1REGIONALISM IN CANADA The aim of this essay is to discuss the Canadian regionalism, regional disparities and regional policy from the historical aspects so that different policies of the provincial as well as federal government can be easily understood. Through the perfect analysis of the regional policies and their connection with the political ideologies can serve the policy making process, the equalization policy can be analyzed. The idea of regionalism and regional disparities is quite clear in the history of Canada’s politics. In this paper, the factors of regionalism will be discussed in detail so that the regional disparities which is quite a prominent factor in the Canadian politics can be understood. This is important as these factors have affected the electoral system, the senate of Canada and thelegislative institution of the country greatly. Finally, the discussion on knowledge-based economy will be discussed. this essay will also discuss the efficiencyofpolicyofthenationsthateffectivelydependondemographics,political representation and regional development. According to Joseph Nye1regionalism is "the formation of interstate associations or groupings on the basis of regions".This helps the government of a large country to operate in the economic, political and social development of more than one region successfully in one hand and strengthen the consciousness and loyalty of the distinguished regions or the other subnational entities to the federal government on the other.The idea of regionalism mainly depends on three separate elements which include firstly the movements demanding the territorial autonomy within the unitary states, secondly organization of central state on the regional basis for perfect delivery of all the policies that include development policies of the regions, and finally the regional autonomy and political decentralization. 1Nye, J. (1990). Soft Power. Foreign Policy, (80), 153. doi: 10.2307/1148580
3REGIONALISM IN CANADA economy of that particular region. These natural and human resources are all controlled by the province possessed them. This leads to the desire to develop themselves for their own benefits rather than contribute them for the betterment of the whole country. Thus, the issues of regionalism increased gradually that led to the regional disparity. According toStatcan.gc.ca4provinces of Canada has different population growth which give them empowerment to use their human resources in different manner. As the recent census data of Canada reveals, Ontario is the heist populated state with 13,448,494 population and is followed by Quebec8,164,361, British Columbia4,648,055 and Alberta4,067,175. This correctly relates to the growth of productivity in the regions5. These provinces have adopted operational practices and technological innovation for approaching any problems to overcome the barriers of growth. These population has been used properly by these provinces so that these are beneficial for the economic growth. Higher population also increased the purchasing power which is enhancing the market attractions for the business owners. With increased population, the demands of food, education linked expense, clothing and sports-based goods are increasing beyond expectation. In addition to this, the need for building for accustoming this higher population is increasing which has made these provinces attractive to the constrictive business around the world. Thus, the population is used in a positive manner rather than creating room for any argument. These provinces are not sharing these human resources with the rest of the country therefore, the perfect distribution of growth is not possible in this country. Another important variable is the income per capital. In utilizing the population of the region, taking care of the per capita income is essential. In this regard, the higher population 4Statcan.gc.ca. (2018). Census Program. Retrieved from https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/index- eng.cfm 5Statcan.gc.ca. (2018). Census Program. Retrieved from https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/index- eng.cfm
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4REGIONALISM IN CANADA leads to lower the GDP of the place playing a contradictory role. Generally, the countries with higher population can hardly tackle the income of the families. However, in the richest country of the world, that is Canada itself, some of the provinces which have high population have successfully the human resources in one hand and growing the GDP of their own region. The provinces of Alberta which is marked one of the most populated states, has the highest GDP in the whole country. It had approximated 98.19 billion-dollar GDP only in the city of Edmonton in 2013. Similarly, this region has the city like Calgary which also tops the list of the cities with high GDP growth and per capita income. In addition to this, the cities of Toronto, Guelph, Greater Sudbury and Ottawa–Gatineau and Saskatoon and Regina of Saskatchewan are some of the cities having higher GDP per capita6. The other places or provinces cannot show such per capita income thus increase the regional disparity more clearly. The third variable is the participation of the population in the business and other services thatcontributeinthe economyof theregion.In therichestprovincesof Canada,the participation of the human resources is higher than the other places of the country. These people have enhanced the involvement and participation for the growth of their business organizations. Despite the fact that the socialists think that such approaches of the regional or provincial governments will be developing issues to increase opportunities for the population to get involve in the economic growth of their own regions only7. However, these regional governments have developed scope for the people’s participation to get a greater satisfaction in their workplaces which has proved to enhance the profitability and faster growth of the business in these regions. The strategies of the federal governments to recognize and encourage the population especially 6Statcan.gc.ca. (2018). Census Program. Retrieved from https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/index- eng.cfm 7Thecanadianencyclopedia.ca.(2018).Regionalism|TheCanadianEncyclopedia.Retrievedfrom https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/regionalism
5REGIONALISM IN CANADA the capable human resources of the region to be effective and achieve the goals in the economic policies of their regions. The regions with lesser resources and capabilities are not being able to utilize their human resources by encouraging participation of the people in the economic growth for the regions or for that matter for the entire country. The forth variable in understanding the employability of the capable human resources. Differences in the per capita income among the regions can exist due to variety in the employment,wagesandinvestmentincomeandmostimportantlytheincomefromthe government transfer programs. The regional disparities have affected the economic growth as these have recorded a decision impact on the human resources in the region. The employability of the population in different region has different issues. The factor of migration has showed a decisive impact on a decisive impact on the quality of the human resources in the region. The low-income regions in Canada seem to be locked in the cycle of degradation as the most dynamic as well as educated people employed in the business organization of this country are emigrates. The high wages method of British Columbia and Alberta though have shown high employability approach than the other regions in the country8. However, it is also true that these regions also create scopes for the trainings of the human resources so that that the companies both national as well as international get the opportunities to employ them in their companies. The local market condition therefore, can be stated faces the full pressure of the regional disparities as some of the regions create a successful and effective workforce despite of having higher pressure of population growth. The regional economies compete directly with each other causing people, industries and provincial government to develop economic policies beneficial to them. The importance of 8Thecanadianencyclopedia.ca.(2018).Regionalism|TheCanadianEncyclopedia.Retrievedfrom https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/regionalism
6REGIONALISM IN CANADA knowledge-based economy for providing the sound public policy leadership is essential. The knowledge incentive activities are important in this type of economy. This create a great reliance on the intellectual capital rather than the physical inputs. In this type of economy is associated with high tech manufacturing like aerospace, electronics and computer. In addition, ton this, it works in the service sector industries like education, software design and healthcare9. The business services like information, insurance and communication also flourish in this type of economy. In order to maintain economic growth, the individuals need both explicit and tacit knowledge. Explicit knowledge includes facts, data and tacit knowledge include experience intuition, judgment, experience and the method of managing people. The growth of knowledge is the key driver of productivity. Knowledge is non-finite resource and though people use capital, it does not match with knowledge. As knowledge is not limited hence can be shared without any threat to lose it, the government encourage the human resource to share knowledge so that sharing can help boost overall knowledge and its economy. In identifying and applying policies perfectly, the support of political parties is needed. Perfect efficiency of policy effectively depends on demographics, political representation and regional development. Since confederation, Canadian economic policies face different issues. Among all the policies strategized by the federal government, the issues if In Canada the fundamental conservative aim is to ensure that the public sector plays only a minor role in the economy. This policy directs the government to respect the interest of private capital which has created issues among the political parties as they have different opinions and ideologies. National 9Thecanadianencyclopedia.ca.(2018).Regionalism|TheCanadianEncyclopedia.Retrievedfrom https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/regionalism
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7REGIONALISM IN CANADA policies have important repercussions at the regional level, intentional and unintentional, often creating tensions between the provinces and the federal government and among the provinces10. Social democratic ideas for private capital details that capital is inherently incompatible in the country as they hold capital to be democratic values for liberty, equality as well as solidarity. To this social democratic, these ideals may lead to the overall growth of the country. This is completely against the ideology of the private capitalism which the regional governments think to be their most important success factors. As the social democratic ideology does not support the factors of possessing capital for their own growth, they speak for replacing private ownerships with the social ownership for the means of production. The New Democratic Party of Canada advocated for increasing corporate tax rate from 15% to 17% and lower the small business tax rate from 11% to 9%, expand public health care system and reinstating the federal minimum wage to give workers in federally regulated industries11. This will limit the scope of private capitalism in one hand and regional disparity on the other. Liberal ideology for private capital is completely different from that the conservative and socio democratic ideology12. The liberal ideology, outlined major ideas that takes initiative for the protecting as well as enhancing freedom of individuals. This particular ideology aims to eliminate the central problem of politics that is individual freedom. This supports the idea of mixed economy that includes both public and private property in the capital goods. Therefore, this ideology supports the economic policies of the federal government that believe in protecting the individuals and their capital from being harmed by others. However, the liberals feel that the 10Thecanadianencyclopedia.ca.(2018).Regionalism|TheCanadianEncyclopedia.Retrievedfrom https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/regionalism 11Statcan.gc.ca. (2018). Census Program. Retrieved from https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/index- eng.cfm 12Weiler, P. (2016). The New Liberalism: Liberal Social Theory in Great Britain, 1889-1914. Routledge.
8REGIONALISM IN CANADA governments themselves can pose threat for the liberty of the individual. The Liberal Party of Canada, being the longest political party in the country and having most of the seats in the country, fully support the private capitalism idea as the demand for the region. The conservative ideology for private capital is completely differed from the other two ideologies. This political philosophy supports the tradition in the face of external forces for change, and is critical of proposals for radical social change. Some of the Conservatives seek to preserve the status quo that support the reform society slowly, while the others want to return to the values of the earlier time. Conservatism in the Canadian context generally refers to the right- winged politics that advocates the preservation of personal wealth and private ownership or Capitalism. This particular ideology emphasizes in the self-reliance as well as individualism. Canadian conservatives in general are more punitive toward criminals, tend to hold more orthodox religious views, and are often ethnocentric and hostile toward homosexuals and other minority groups. Therefore, it can be concluded that the human element of Canada has played an important part in the regional development. Despite the fact that the effect of regionalism and regional disparity in the country is high, the economy shows the best result in the world. The regional governments of this particular large country to operate in the economic, political and social development of more than one region successfully in one hand and strengthen the consciousness andloyaltyofthedistinguishedregionsortheothersubnationalentitiestothefederal government on the other. This leads to the regional disparity among the government on the basis of natural and human made resources. The main reasons of this regional disparity in Canadian provinces from the colonist era include the benefits of access to the waterways, farmland,natural resources, wild game, proximity to the markets and the availability of technology. However, the
9REGIONALISM IN CANADA three ideologues such as conservatives, liberals, and social democratic possess different views in the policies regarding private capitalism and its effect om the economy of the regions.
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10REGIONALISM IN CANADA References: Johnson, D. (1957).Thinking government: Thinking Government: Public administration and politics in Canada(4th ed.). University of Toronto Press. Nye, J. (1990). Soft Power. Foreign Policy, (80), 153. doi: 10.2307/1148580 Statcan.gc.ca.(2018). Census Program. Retrieved from https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census- recensement/index-eng.cfm Statcan.gc.ca.(2018). Census Program. Retrieved from https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census- recensement/index-eng.cfm Thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. (2018). Regionalism | The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/regionalism Weiler, P. (2016). The New Liberalism: Liberal Social Theory in Great Britain, 1889-1914. Routledge.