5), 476-485.
Gunnlaugsson, E. (2016). Environmental management and monitoring in Iceland: Reinjection and
gas sequestration at the Hellisheidi power plant. 001436794.
Halpin, M. E. D., & Officer, C. N. (2016). SUBJECT: DIABLO CANYON POWER PLANT, UNIT
NOS. 1 AND 2-ISSUANCE OF AMENDMENTS REGARDING TRANSITION TO A
RISK-INFORMED, PERFORMANCE-BASED FIRE PROTECTION PROGRAM IN
ACCORDANCE WITH 10 CFR 50.48 (c)(CAC NOS. MF2333 AND MF2334).
Harrison, F., & Lock, D. (2017). Advanced project management: a structured approach. Routledge.
Kardakos, E. G., Simoglou, C. K., & Bakirtzis, A. G. (2016). Optimal offering strategy of a virtual
power plant: A stochastic bi-level approach. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 7(2), 794-
806.
Kim, M., Lee, I., & Jung, Y. (2017). International Project Risk Management for Nuclear Power Plant
(NPP) Construction: Featuring Comparative Analysis with Fossil and Gas Power Plants.
Sustainability, 9(3), 469.
Lee, S. H., & Kang, H. G. (2016). Integrated framework for the external cost assessment of nuclear
power plant accident considering risk aversion: The Korean case. Energy Policy, 92, 111-
123.
Li, S., Ma, X., & Yang, C. (2018). A combined thermal power plant investment decision-making
model based on intelligent fuzzy grey model and ito stochastic process and its application.
Energy, 159, 1102-1117.
Mokhtar, M. M., Hassim, M. H., & Taib, R. M. (2014). Health risk assessment of emissions from a
coal-fired power plant using AERMOD modelling. Process Safety and Environmental
Protection, 92(5), 476-485.
21SAFETY, RISK AND RELIABILITY
Noli, F., & Tsamos, P. (2016). Concentration of heavy metals and trace elements in soils, waters and
vegetables and assessment of health risk in the vicinity of a lignite-fired power plant. Science
of the Total Environment, 563, 377-385.
Orita, M., Hayashida, N., Nakayama, Y., Shinkawa, T., Urata, H., Fukushima, Y., ... & Takamura,
N. (2015). Bipolarization of risk perception about the health effects of radiation in residents
after the accident at Fukushima nuclear power plant. PLoS One, 10(6), e0129227.
Sovacool, B. K., Nugent, D., & Gilbert, A. (2014). Construction cost overruns and electricity
infrastructure: an unavoidable risk?. The Electricity Journal, 27(4), 112-120.
Thongthammachart, T., Pimkotr, K., & Jinsart, W. (2017). Health Risk Assessment of Nitrogen
Dioxide and Sulfur Dioxide Exposure from a New Developing Coal Power Plant in Thailand.
EnvironmentAsia, 10(2).
Wheatley, S., Sovacool, B., & Sornette, D. (2017). Of disasters and dragon kings: a statistical
analysis of nuclear power incidents and accidents. Risk analysis, 37(1), 99-115.
Noli, F., & Tsamos, P. (2016). Concentration of heavy metals and trace elements in soils, waters and
vegetables and assessment of health risk in the vicinity of a lignite-fired power plant. Science
of the Total Environment, 563, 377-385.
Orita, M., Hayashida, N., Nakayama, Y., Shinkawa, T., Urata, H., Fukushima, Y., ... & Takamura,
N. (2015). Bipolarization of risk perception about the health effects of radiation in residents
after the accident at Fukushima nuclear power plant. PLoS One, 10(6), e0129227.
Sovacool, B. K., Nugent, D., & Gilbert, A. (2014). Construction cost overruns and electricity
infrastructure: an unavoidable risk?. The Electricity Journal, 27(4), 112-120.
Thongthammachart, T., Pimkotr, K., & Jinsart, W. (2017). Health Risk Assessment of Nitrogen
Dioxide and Sulfur Dioxide Exposure from a New Developing Coal Power Plant in Thailand.
EnvironmentAsia, 10(2).
Wheatley, S., Sovacool, B., & Sornette, D. (2017). Of disasters and dragon kings: a statistical
analysis of nuclear power incidents and accidents. Risk analysis, 37(1), 99-115.
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