Renewable and Waste Energy: Potential Sustainable Energy Sources in Oman

This paper provides a concept of potential sustainable energy sources in the place like Oman, and usage of factors in Oman for producing energy. The assignment covers tidal and biomass energy. Oman needs to take into consideration to make a shift to using renewable sources of energy due to limited reserves with rising demand. By switching to an alternate source of energy there would be a reduction in pollution and climate change. With the rapid increase in usage of renewable energy by the year 2030, energy has been saved by USD 4.2 trillion per year widely in most of the world.

RENEWABLE AND WASTE ENERGY
STUDENT NAME:
STUDENT ID:
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Executive Summary
With the constant rise in demand of energy, there is depletion in the non-renewable
energies. Oman’s consumption of energy has steadily increased over the years. The day is not far
when we would have only sustainable sources of energies to look out for to survive. In this
paper, we are providing a concept of potential sustainable energy sources in the place like Oman,
and usage of factors in Oman for producing energy. The assignment covers tidal and biomass
energy. Oman needs to take into consideration to make a shift to using renewable sources of
energy due to limited reserves with rising demand. Significant type of energy such as tidal
energy can be found in the part of Southern Oman in its coastal areas. The usage of tidal energy
in Oman is considered to be insignificant in comparison to other resources of energy in Oman.
The sector of biomass is having the potentiality to grow without having an impact on the
agricultural land and environment if it is done in a sustainable way.
By switching to an alternate source of energy there would be a reduction in
pollution and climate change. With the rapid increase in usage of renewable energy by the year
2030, energy has been saved by USD 4.2 trillion per year widely in most of the world. Biomass
offers significant benefits to the environment and consumers including improvement in forest
health, by protecting quality of air, and by offering a dependable renewable energy resource. A
Power Plant of Biomass has the capacity to generate electricity for 110,000 people
approximately. Further, it is very effective for carbon reduction compared to other conventional
power plants. With its strong existing resources, Oman is having an opportunity of establishing
itself in a strong position through which the professional provision in demonstration and capacity
of monitoring the international technology providers are also carried forward for making further
development in relevant technologies. The success of renewable energy deployment by the
government of Oman’s is depending on how appropriately the regulatory policies, financing
sources and fiscal incentives are being implemented
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction..................................................................................................................................4
2. Evaluation of the case..................................................................................................................6
2.1 Identification of issues related to renewable energy..............................................................6
2.2 Evaluation of Current Renewable Energy Technologies.....................................................10
2.3 Importance of Biomass management...................................................................................14
2.4 Possible solution for Biomass energy..................................................................................15
2.5 Discussion on finding...........................................................................................................15
3. Recommendation.......................................................................................................................17
4. Conclusion.................................................................................................................................17
Reference list.................................................................................................................................19
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1. Introduction
Natural resources, essential non-renewable resources are depleting at an alarming pace.
In this alarming situation, the time is not too far when there will be a shortage of non-renewable
energy and it requires looking forward towards renewable energy. These renewable energy
sources are such energy sources that are reproduces by infinite amount by the recurrence process.
The most common examples include wind, solar, geothermal, tidal, biomass, and hydropower.
Research background
Renewable sources have no tendency to run out as an infinite amount of energy
comes from the natural resources such as sunlight, wind, tidal force and biomass. Using
renewable energy helps to save money long term. There is no refuelling cost in case of producing
energy from these above-mentioned natural sources. With less emission of harmful particles such
as greenhouse gases into the air, there’s a decrease in air pollution, thereby preserving the
environment.
Research aim
The research aims to examine the efficiency and potential of renewable energy so that
adverse effect of non-renewable energy can be minimised positively.
Research objectives
 To understand the importance of renewable energy
 To examine the efficiency of renewable energy over non- renewable energy
 To evaluate the potential of bio-mass energy and tidal energy
 To develop an effective strategy to utilise the potential of renewable energy
Problem statement
In this paper, it is going to reflect the use of renewable energy sources in Oman.
The study attempts to review two of major energy resources that include tidal energy and
biomass energy. Tidal energy is used to generate hydropower from a huge amount of tides.
Moreover, from living plants it can be possible to generate biomass energy that can be used as a
natural source of fuel. The paper covers an overview of potential renewable energy in Oman to
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understand the concept of renewable energy in Oman. Tidal energy is considered to be reliable
and thus the energy source with higher density impacts the environment in limit. Due to
consecutive growth in population, the demands for energy consumption are also increasing along
with the increase in air pollution drastically. With a potentially and capacity, Oman has been
observed in bringing development in usage of tidal energy. The renewable energy resources that
are consumed form the source of sun are termed as Biomass energy. It is well known that plant
can capture energy from the source of sun light for processing its food. It is observed that after
burning plants the energy stored by them is released hence it is considered a small biomass
energy battery. In this process, biomass resources act like a small battery that stores power of
solar energy.
Significance of research
. A Power Plant of Biomass has the capacity to generate electricity for 110,000 people
approximately. Further, it is very effective for carbon reduction compared to other conventional
power plants. With its strong existing resources, Oman is having an opportunity of establishing
itself in a strong position through which the professional provision in demonstration and capacity
of monitoring the international technology providers are also carried forward for making further
development in relevant technologies. The success of renewable energy deployment by the
government of Oman’s is depending on how appropriately the regulatory policies, financing
sources and fiscal incentives are being implemented.
Oman is having higher potentiality of generating energy resources of renewable nature.
Along with that it also generates tidal; energy, offshore energy and energy from wind. The
offshore structure installed by Oman for the purpose of generating energy is environment
friendly. It is understood by the discussion that for future development of energy, the tidal
energy and wind energy concept should be known by the producer of energy. Oman was having
subsidiary of energy generator of $2.63 billion in the year 2013. Energy generated from the
renewable resources is having high potentiality of saving money. The final consumers of energy
are observed as paying half of the cost that has been incurred while generating energy (Chaichan
et al. 2016). In the year 2015, Oman was having such subsidies in total of 450 million rails
amounting to $ 1.17 million. The direct or indirect cost that has been incurred by the government
of Oman while generating electricity was $4.30 billion. As per the statistic information of
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OPWP, it has been identified that Oman could face and issue of energy deficit by the year 2020
of 2727 MW.
2. Evaluation of the case
2.1 Identification of issues related to renewable energy
The sources of renewable energy are highly reliable hence it can become potentially
cheaper after the development of infrastructure and technologies. Resources such as tidal energy,
solar, hydropower, wind and geothermal energy are renewable. Apart from that the biofuel are
also produced and harvested without using fossil fuel for generation of renewable energy. Non-
renewable resources or energy that are petroleum or coal are needed an expensive exploration or
drilling that can get dangerous. With the rising demand the supply will lessen, hence the price
will rise. Renewable energy is a natural alternate solution to this problem. From the
environmental aspect, renewable energy emits a minute amount of carbon that is helpful in
eliminating the issues that are influencing climatic changes by the usage of fuel (Ecomena.org,
2019). Larger volume of demands for renewable energy are met by the resources such as fossil
fuels that can lead to increase in emission of greenhouse gas and cause harmful changes in
climatic condition. Hence, meeting of energy demand by renewable resource is accurate energy
mix programme that brings improvement in global environment.
Power generation is concerned highly in the sector of renewable energy. Power
generation from this kind of energy is generally depended on the types of natural resources
(Diam.om, 2019). For example, the electricity and power of solar energy could be used only in
the day time when sun is up. Along with energy of sun, the force of wind is needed so that
turbine could spin for generating energy. Hence in the absence of sun energy source and wind,
power generation would limit at zero. On the other side it can be observed that excess of wind
can damage the turbine and energy generator.
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Figure 1: Transition of water level to generate electricity
(Source: Diam.om, 2019)
The constant supply of high power enables the system in working effectively with high
reliability and at lower rate. On the other side, lower quality of energy can have adverse effects
on the grid of power. It can thus result in higher costs and failure of equipment. Some of the
renewable sources of energy are not easily available in different regions (Omanobserver.om,
2019). There are most of the issue that can be observed by finding variance between the grid
power and renewable power source with major aspect of energy cost and efficiency. The higher
cost required in the meantime of installation is a major concern of barrier or hurdles in the
renewable energy development. Finally it is concerned that, energy storage systems are highly
expensive and generate a real challenge in production of higher capacity of power.
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Figure 2: Consumption of energy
(Source: Omanobserver.om, 2019)
It has been observed that 80% of the energy in world is obtained from resources like
fossil fuel that are considered as precious non-renewable resources. Hence, it has become of
great importance to develop the strategy of renewable resources. However, for such
achievement, there are further barriers that are needed to overcome. Initially it is vital to generate
energy from renewable source in comparison to traditional source of energy. Secondly, the
energy should be in a consistent and concentrated process so that it could be stocked or
transported widely. Concentrated form of energy is able to meet larger demand of power
consumption. Possibility of transporting concentrated energy by stocking in large amount is
beneficial as energy storage to the areas that are not easily reachable (Semanticscholar.org,
2019). Overcoming to these three barriers could bring upon success to the production of energy.
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Figure 3: Oman’s Energy Expectation by 2030
(Source: Semanticscholar.org, 2019)
Figure 4: Number of Systems
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(Source: Omanobserver.om, 2019)
These data implies that Oman is required to focus on several renewable sources of energy that
help in generating electricity or power for sustainable development.
2.2 Evaluation of Current Renewable Energy Technologies
Tides are more predictable than other natural elements, such as wind energy and solar
energy. A tidal generator uses this natural phenomenon to generate electricity. The tidal
electricity generation can be measured through the strength of tidal energy that increases the
demand of tidal energy in Oman. During high tide, water flows from sea to tidal basin through
turbine Thereby producing electricity during low tide water flows from tidal basin to sea through
turbine producing electricity. Once built it produces free energy without much maintenance cost
(Kazem et al. 2016). It needs no fuel and produces electricity reliably with. The volume of water
is unlikely to run out. With the melting of ice caps it would not make much variation as the
Moon is the only influencing factor on the fluctuations. Energy can also be produced from low
wave activity. Installation of Offshore turbines and vertical-axis turbines are not ridiculously
expensive and do not have repercussions on the environment. It provides long-term predictable
form of clean energy.
Biomass is a renewable source of energy that comes from plants and animals. Wood and
garbage can be burned directly to produce heat. Biomass can also be converted into a gas called
biogas and biofuel which can be used as energy. Waste residues will always exist; generating
energy out of it is a sustainable way of conserving energy naturally. Waste is burned to produce
steam that runs a turbine that makes electricity. Whether burning the organic material or
processed raw organic material, organic substance is renewable. Afforestation ensures this finite
availability resource (Al-Maamary et al. 2017). Flexibility of source is an advantage for this
renewable energy. Different topography is suitable for different crop, so this energy can be
generated from all crop type that is organic. Anything organic will burn and produce energy.
Biomass that is produced in a shorter radius will have a much lower carbon footprint for having
eliminated the transportation process of getting fuel from source to consumer, thereby increasing
the energy security. New technologies and pollution control measures have brought down
harmful emissions.
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Renewable energy usually refers to those energies that do not pollute the environment,
available in abundance and that can be recycled in nature. Apart from traditional form of
renewable energy there’s tidal energy and biomass energy (Azam et al. 2018). These energy
sources do not add to climate change as they reduce dependence on fossil resources by focusing
on energy efficiency in natural ways. Encouraging the sourcing of renewable energy is an
effective way to reduce carbon emissions.
Figure 5: Source of Renewable energy
(Source: Kamranzad et al. 2016)
There is significant possibility to set up such sources to generate energy in Oman to satisfy the
domestic and industrial energy needs of Omanis. Electricity demand in Oman has increased from
2,773 MW in 2007 to 4,634 MW in 2013 with an approximate growth by 9% due to the
accelerated growth in Oman (Kamranzad et al. 2016).
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Figure 6: Demand for renewable energy
(Source: Al-Maskari et al. 2017)
The importance of reducing society's dependence on non-renewable energy sources is
urgent especially due to the world’s energy crisis. Oman has taken into consideration the
alternatives to fossil fuel. Oman has adopted and developed policy instruments carries and
sustains implementation of renewable energy projects across the Sultanate on a small, medium
and large-scale. Oman ensures secure and safe energy supplies for meeting their goal of reducing
CO2 emission energy production. The government’s firm commitment is required towards
continuous development for country’s sustainable resources. The interest of using biomass as an
energy source has increased and estimated to reach 15–50% of world primary energy by 2050.
The Oman biomass sector has the potential to expand without harmfully affecting the food
resources and environment (Al-Maskari et al. 2017). Greater recovery of wood from woodlands
makes a significant contribution to Oman energy resource. Oman is expanding its production of
sustainable biofuel. Four biogas plants, which will produce energy from more than half a million
tonnes of food waste, are set to be built in Oman. Food waste in Oman alone accounts for
approximately 560,000 tonnes produced in households.
Oman has a long coast and taken in consideration that most of the cities and population
living near the coast. Tidal power is relatively prosperous at low speeds. Water has one thousand
times higher density than air and tidal turbines can generate electricity at speeds as low as 1m/s,
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or 2.2mph. In contrast, most wind turbines begin generating electricity at 3m/s-4m/s, or 7mph-
9mph (Choi and Song, 2017).
Using the energy of the waves to rotate an underwater power turbine and generate
electricity is one of the sources of renewable energies. There has been some scientific study of
internal waves in the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman through the use of satellite imagery. This
type of energy is depending on the depth of the ocean. The maximum depth of the Arabian Sea is
approximately 4652 m (Tran and Smith, 2018). Because of the depth of Arabian Sea and Gulf of
Oman we expect that there is possibility to find feasible OTEC energy in Oman (Azam and
Abushammala, 2017). The offshore grid system connection is also 15-20% therefore; this could
be cheaper in Oman because deep water is close to the shoreline.
2.3 Importance of Biomass management
Waste management plays an important role in utilise available resources to enhance
business reputation, and resource recovery through proper utilisation of products. There are
several techniques methods that have been used in waste management such as landfill and
chemical treatment of wastage. On the contrary, there are number of methods and techniques that
are used under waste management to reuse the products that eventually save the energy and
capital of companies (Campbell and Stanley, 2015, p.15). The importance of waste management
can be understood through exploring benefit of waste management to achieve sustainable
development, which has been highlighted below:
Cost saving
The implementation of waste management helps in save lots of time of companies by
driving business into sustainable development. It supports business in reducing, recycling and
reusing of waste produces during different business operations, which is valuable to company.
The reduction in wastage enable business in improving business performances and customer
performance to assure economic performance of the company can be enhanced gradually.
Resource recovery
This is considered as one of the m major importance of waste management that facilitates
in utilising available resources and products in all possible ways that eventually increase the
profit of business. It enforced management to implement of innovative techniques t dispose the
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wastage in order to reduce the adverse effect on the environment. This approach of waste
management helps in saving natural resources and save space in landfill.
Workplace safety
The storage and disposal of waste are essential aspects of waste management that
facilitates in improving business approach so that feasibility of workplace can be improved as far
as possible. National Waste Policy stated that chemicals and dangerous fumes can be utilised in a
proper way so that associate employees can perform their task vigilantly. This policy also helps
in implementing proper waste management to utilise available resources vigilantly.
2.4 Possible solution for Biomass energy
The three sections are altogether different from one another since people having a place with
every one of them will, in general, vary incredibly on principle conduct drivers of nourishment squander.
In any case, considering the mean qualities for every one of the bunching factors it is obvious that the
absence of anticipating local nourishment planning seems, by all accounts, to be the most critical
obstruction to lessening household sustenance waste to a base. All in all, for every one of the fragments
the low scores on arranging are a sign of the general failure felt by buyers to design their dinners ahead of
time and to compose a week by week menu. Given the pertinence of this nourishment related practices
and the significant job they most likely have in framing as well as taking out different obstacles for
nourishment squander minimization. The potential methods or techniques that can be implemented to
encourage waste management are as follow:
Minimizing excessive packaging
In the case of managing waste products, it can be recommended that the company needs to reduce
the usage of plastic bags while packaging products. The company should try to stop excessive packaging
on customer purchasing. The company needs to promote reusable bags while packaging the products. The
company needs to influence their customers to use reusable bags while purchasing the products. As a
result, it can reduce the usage of plastic bags, which are harmful to the environment.
Introducing recycling methods
The company needs to place recycle bins within their workplace and store. It can be helpful for
the company to recycle waste products through recycling bins. Moreover, the company needs to suggest
their employees and customers throw their wastage to recycle bins rather than a dustbin. The organization
can use balers in order to reduce the size of recyclables or waste products in order to run the recycling
process easily.
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2.5 Discussion on finding
This paper aims to investigate Oman’s stand in using and the future of generating
renewable energy from natural resources. Oman has a strong hold on solar energy generation.
However, there is no such major step has been taken by the government of Oman to replace the
conventional energy generation sources such as oil and gas with the renewable energy sources.
More projects need to plan for developing and generating other sustainable energies to cut down
the dependence on crude oil for generating electricity and help in preserving the environment by
cutting down carbon emissions (Khojasteh et al. 2018). A single renewable power project can
produce around three times more energy for the same amount of generation capacity. Renewable
energy is more reliable, cost efficient, and can be scaled up or down to meet consumer demand.
This study highlights the necessity of implementing renewable energy plant in Oman and several
barriers of implementing the renewable energy project in the mentioned location (Van et al.
2016). Various factors have been pointed out which affect the generation of these energies. It has
been sensed from several studies that; exploitation of conventional energy sources such as fossil
fuel has been supported by the government of Oman. Therefore, the adaptation rate of renewable
energy sources is very slow as compared to other part of the globe. In addition, it has been
sensed that, more than 82% of the respondents are showing their interests to use conventional
energy sources for supplying energy to the power plants and on the other hand, there are 19% of
respondents that are along with the side of setting energy efficiency standards to grab the
renewable energy sources to replace the conventional energy resources (Tran and Smith, 2017).
Renewable energy project development depends on political support as well. Hence, it can be
understood that, in order to empower the use of these renewable energy in this region, there is a
requirement of good amount of support from the local as well as national energy consumption
policies. With strong political backup there’s more possibility of a project to run smoothly.
With dior environmental issues the government should invest more for various projects to
generate energy for the people of Oman. Study has shown that it is essential to use these
renewable energy sources to generate sufficient amount of energy in accordance with the total
energy requirement of the country. Hence, the government needs to take a positive initiative to
encourage the investors to give keen attention to develop renewable energy plants to generate a
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huge amount of required energy. This initiative can also help to reduce the harmful emission of
pollutant particles into the environment due to excessive use of fossil fuels for energy generation
(Larcher and Tarascon, 2015). Moreover, in order to mitigate the problem of limited amount of
conventional energy resources, it is vital to promote the use of renewable energy generation by
implementing such sustainable energy plants. Therefore, there is a requirement of technological
advancement as well as financial support to develop such sustainable energy plants by
considering the initial implementation cost.
3. Recommendation
In near future, there is a huge possibility of developing these renewable energy
generation plants with the advancement of technology and infrastructure by considering the
concerning facts of using conventional energy sources to produce electricity. Hence, it is
essential to give a kick start to implement renewable energy plants across the country to reduce
the use of crude oil as the main resource to generate electricity. It needs to focus and work on
creating Oman’s economy or survive on other renewable sources. Oman is full of natural
resource that can produce required amount of energy from these renewable energy sources.
Therefore, it is required to invest a good amount to foster the project of implementing renewable
energy plant across the country
It can be possible4 to produce a huge amount of renewable energy by using tidal force of
Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman coast. Therefore, there is a huge possibility of generating a huge
amount of hydro energy from this tidal force. Hence, there is a requirement of lots of study to
improve the renewable energy generation from hydro projects. Additionally, it is also
recommended to use advance technologies to implement solar power plant to generate a good
amount of solar energy as a consistent source of renewable energy supply. This can help to giver
a lo9ng-term solution to the energy shortage problem. Moreover, the government of Oman can
develop a plan to import a good amount of biofuel from other countries as a substitute of fossil
fuel.
4. Conclusion
With its resources and infrastructure, by rapid development of technology, Oman has the
capability to provide innovative technology to the world while carrying out further development
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in the field of technology. With more deployment of time, research fund, and required resources
the country can establish breaking ground in this sector. In order to take advantage by
implementing renewable energy plants across the country, Oman has required possibilities,
technology and adequate resources to develop renewable energy project successfully. Hence, it
can help the country to generate a huge amount of employment scope to the local skilled
workforce.
Depending more on own resources would help in cutting down budget in importing
resources. It can be estimated that, in near future due to advancement of technology, the
implementation cost of renewable energy plants can be reduced by certain amount. Therefore, it
seems beneficial in terms of both the economy and environment to use these energy sources. In
order to promote the use of renewable energy to meet the industrial as well as residential energy
requirement, the government of Oman has set the “Oman Vision 2020”. Therefore, with this
vision, Oman has strengthened their position in the world energy sector with their high capability
of generating a huge amount of energy from these renewable energy sources by busing advance
technology.
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Appendices
Appendix 1: Intensity of energy at different level
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