existing cracks without
any external
maintenance by the
labourers.
Longevity- The
durability of the
infrastructures, roads and
bridges, if constructed
with self-healing concrete
can sustain for a longer
period without any
damage.
Flexibility- Compared to
the normal concrete, the
self-healing concrete is
more compressible and
flexible in nature leading
to easy alignment with
the structure.
Reduction in
Permeability- Self-
healing concrete
incorporates lesser inter-
molecular spaces. Hence,
it does not allow fluids to
flow through it, in turn
increasing the strength of
the infrastructure.
Harmless Bacteria- The
self-healing concrete
comprises of bacteria
that is not at all harmful
for human life. Hence,
usage of self-healing
concrete for sustainable
construction is an
advantageous factor.
Reduction in
Corrosion- The steel
used in the construction
is shielded because the
self-healing concrete has
the ability to protect it
from any kind of
corrosion by the corrosive
agents such as acid rain,
wind and so on.
WEAKNESS
Unavailability of
Designs- The designs of
the concrete mix and the
nutrients, along with
bacteria in it are not
available in IS code or any
other code that proves to
be disadvantageous for the
builders.
Expensive- The self-
healing concrete is
composed of bacteria and
calcium lactate. The
calcium lactate is made
from milk, a high-cost
resource. Hence, the
construction of buildings
and roads using self-healing
concrete leads to huge
expense than the normal
concrete ones.
Accurate Percentage of
Ingredients- The strength
of the self-healing concrete
is reduced if the ingredients
are not properly mixed. If
the percentage of the self-
healing agents like the
calcium lactate and
bacteria increases more
than 20%, the strength of
the concrete reduces.
Requirement of Skilled
Labours- The construction
of buildings and roads with
self-healing concrete
requires experienced and
skilled experts who can mix
the ingredients in exact
percentages for
construction purposes.
OPPORTUNITY
Future Scope - Due to its
advantageous features, many
dealers in the construction
industry, leading to the
industrial growth, incorporate
the self-healing concrete for
their construction purposes.
Concrete Flooring- Self-
healing concrete can find its
application in concrete
flooring of the buildings and
incorporate less harmful
bacteria proving to be
hygienic for the people living
in it.
Tunnel Lining- The usage of
self-healing concrete in
tunnel-lining helps the tunnel
to be non-permeable and
strongly resistant to natural
disasters.
Highway Bridge- In bridges,
the self-healing concrete
protects the steel and other
metals from corrosion, thus
increasing the durability of
the infrastructure.
THREAT
Excessive Use of Milk- The
milk is an expensive item
required by the constructors to
obtain a proper mixture of the
self-healing concrete. Hence,
excessive use of milk will lead
to decrease in the resource for
the people to consume in the
upcoming years.
Poor Mixture of Ingredients-
The labourers might not know
about the mixture ratio and
might end up mixing the self-
healing agents more than its
requirement leading to
improper construction projects.
Lack of Awareness- Since not
much people know about its
proper usage, they might not
show much interest in using
self-healing concretes than
normal concretes due to its
high-cost measures.
References
Abdullah, M.A.H., Abdullah, N.A.H. and
Tompang, M.F., 2018, October. Development
and Performance of Bacterial Self-healing
Concrete-A Review. In
IOP Conference Series:
Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 431,
No. 6, p. 062003). IOP Publishing.
Al-Ansari, M., Abu-Taqa, A.G., Hassan, M.M.,
Senouci, A. and Milla, J., 2017. Performance of
modified self-healing concrete with calcium
nitrate microencapsulation.
Construction and
Building Materials,
149, pp.525-534.
Al-Tabbaa, A., Litina, C., Giannaros, P.,
Kanellopoulos, A. and Souza, L., 2019. First UK
field application and performance of
microcapsule-based self-healing
concrete.
Construction and Building
Materials,
208, pp.669-685.
De Belie, N., Gruyaert, E., Al‐Tabbaa, A.,
Antonaci, P., Baera, C., Bajare, D., Darquennes,
A., Davies, R., Ferrara, L., Jefferson, T. and
Litina, C., 2018. A review of self‐healing
concrete for damage management of
structures.
Advanced materials
interfaces,
5(17), p.1800074.
Sánchez, M., Al-Tabbaa, A., De Belie, N.,
Ferrara, L. and Jefferson, A., 2017. Self-healing
approaches for the preventive repair of
concrete structures: SARCOS COST Action.
In
2nd International RILEM/COST Conference
on Early Age Cracking and Serviceability in
Cement-based Materials and Structures (EAC-
02) (Vol. 2, pp. 813-818). RILEM Publications.
Seifan, M., Samani, A.K. and Berenjian, A.,
2016. Bioconcrete: next generation of self-
healing concrete.
Applied microbiology and
biotechnology,
100(6), pp.2591-2602.
Xu, J., Wang, X., Zuo, J. and Liu, X., 2018. Self-
healing of concrete cracks by ceramsite-loaded
microorganisms.
Advances in Materials
Science and Engineering,
2018.
Zhang, J., Liu, Y., Feng, T., Zhou, M., Zhao, L.,
Zhou, A. and Li, Z., 2017. Immobilizing
bacteria in expanded perlite for the crack self-
healing in concrete.
Construction and Building
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References. Abdullah, M.A.H., Abdullah, N.A.H. and. Tom

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