Religious Terrorism and Secular Terrorism: A Comparison

This article discusses the differences between religious terrorism and secular terrorism, with a focus on international networks, U.S., Russian, and U.K, influence in Iraq, and regional insecurity. It also includes a case study on the U.S-led invasion in 2003.

Running Head: Terrorism 0
International Terrorism

Terrorism 1
Introduction
Religious terrorism is a part of violence committed in the name of God. It is not exclusive to
one faith. The phenomenal increase of the terrorism is through the relation of the Al-Qaeda
of international politics, cutting down the borders of nations, and defying the immunities of
the cultural and socio-economic system. It might be reckoned as one of the factors that
underpin the traditional phase of politics, which have developed religious terrorism. At the
international level, vastly organized groups presented views on religion mainly carry it out.
Majorly, the people are attracted to “radical Islam’, which is different from other forms of
Islam. Such terrorist groups commonly grab easy targets, threaten them, and make use of
power to attain political objective without the commitment of resources. They consider their
actions and activities on a religious basis. Terrorism has no religious basis as it has been
specified in the Quran that people are more attracted towards radical Islam and contravenes
the doctrine of all faiths. It has been stated that all religions either advocate more permit of
the utilization the use of violence in self-protection. The religions also teach people to
consume all peaceful means of solving issues before resorting to violence. It is traced that
violence and sacred are inseparable yet the sacrifices of soldiers are managed within the
boundaries of the country and synchronized in a manner that permits through ethnic destiny
(Foley, 2016).
Despite critical roles played by belief and faith in culture, widespread interpretation of
theological teaching continues to deliver justification and bases for international terrorism. It
is the perception that no religion preaches that war or terrorist attacks should be done on
people involving women and children. It is not stated to kill the wrongdoer to make the better
society or community. God has the only right to punish the individual but we have no right to
take the illegal actions against them. The terrorist assaults have been commonly done under
the name of religion. The reality that terrorism is anxious inspires a number of violent
activities would make its affiliation with peace, religion, and non-violence (Foley, 2009). In
the following, an effort has been made to discuss religious terrorism in comparison to secular
terrorism. The major points, which are discussed as international networks, U.S., Russian,
and U.K, influence in Iraq, and regional insecurity.

Terrorism 2
Secular Terrorism
Secular Terrorism is emphasizing the right to be free from religious life, preaching, and
teachings and on the other hand, religious terrorism is based on a perception that if we have
not followed the principles of Islam which teaches us to protects the children, women, and
people then we can end to the 21st century. Therefore, religious terrorism is radical thinking
that they perceive in a different way and move towards the new direction. In U.S and Iran
indicates a clash in the context of petrol prices to become the supernatural power. Secular
terrorism takes the effort to stop the scourge of suicide attacks and support the group towards
peace.
Profile Environment
Environment Eminence of
violence
Extent of
Violence
Community
Profile
Relationship
to the
existing
framework
Religious Their range of
terrorist
violence is
unrestricted.
Result: Their
decision of
strategies and
weapons is
unconstrained.
The target
definition is
expensive.
Result: The use
of violence is
indiscriminate
It is insular,
isolated, and
narrow.
Result: It
delivers no
appeals to the
wider audience.
They are
isolated, true
believers.
Result: It is
fully
reconfigured
social order.
Secular Their range of
terrorist
violence is
constrained
Result: Their
decision of
strategies and
weapons is
relatively
constrained.
The target
definition is
focused and
competitive.
Result: There is
relative
discrimination
in the utilization
of violence.
It is
comprehensive
for the
supported
group.
Result: It
demands to
potential or
actual
supporters.
Liberators
Result: It
rebuilt or
restructured
community.
(Jiang and Zhen, 2017)

Terrorism 3
They paid immense attention to activities of violence as differentiated to acts of secular
violence that do occur. It is stated that religious terrorism and secular terrorism are equally
violent. In addition, leaders and religious terrorists have used violence to encourage their own
agendas. The violence committed by people, anti-religious, and governments have been
presented persecutions and violence concentrated on religious supporters. It includes World
War 1, World War 2, and many other political wars. The non-religious people ideology is
normally exploited to influence aggressive activities and conflicts. The secular ideologies will
probably use oppression, manipulation, and violence to use the objectives effectively and
efficiently. It is seen that wars that are secular and specific in nature need no religious
endorsement and support of non-religious ideologies. The approach of Marxism- Leninism
states that it maintains the political vanguard that guides the working class and establishes the
foundation of a secular society. It has maximized the person liberty by safeguarding men and
women to eliminate the terrorism in the society (Trotsky 2018).
Religious Terrorism
Religious Terrorism is a sort of political viciousness, which is encouraged by an absolute
trust and conviction that has commanded and sanctioned terrorist violence for the extended
glory of the faith. The acts are committed in the name of belief and conviction will be
forgiven by the control and rewarded. It is based on goals and motivation that may have a
mostly religious influence or character (Brussels Attacks, 2018).
Terrorist carried out in the sake of the conviction, which has also been an aspect of social
concerns. The believers who involved in conflicts and violence to encourage their conviction
to surround the histories of individuals, nations, empire, and civilizations surround the
histories of individuals, nations, and civilizations. It has been examined that various religious
terrorists are stimulated by concerns, others strive to maintain the majority of their belief, and
others are encouraged by an aggressive combination of these inclinations. The religious
terrorism can be revolutionary, genocidal, or communal. It is depending upon one’s
perception that whether there is often debate about whether the agents, which should be
classified as religious freedom fighters or terrorists (Sam Coates, 2018).
Iraq in context
Multi factional dispute

Terrorism 4
The religious terrorism between Iran against Israel during the Lebanese War, which
strengthens the Hezbollah to acquire over 100,000 long distance rockets, coastal defenses
system, and antitank weaponry. The Israeli Defence Forces also have enhanced their
infrastructure, which improved striking firepower, ground maneuverabilities, and
intelligence. These enhancements have led to the religious terrorism among Iran’s proxy,
which is getting more intense and it continued to attack the southern regions. In compared to
secular terrorism, it has been seen that the dispute war has been commenced in Iraq and
leaders have come out to military support and provide training to troops (Coadγ, 2004).
Security Issues
These assertions about religious terrorism tend to concentrate on one particular motivation in
which groups utilize violence to destroy the lives of the common people. The main problem
is most Iraqi Sunnis incorporate the integration of Shia militias into the Iraqi security forces
and attack by the ISF in civilian areas. There is an increased representation in ISF alienated,
who felt marginalized by the regime and feel protected by the security and tribal insurgent
groups for society. In secular terrorism, it mitigates the religiously motivated terrorism,
which is generating a problem in the whole world. Lack of political will hold central
government forces and militias, which are responsible for deliberate killings and abductions,
have been a long-standing concern around the country (Cornish, 2009).
Regional Insecurity
It is stated that secular terrorism consists of groups that utilize terrorism to strive for
autonomy from a military force. It is known to be one of the most unstable territories in the
world in which the perspective of instability and insecurity have to be in an unstable position
with a depressing future. On the other hand, religious terrorism focus on maintaining terrorist
groups. This part considers the national political crises in Iraq security issues. It is a national
focus of Iraq on one state attempting to safeguard the interests at the international level. In
the realist perspective, it is seen that two basic aspects of national safety and security are
deliberated that to be maintained at all cost (Drennan, Shane, and Andrew Black, 2007).

Terrorism 5
Regional Security issues
Iraq has been facing some regional security issues, which will involve a restricted number of
U.S. military personnel, which works under our group, and receiving protections in naval as
well as air defense. It includes some security issues, which are discussed below-
 Religious terrorists present regional security issues by utilizing sacred texts and
historical textures, which is not present in secular terrorism. In contrast to secular
terrorism, it encourages a culture of limitations that restrict the range of vicious acts.
 The Iraq people have been extremism, which involves Iranian-backed militant groups
and Al- Qaeda in Iraq, which will continue to deliver and bring out high-profile
attacks. They have been active against backed militants groups and help in
maintaining the capabilities Office of Security Cooperation (OSC).
 There is been a conflict among political blocs, Kurds, Sunnis, and others, as in a
democracy, which faces many ranges of competing agendas. It has been demonstrated
that certain diplomats assist in developing the formation of the government. It takes
time to resolve all the issues, as Iraq’s political leadership needs to be strong and
committed towards them (Brunnée, Jutta, and Stephen, 2018).
 They have been closing the gaps in Iraq’s external defense, which require support in
air defense and logistics. Their commitment is to develop its external defense skills
and develop a training relationship.
 The religious terrorist groups have focuses on piqué religious objectives for which
they are fighting and the Iranian regime has affected the future of Iraq and progresses
its regional determinations. On the other hand, the secular terrorist act defines the
regional security issues and generate a religious government as it has been seen that
destabilization actions create a substantial threat to Iraq (Emigh, 2004).
Iraq has been going through difficult times and emerged stronger and even stronger that is
most representative and progressively responsive to the needs and preferences to the people.
It is to be done to counter those people seek to generate instability and maintains the
institutions of a representative government (Ušiak and Jaroslav, 2018).
Case Study
With the U.S., assault of Iraq and the insurgency that followed connects with many aspects of
religion’s role in war and conflict. It is seen that one of the most substantial parts is to be

Terrorism 6
understood is to how outreach to religious freedom fighters contributed to constraining
secular violence. The United States primarily concentrates on secular exiles such as Ahmed
Chalabi for the matter of political leadership, who were undermined and marginalized by
transactional associations and indigenous religious forces. The Iraqi people that developed
from overtime did not incorporate representation carrying out sectarian violence. It has been
demonstrated that U.S. and coalition actions succeeding Iraq represent the importance of both
national and international religious factors concerning over Iranian influence and Al-Qaeda
attempted to mobilize people regarding competition and violence. It has been seen that Iraq
has been a center of Islamic civilization since older times, as its existence as an independent
political entity. As it is seen that secular terrorism and religious terrorism is equally violent
but they should support every religion which teaches to stop the war and generate peace
(Butler and Lord Robin, 2004).
It is seen that the U.S-led invasion in 2003, the United States worked diligently with Iran
exiles in the hopes of advancing a secular political force to catalyze democratization in the
country. In addition to the objective of establishing a religious terrorist group, Al-Qaeda will
contravene the state borders and spread its ideology. On the other hand, the secular groups
through peaceful measures indicate the international security concerns to the U.S. It will also
encourage a particular interpretation and maintain internal instability. The interim and
provisional Iraqi governments deliberated his secularist outreach. The U.S. operates Coalition
Provisional Authority (CPA) made up a council made up of Iraqis. This progressive
government restored Iraqi independence was projected to develop parliamentary elections
and political institutions. There were also prominent attacks conducted against religious
leaders, civilian, and indigenous people, which are mainly committed by Al-Qaeda (Sageman
and Marc, 2014).
Secularism concentrates upon connecting Iraqi, U.S. military, and government officials along
with religious leaders. It has been documented to provide a step ahead of committed religious
leaders to demonstrate support, condemn violence, and contradict terrorism for unity and
constitution. It generated a strong sense of conflicts and wars among the Iraq population
towards the Shi and Sunnis. They committed to protect and support from the Iraq army and
other militants. Religious terrorism depends upon the goals and motivations and has a
progressively impact on other people. On the other hand, secular terrorism presents their
views on separating from religion without criticizing convictions of people (Ogbonna,
Chidiebere and José, 2017).

Terrorism 7
This resulted in several concerns and capability for self-government with military and
technical experience. It also resulted in the dismissal of political and legal powers because of
its predominant power. Finally, Kurdish political interests have also attained authority and
primarily focussed on securing the position. This becomes problematic as Kurdish involved
in sectarian violence, which is seen among them, as they desire power and regional
autonomy. Terrorism aimed at ethnic cleansing, which is diverse from non-ethnicity and
determines that religious terrorist groups carried up the Muslim people to corrupt the
ethnicity of faith. On the other hand, secular terrorism generates religious law and doctrine
and remove people, which have a diverse belief about terrorism. In addition to that, initially,
the U.S. makes efforts to develop a representative government and affect the political
process. The secular violence develops a strong presence in the representative government
and more successful and powerful (Heger, Lindsay and Jung, 2017).
It is seen that the religious terrorism attempted to mobilize Iraqi Sunnis and dominate to
attain support and assistance from the U.S. This led to appeal to some limitation, actions and
rhetoric to conduct violent severe attacks against Iraqi civilians. On the other hand, secular
terrorism ultimately facilitated and organized militants groups which are empowered in post-
invasion because of their role in providing and delivering social services and maintaining the
support from outside parties. They were focused on the universally respected leader that
could be approached by the United States. One of the international factors, which influence
the U.S. post-invasion, was focussed on policymakers in the U.S. The group attempted to
utilize the U.S. invasion of Iraq in order to mobilize followers and popularity (Sheriff, Uke,
and Adams, 2015).
International Networks
It is seen that now they are focussing on building the international network and stop
influencing people to develop religious terrorism and promote to maintain the belief of
people. The international and regional balances were seemed to be different during the Iraq
and Vietnam wars. It is to be demonstrated that during the cold war, the U.S. focus on allied
armed support. The United States intervention in Iraq was considered by freedom of action
and its military sovereignty was internally contested. Then also, the Soviet Union and China
were assisting the Vietnamese socialists by delivering them a technological improvement.
The religious terrorist groups target beyond the borders and support domestic regimes.
Islamic militants support Pakistani regime, which aimed at affecting secular groups. On the

Terrorism 8
Iraq case, Saddam Hussein military strength has nearly gained military support from external
factors (Neumayer, Eric, and Plümper, 2016).
The political objective between the Vietnam and Iraq trying to maintain the non-communist
status quo and stated their attention to Iraq in order to generate a model for the rest of the
nations in the Middle East (Byman and Daniel, 2015). It has been seen that the U.S. wanted
to develop the regime, by compelling to stop its military involvement in Vietnam. The effort
taken by militants should be well organized and massive against the skilled economy. The
war on Iraq was indicated as a war against terrorism, which is led by Al-Qaeda, which
condemned the U.S. The main American war aims to secure the credibility of U.S. defense
assurances all over the world. They are a commitment to help the people of Iraq to fight
aggression from the North. They should equally support secular terrorism as in order to
secure Iraqi’s achievement of biological weapons competence, which could threaten them in
the future (Gilson and Julie, 2018).
US, UK and Russian influence in Iraq
It is stated that to the ideological underpinning of the terrorism, they should motivate culture,
convictions, beliefs, and revolutionary groups. It strives to maintain the secular thinking of
the groups which are influencing war. The terrorist organizations have reaped the
globalization process to enhance their operations. It is been seen there is an enhanced risk that
many terrorist groups will advance the capability to bring out attacks that will tend to death.
Coming attacks are probably to be related to those in Mombasa and Bali, and it is expected
that suicide attacks will be the desired attacks in Europe and the United States. There is no
doubt that the world civilized nations are cooperatively fighting against terrorism will control
the future course of global associations. The shakes are exceedingly high in a war and if the
United Nations Security Council is incapable to arrive at a major consensus for eliminating
the limitation of mass destruction of Iraq (Pillar and Paul 2018).
It is to be noted that in a world of values and morals, they should support to stop wars and
terrorism so that every people can live with peace. In this context, Christian activists target
secular and immoral state. On the other hand, religious terrorist groups utilize violence to
attain a goal and objective (Long, James, Daniel, Susan and Michael, 2015). The United
Nations served a series of resolutions, which demands the disarmament of Iraq over the past
time. The United Nations failed to impose an efficient and acceptable solution as the

Terrorism 9
organization risk becoming inappropriate in maintaining the course of global affairs. There
has been a substantial threat in unilateral associations among the United Nations, China,
Europe, and Russia as a result war of Iraq. It is predicted that the issue that has risen in
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) in which Germany and France conflict to a U.S.
led war against Iraq. Their capability is to protect Turkey against attack in the war. They
attempt to maintain a counterweight to Germany, U.S., and France power in shattering
cooperation so that the Soviet Union could not destroy (Dawson, Lorne and Amarnath, 2017).
The religious terrorism is uniquely diverse from secular terrorism, which destroys the world
of the creation of religious government. On the other hand, secular terrorism suggests the
utilization of WMD with damage to property and legitimacy by their followers. The United
States will probably turn into a dominant military power in the region and pursue direct
action. This could result in a more meaningful influence on the conflicts and embrace the key
to a different perspective of the United States (Turner and John, 2015). In this method,
continued pursuit of its nuclear ambitions maintains a strong reaction from the U.S. As
compared to other countries, such as Saudi Arabia is under so much pressure to revise their
system of governing from administrative sources applied from U.S. anti-terror coalition of
countries (Hultman, Lisa, and Dursun, 2017).
Therefore, religious terrorism presents targets that maintain other religious values and
cultures, which is concerned with destruction. The war against Iraq will also generate a
prominent role in American’s future foreign policy. In the case of Russia, the United States is
now turn-off into religious forces. The United States is more motivated to accept as a regional
security concern (Bradshaw, Samantha, and Laura, 2018). The secular terrorism aimed at
eradicating terrorism from this out of the world and encourage to use the power in the
promotion of peace and harmony, not in the war. It is been demonstrated that Russia is
possible to get advantage from an enhanced share of the international oil market once the war
is over. It will also benefit from improved commercial and social connections with the United
States (Park, Johann, and Valentina, 2017).
Implications
It has been demonstrated that since the cold war, the prospects and problem of the religion
have enhanced attention and recognition from global politics and foreign policy. The
interactions among the main powers i.e. China, United Kingdom, Japan, and United States is

Terrorism 10
increased to a vast extent and renewed relationship in an uncertain and vibrant context (Boyle
and Michael, 2015). It has been an emerging challenge to maintain the gap among the foreign
policy and rich comparative. On the other hand, the wider world of global relations needs to
be stronger on defense religious policies. The terrorist groups and institutions struggling from
colonial upbringing are seeking an effort to maintain the nation-wide system and respect
every individual and oriented towards universal change (Bader, Benjamin, Tassilo, and
Michael, 2015).
The contribution made by the theoretical insights of global relations needs to be more closely
connected with the difficult and complex reality of the secularism. They should maintain the
gap to bear the international economics and politics of the region (Goldman, Ogen and
Michal, 2017).
On the second aspect, international relations should be maintained, which are deeply rooted
in the traditions of Western traditions. The concern is regarding the prospects of political
instability. It delivers the mosaic of diverse cultures, rapid political change, shifting power
balances, political regime, and historical perspective. It is said that it is not surprising that
some people maintain international relations as a matter of war or rivalry. They should
cooperate with every person to eliminate the terrorism of every type and participate in
developing a secular society (Gill, Paul, John, and Paige, 2014).
It is possible to imagine territorial disputes, economic war or conflicts, nationalist
resentments, and security concerns(Oliver, Tim, and Michael, 2016). The key supporting
areas, which develop the region, are Japan, China, the United States, and the United
Kingdom. It is stated that groups that motivate terrorism are treated as criminals and for their
law enforcement, they are punishable for the future. China is the supporting and rising power,
which transforms its national economics and politics, and maintains the recognition and
respect by other major powers. The United States is the leading power and having the
formidable presence in the region, which builds the commitment of the Soviet Union. This
focuses to make effort about the prospects for maintaining stability and relationship build on
economic relations (Heng and Yee-Kuang, 2018).
They seem to overcome the hatred of the nation’s regional cooperation and political
reconciliation. The main objective of regional power and control is to understand the diverse
perceptions, which is the most critical source of war. The state-society relations and political
economy are making it difficult for the nations to adjust to transforming economic

Terrorism 11
circumstances. They continue to hold the power of potential for international conflicts that
result from competing for territorial claims, and promoting the cooperation among the United
States (Rich, Ben, and Dara, 2015).
Conclusion
It has been concluded that religious terrorism, concentrates on attacks and war, which targets
women and children and in turn impact the whole economy. It will also lead to utilization of
terrorism in the name of religion. On the other hand, secular terrorism promotes the
utilization of peace and harmony among all people in the world. They should take immediate
steps to eradicate the use of power as it is a big threat to the economy. The people of modern
Iraq have long lived in situations of insecurity and instability under the oppression of Saddam
Hussein. It has been stated that there is a long line between religious groups and ethnic
groups, which seemed as non-negotiable. With the passing of the Hussein, government
compels the religious groups involving Shi, Al-Qaeda, and Sunnis, which competed for
ideational and political democracy.
It was continued to meet semi-annually as Iraq continues to fight along the indefinite path of
peace and stability. The Mahdi Army committed to various violent uprisings, which were
followed by the coalition’s forces and government. The political forces tied with the Mahdi
Army participated in the parliamentary elections, which have developed as a substantial
force. The group is part of the United Iraqi Association, which has performed well in
parliamentary elections. Therefore, it is attempted to undermine the U.S. position, develop
supplies, and opposed AQI actions to take control of the political process of the country.
They should make a decision to support and make a democratic political system to reject
secularism in the country.

Terrorism 12
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