Impact of Monetary Policy on Banking Sector

This assignment explores the multifaceted impact of monetary policy on the banking sector. It delves into how instruments such as interest rate adjustments and reserve requirement changes influence bank lending, profitability, risk-taking behavior, and overall financial stability. The analysis considers various theoretical frameworks and empirical evidence from different economies, highlighting the complex interplay between monetary policy and banking sector dynamics.

Running head: FINANCIAL MARKET
Financial Market
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

1FINANCIAL MARKET
Table of Contents
Table of Contents.............................................................................................................................1
Introduction......................................................................................................................................2
Money Market Behavior..................................................................................................................3
Behavior of Singapore Money market in the next six months........................................................5
Expected Inflation rate.................................................................................................................6
Loan able fund theory..................................................................................................................7
Sources of Funding......................................................................................................................7
Gross Profit......................................................................................................................................8
Money market Instruments..............................................................................................................9
Risks & Obstacles..........................................................................................................................11
Currency risk and Obstacles that are likely to occur.....................................................................11
References......................................................................................................................................13

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Executive Summary
The main aim of this report is to showcase the analysis concerning Singapore’s economic
outlook and using it to supplement the investment strategies which is given from the data the
expected variation in the interest rate of the country Singapore. This report is prepared to provide
a analysis which shows how money interest rates can affect the money market in the Singapore
Bank. The report shows the impact of interest rates on the Bank for the last three years. It will
show the trend in the rise and fall of the interest rates in the Bank.
The report shows the findings and the forecasting for the Singapore’s interest rates in the
next six months. It provides various strategies that the Singapore Overseas Bank shall undertake
to combat the risks. These are the strategies which are predicted by the Singapore Inter Bank
Offer Rate.
In order to conclude we can say that the report helps to know and predict how interest
rate causes the risks and benefits to the bank in Singapore and how the Singapore Overseas Bank
will maximize its profit from the situation in the Singapore current economic situation. In order
to discuss and have a thorough overview the risk involved from the proposed strategy is
discussed and it is also discussed how to overcome the situation.

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Introduction
The report deals with the money market scenario in the Singapore. After analyzing that
we are the money market dealing team and is working for a reputed Singapore Overseas Bank.
Through the analysis and presentation of the historical data for the last three years is has been
found out that the interest has been constant during the year 2014 and 2015 but it has fluctuated
during the second half of 2016.Tis situation due to the reason because the United States Federal
Reserve decided to increase the interest rate and thereby it had impacted on the interest rates of
Singapore thereby resulted in the increase in the interest rates in the Singapore Overseas Bank.
In this report it has been described about the Singapore money market behavior and our
team will analyze and predict the Singapore interest for the next six months. Based o the
prediction and analysis, strategies are made and implemented and which forecast the risk
involving those strategies and hoe the bank will ultimately maximize its profit in the scenario
taking in the factor posed by money market (Bruno and Shin, 2015).

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Money Market Behavior
2013 2014 2015 2016
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Interest Rate
Series 1
Figure: Interest Rate Analysis
Source: (Kuttner and Shim, 2016).
In the above figure it shows that there has been increase in the interest rate in the year
2105 and 2016.The interest rate has been low in the first two years but it has considerably raised
in the year 2015 and then in 2016.Thus the interest rate in the year 2016 was 1%.Although
currently the interest rates has been 0.5%..It has been found out that the interest rates increased
due to the increases in interest rate by the United States Federal Reserve decision to keep the
interest rate from 0.25% to 0.5%.
Since there was a rise in the US interest rate which has weaken the Singapore dollar rate
against the United States rates. Thus it has been seen that the Singapore rates has fallen1.8%
against the US rates. The higher the interest rate the higher will be the value of that particular
country.

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The Singapore interbank rate is use as a bench mark for the using to predict the rate of
mortgage loan and the lending rates. In the near times it has been seen that the US rates have
been increased which eventually depreciated the value of Singapore dollar.
Behavior of Singapore Money market in the next six months
2008 2010 2013 2105 2016
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
YEAR2
INTEREST OF SIBOR
Figure: Singapore interbank offered rate
Source: (Al-Majali and Al-Assaf, 2014).
The SIBOR has fallen and the US interest rates have increased. The major causes for the increase
in the interest rates are as follows.
 The US economy has made a attempt which have made the Central Bank of USA to
reduce their monthly purchase of USA Government bonds. With this strategy the money

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has been limited in the bank and the banks charge higher interest rates from the
borrowers (Turner, 2014).
 The strength of USD is much higher than the strength of the Singapore dollar which have
resulted in the stable Singapore dollar rates. Thus there has been a rapid increase in dollar
and therefore a fall in SIBOR.
 In order to remain competitive the ASEAN have reduced the volatility of the SGD
against Singapore dollar.
Expected Inflation rate
JULY JUNE MAY APRIL MARCH FEB
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Rates
Rates
Figure: Inflation Rate
Source: (Papadamou, Sidiropoul and Spyromitros,2014).
We predict that the interest rate will increase in the next six months. There has been a rise
in the interest rate in the years. There has been a increase in the interest rate which shows a

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increase I the value of the economy. The inflation rate is expected to increase with time. We will
predict that there will be a rise in the inflation rate that will rebound the Singapore’s deflation
Loan able fund theory
There is an inverse relationship between the loan able funds and the interest rates since
there is a direct relationship between the loan able funds and the interest rates.
As the interest rate in the Singapore is expected to rise then the demand will fall. The
loan able funds will rise and the higher interest encourages loans and the business will supply
funds (Van Leuvensteijn et al, 2013).
Sources of Funding
Singapore Treasury Bills (T-Bills)
T-bills are a form of instrument in the money market issued by the Monetary Authority
of Singapore (MAS). The minimum requirement for investment is S$1000 using cash or CPF
savings. Once every 3 months, the MAS will put up the auction on a Monday on SGS website as
well as the newspaper. Since T-bills are regarded as risk-free and highly liquid, the interest paid
out usually pales in comparison to other form of investments. Although the rates are usually
consistent from year to year, factors such as macroeconomic conditions and monetary policies of
the country will still play a part in determining the rise of fall of the interests. The pricing of T-
bills are also influenced by the level of investor’s confidence such that demand would rise during
recessions and vice-versa.
Example of a Sum
A sum of $50m will be used for Overnight Cash with a predicted amount of 950 transactions
with the Bid and Offer Rate for Trusty Bank’s Overnight Transactions are stated below.

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Bid Rate (%) Offer Rate (%)
0.76 0.98
Simple Interest Formula: I = PV x I x T
I= interest rate
T = no. of days/365
Gross Profit
$301.38 x 950 = $286311
As given, the anticipated profits after calculations over the period of 6 months will be $286,311.
Instrument Maturity Target Market Role of
Trading
Capital
Required
Strategy
Fixed Deposit 12
months
MNCs &
Consumers
Borrower (sell) SGD$ 100 m Price
Making
Fixed term
loan
3 months MNCs &
Consumers
Lender SGD$ 50 m Price
Making
Overnight 6 months MNCs & Lender SGD$ 50 m Speculation

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Repo Consumers
Banks in Singapore
Banking firm, a monopolistic bank faces a downward-sloping demand for loans and an upward-
sloping supply of deposits (Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2013). The spread between the loan rate and
the deposit rate depends on the size of the interest elasticity of demand for loans and the interest
elasticity of supply for deposits. A bank will change its deposit or prime rate only if the existing
deposit or loan rate diverges from the profit-maximizing rate as a result of a given change in the
money market rate. The amount and speed with which the deposit or loan rate will change will
depend on the change in the optimal rate relative to the size of the adjustment cost. Flannery
(1982) has shown that banks face significant adjustment costs in the retail deposit market as they
seek to attract and maintain "core deposits". The recent literature on relationship lending by
banks focuses on the high cost of investment incurred by lenders to counteract international
asymmetries presented by borrowers and the effort to establish long-term relationships as a way
of overcoming the problem (Ma, Xiandong and Xi,2013).
Money market Instruments
1. Bills of Exchange - The Bills of Exchange can be used to do the following:
2. Facilitate international trade (trade bills)
3. Raise finance (accommodation bills or commercial bills)
4. A bill of exchange is defined as “An unconditional order in writing addressed by one
person to another, signed by the person to whom it is addressed to pay on demand or at a
fixed or determined future time a sum certain in money to or to the order of a specified
person(s).”( Benes et al,2015).It involves about three parties that is the Drawer
(borrower) and the Acceptor/ Drawee /Guarantor and the Discounter (lender).If the bill

10FINANCIAL MARKET
of exchange is sold in the secondary market, it must be endorsed and in which incurs a
“contingent liability”.
5. Commercial Paper- The commercial paper includes the P – Notes or the commercial
paper. It is essentially called the IOU.The commercial paper is issued by the large
organizations or companies having an excellent credit rating and is having a good capital
structure. Thus the commercial paper is sold and no contingent liability arises a it arises
in the bills of exchange. Thus the commercial bills yields higher than BAB’s (Ghosh,
2016).
6. Treasury Notes- The treasury notes represents the Notes issued by the Government in
order to raise the short term finance. The notes are issued weekly by the tender with
maturity of a period of five, thirteen or twenty six weeks. The treasury notes are accused
to be active in the secondary market amongst the commercial banks (Melvin and Norrbin,
2017).The treasury notes are very liquid instruments and it can be bought and sold by the
Central Bank in this secondary market. Thus the treasury bills have yields lower than the
BAB’s.
7. Certificate of Deposit – The Certificate of Deposit is essentially the promissory notes
that are issued by the banks. The instruments have a maturity of ninety days and one
eighty days. The yield rate which is same as BAB’s.The instrument is usually traded in
the secondary market. It thus have a a minimum denomination which is $ 50000
(Papadamou, Sidiropoulos and Spyromitros, 2017).
8.

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Risks & Obstacles
Before implementing the strategies, we need to consider the vital facts about risk and
obstacles that company could face. The risk factors are dependent upon China and US economy
and the interest rate. As a company operating in Singapore, all companies within Singapore are
exposed to risks presented in Singapore’s environment, as well as some default risks of the
market or industry.
Currency risk and Obstacles that are likely to occur
Singapore has a lot of trade with China and USA. This causes Singapore dollar to be
influenced by the changes of the economies of those countries. Recently, the economic condition
in China causes them the cut their interest rate by 0.25%, and this reduction result in an
instability of currency in Singapore (Bertay, Demirgüç-Kunt and Huizinga, 2013).
1. Interest Rate Risk
Singapore’s relationship with USA both politically and economically presents both
opportunity and risks to companies in Singapore. Singapore’s economy is heavily relied on
USA’s economy. The US government recently increased their interest rate, and this increment
will have an impact on the interest rate in Singapore (Filardo, Genberg and Hofmann, 2016.).
2. Exchange Rate Risk
For companies that have partnered foreign companies will also have to face exchange rate
risk. When two trading companies from different country have a business transaction, at least
one party will have to face the exchange rate risk of dealing with another currency. A slight
change of exchange rate in the market can cause one party to pay more, or receive less (Jamilov
and Égert, 2014).
3. Market Volatility
Specifically for the money market trading strategy, the short term financing create a risk in
volatility of the market. This volatility causes the return to be unstable and there is a possibility
for a company to receive a lesser return at the end of the contract, than as stated during the

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beginning of the contract. The cost of transaction for short term financing of money market
strategy is also more costly compared to other financing instruments.
4. Instrument Risk
This arises when there is adverse condition in the market and there is counterpart default and
credit risk. The money market will consist of the fixed deposits and the treasury bills and the
commercial paper. There is a number of risk then there is less risk due to security and capital
structure. In case there is crisis all over the World the borrowers will have to fail if they buy the
instrument so there is a risk
5. Reinvestment Risk
This risk is of investing in the funds at a lower rate and there the yield will be lower. The
task of managing the reinvestment is very difficult and the short term rates are volatile. In
money market they invest on short term instruments when the yield curve is flat. Since there
money market instruments are very volatile there may be reinvestment risk which needs to be
eliminated.
6. Counterparty Risk
In case of this risk the issuer or the debtor will have the obligation to pay back the
borrowed amount. This will lead the investors to sell off the commercial paper, irrespective
of issuer, selling off indiscriminately. Banks stopped lending to each other, cash markets
froze and multiple counterparties.
7. To manage counterparty risk, RECM only invests in counterparties with strong balance
sheets – and analyses their prudential liquidity requirements, as required by the Reserve
Bank, to identify banks that are facing potential liquidity pressure. RECM Executive
Chairman Piet Viljoen explains: “Even though poor quality counterparties generally pay
higher yields, we generally avoid the
8. Political Risk

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9. There have been a number of steps that has been taken to combat the political risk which
has a implication on the money market. This is due to the reason that the money market
has on the supply of the market. This is due to the fact that has on the supply of the
market and on the exchange risk. The money market players are the large institutional
bodies which have good hold over the market and of the risks involved there are also
interest and also market risks.
10.

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References
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market index and main macroeconomic variables performance in Jordan. European Scientific
Journal, ESJ, 10(10).
Benes, J., Berg, A., Portillo, R.A. and Vavra, D., 2015. Modeling sterilized interventions and
balance sheet effects of monetary policy in a New-Keynesian framework. Open Economies
Review, 26(1), pp.81-108.
Bertay, A.C., Demirgüç-Kunt, A. and Huizinga, H., 2013. Do we need big banks? Evidence on
performance, strategy and market discipline. Journal of Financial Intermediation, 22(4), pp.532-
558.
Brigham, E.F. and Ehrhardt, M.C., 2013. Financial management: Theory & practice. Cengage
Learning.
Bruno, V. and Shin, H.S., 2015. Capital flows and the risk-taking channel of monetary
policy. Journal of Monetary Economics, 71, pp.119-132.
Filardo, A., Genberg, H. and Hofmann, B., 2016. Monetary analysis and the global financial
cycle: An Asian central bank perspective. Journal of Asian Economics, 46, pp.1-16.
Ghosh, A., 2016. How does banking sector globalization affect banking crisis?. Journal of
Financial Stability, 25, pp.70-82.
Jamilov, R. and Égert, B., 2014. Interest rate pass-through and monetary policy asymmetry: A
journey into the Caucasian black box. Journal of Asian Economics, 31, pp.57-70.
Kuttner, K.N. and Shim, I., 2016. Can non-interest rate policies stabilize housing markets?
Evidence from a panel of 57 economies. Journal of Financial Stability, 26, pp.31-44.
Loo, H.T., Ang, H.L., Chan, J.Y., Goh, Y.W. and Tan, S.M., 2017. The Determinants of Credit
Risk in Five Selected Southeast Asian Countries(Doctoral dissertation, UTAR).

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Ma, G., Xiandong, Y. and Xi, L., 2013. China’s evolving reserve requirements. Journal of
Chinese Economic and Business Studies, 11(2), pp.117-137.
Melvin, M. and Norrbin, S., 2017. International money and finance. Academic Press.
Papadamou, S., Sidiropoulos, M. and Spyromitros, E., 2014. Does central bank transparency
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Papadamou, S., Sidiropoulos, M. and Spyromitros, E., 2017. Does central bank independence
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