Financial Analysis and Cash Flow Projection

The provided assignment presents a comprehensive financial analysis example. It includes a breakdown of variable and fixed costs for different production levels, a calculation of cash flow from sales, and projections of net cash flow over several periods. Additionally, it outlines the opening and closing balances, giving a snapshot of financial health across time.

MANAGING FINANCIAL
PRINCIPLES AND
TECHNQUES

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
(a) Different means of categorizing cost and their applications to products and services..........3
(B) Costing system for an organization......................................................................................4
(c) Role of cost in organization pricing decisions and improvements in the costing and pricing
systems........................................................................................................................................5
(d) Process that can reduce cost .................................................................................................6
(e) Appropriateness of activity based costing for identifying full cost.......................................6
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................7
(a) Moving average methodology...............................................................................................7
(b) Good practice to be considered in both construction of master budget and budgetary
monitoring and control ...............................................................................................................7
(c) Conformity of practices with the budget monitoring and control.........................................8
(d) Comparison of budget with actual figures.............................................................................8
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................9
(a) Project evaluation technique .................................................................................................9
(b) Strength and weakness of above appraisal techniques........................................................10
(c) Recommendation on selection of project............................................................................10
(e) Possible source of finance and its advantages as well as limitations..................................11
(f) Post appraisal audit and effectiveness of investment decision-making...............................11
(g) Main difference between investment appraisal techniques of public and private sector
...................................................................................................................................................12
TASK 4 .........................................................................................................................................12
(a) Profitability of company for two years................................................................................12
(b) Recommendation of the firm performance..........................................................................13
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................15
APPENDIX....................................................................................................................................17

INTRODUCTION
Finance is a considered as life blood for every organization and with out it, it business
can notcannot survive in the industry. In the report, financial isuesissues are discussed in detail.
Miramar hotel is located in the Hong Kong and it is a well establishedwell-established hotel in
the mentioned region. It also have has some of the restaurants in specific locations. Finance and
cost both play an important role in the success and failure of an organization. In the present
report, sources of finance are recommended to the firm for the project finance. Along with this,
project evaluation techniques are also applied on the firm cash flows. Apart from this, costs are
classified and there categories are explained in detail in the report. Along with this, costCost
systems are also explained and same for the firm is designed. Relevant to this, cost and price
systems are explained in the report. After that, moving average is calculated and budget is
prepared. By comparing actual figures with budget, variance is identified and possible reasons
for the variance of in results are identified. At the end of the report, gross profit and net profit
ratio is are also calculated and comments on the same is are done.
TASK 1
(a) Different means of categorizing cost and their applications to products and services
Following are the different means of categorizing cost. Some of them are as follows. Fixed cost- It refers to the cost that never gets changed and remains fix during whole life
time of the firm. Miramar ltd is a hotel and restaurant chain in the Hong Kong and it have
has huge facility. Investment that it made makes in for the establishment of machinery in
its plant is the best example of the fixed cost. The cost of same cannot be changed until
the time up to which they are infixed cost is used in the firm. With passage of time, fixed
cost of the firm gets increased. This is because as with passage of time firm increased
increases its production capacity (Zimmerman and Yahya-Zadeh, 2011). In order to
increase production capacity, it is necessary to purchase machines. Hence, fixed cost of
machine remains same but with purchase of new machines, fixed cost of the firms gets
increased and it also applied applies on the firm’s product and services. Variable cost- Variable cost is a cost that keeps on changing continuously. If, production
gets increased then per unit variable cost gets declined. Miramar group is operating as a

restaurant chain in which it provides Chinese, Japanese and South East Asia food items.
Therefore, it needs to import some of the items and need requires to purchase food items
from domestic people. Cost of food items keeps on changing steadily and in recession,
their price is increasing increases continuously. Hence Thus, variable cost of the firm is
changing with passage of time. Hence, this cost apply applies to firm’s product or
services.
 Semi variable cost- Semi variable cost refers to the cost who’s whose some part is fixed
and some part is variable. Part that is fixed always remains same and part that is variable
is vary from time to time (Qian, Burritt and Monroe, 2011). In Miramar group, specific
number of employees are employed and it is a fixed cost. But if, firm employee employs
people above this limit then it will become variable cost because number of labor are
changed in the an organzationorganization. Hence, employee labor cost at Miramar hotel
is a semi variable in nature.
(B) Costing system for an organization
Following are the costing system that can be used in an organization. Job order costing- In job order costing, cost for all the products is measures measured
and recorded separately. This method is employed by the firm when it is producing
multiple products that are different from each other. If, we look at the Miramar group
products then it can be seen that its products are not different and it is providing same
services in its to all its customersbusiness. Hence, this costing system is not appropriate
for the firm. Process costing- Process costing is different from job order costing because in process
costing, the cost for entire process is recorded step by step (Tayler, 2010). For producing
food items, firm is purchasing products from domestic and foreign people. After
purchasing raw products, it process them starts processing and produces finished items.
In this entire process, it uses electricity and performs many steps. Under this costing
system, firm will measure cost for each and every step separately. These costs will also
be recorded separately. After the end of the process, finally entire cost is computed and in
this way, this cost system is used by the Miramar hotel to measure and record cost.

 Activity based costing- In activity based costing, all activities that are performed in
production are identified and cost of these activities is identified also calculated. Finally,
cost of these activities are added in order to find out the final cost of the product.
Miramar hotel can either use process system or it can design a new system under which process
costing and activity based costing system will be added (Scapens and Bromwich, 2010). Under
this new system, all the activities that are performed in the under =process of specific product
production producing specific product will be identified and costing of same will be done. By
adding costs of all the activities of a single process, cost of each and every process will be
identified. After that, costs of these process will be added to find out the entire cost of
production. In this way, new costing system will bring efficiency in the costing operations of the
Miramar hotel.
(c) Role of cost in organization pricing decisions and improvements in the costing and pricing
systems
Cost plays an very important role in the organization’s cost and pricing decisions. This is
because the cost acts as a foundation for the determination of price in case of every firm. With
change in cost, price of the product also gets changed. As per the economics concepts, variable
cost is a cost that keeps on changing continuously. With increase in production, costits of per
unit gets reduced per unit. In the today era, firms are competing with each other on the basis of
price. Hence, in order to win a competition competitive advantage, firms take certain measures to
reduce their cost and to generate economies of scale. Miramar hotel can purchase raw material in
bulk in order to reduce the production cost. Due to purchase in bulk, firm will get discount. This
will generate economies of scale. Hence, cost of production for the firm will be reduced to a
larger extent (Van Helden and Northcott, 2010). Due to reduction in cost, Miramar hotel can
reduce the price of its products. From this, it is clear that cost plays an important role in the
firm’s pricing decisions.
Costing system is an essential system that is used to monitor expenses and to control the
same. It may can be considered as a form of spreadsheet or paper table in which all the costs are
recorded. In order to improve costing system, it is necessary to evaluate complexity of the in the
company’s operations. Along with this, spreadsheet that is used to record expenses also needs to
be evaluated. If, spreadsheet is not as per the complexity of operations then it is possible that all
expenses are not recorded. It may be possible that they are have recorded but not in a proper

manner. Hence, spreadsheet can be modified and under different process, specific expenses can
be recorded. This will help in the segregation of expenses and will also play a supportive role to
process the cost accounting system (Pipan and Czarniawska, 2010). Hence, it can be said that
above mentioned changesthis change in the cost system will play a supportive role to the process
costing system of Miramar hotel.
(d) Process that can reduce cost
There is a concept of economies of scale that is widely used in economics as a discipline.
As per this concept, firms can take many steps that will lead to the reduction in its cost. In this
regard, firm can increase its production capacity. Entire cost of production has two components;
one is fixed and one is variable. When, production gets increased the then proportion of both the
components of cost get reduced as per the unit produced. Hence, Miramar can increase its
productivity in terms of services and food items. In respect to this, it can launch new food items.
Due to all these efforts, people consumption level of service will be increased at Miramar hotel
and economies of scale will be generated. Hence, per unit cost will be reduced reduce and
profitability of the Miramar hotel will get increased. Food production includes purchase
purchasing of raw items and its processing at the workplace. Hence, purchase can be divided in
to these two parts (Merchant, 2010). In the first stage of process, Miramar hotel can purchase
raw items in large quantity and at different rates. This will lead to adjustment in cost. Besides
this, due to purchase in bulk, firm will get discount. This will lead to savings in save cost. Thus,
by doing this, cost of process food production can be reduced by the Miramar.
(e) Appropriateness of activity based costing for identifying full cost
Activity based costing is an appropriate method for identifying full cost. This is because
in this method, cost is computed by calculating cost of each and every activity. After doing so,
all these costs are added back in order to compute final cost of the product. This method is
appropriate for identifying full cost because in this, all the activities that are performed to
produce a product are considered in calculation. Thus, by employing this method, cost can be
calculated in an accurate manner (Lambert and Sponem, 2012). Due to this reason, activity based
costing system is widely used by the business firms in comparison to the other tool of cost
computation. The main benefit of this method is that in this technique, all the activities that firm
is performed performs to prepare a product are identified. Hence, by using this technique, cost
accountant comes to know about the expenses which are made in with a large amount. By

comparing with old data, cost accountant is able to identify activities in which it makes
extravagance. Hence, activity based costing method helps in the identification of full cost.
TASK 2
(a) Moving average methodology
Table 1: Calculation of moving average
Months Sales Moving average
Percenta
ge
change
in
moving
averages
April 667810
May 738159 813475
June 795121 899521 10.58%
July 849120 981928 9.16%
August 1017167 1078344 9.82%
September 1098040 1168990 8.41%
October 1150192 1246865 6.66%
November 1277204 1333882 6.98%
December 1302351 1333882 0.00%
January 1406539 8.00%
February 1533128 9.00%
Moving average is a methodology which is used to compute average year by year. In this,
figures of three of or five years can be taken in order to compute moving average. Hence, this
technique helps in identifying average performance per of the company for every year. Here,
sales figure for January and February month are computed. Both months sales figure are
forecasted by using percentage change in moving average values. Hong Kong is one of the well-
known tourist places and in future, demand for the same will increase. Hence, it is expected that
sales will be increased by 8% and 9% in the month of January and February after slowdown that
is observed in the growth rate is observed inof the month ooff October and November.

(b) Good practice to be considered in both construction of master budget and budgetary
monitoring and control
In master budget, various types of budgets are prepared like sales and production budget
etc. Budget indicates the expectations of the top management or the target that they wants to
achieve in the specific duration. While preparing budget in order to make accurate estimates,
Miramar hotel can evaluate business environment and can identify performance that it gives has
given in the previous business environment conditions. By evaluating current business
environment, managers can identify the level up to which firm can give a its performance. Apart
from this, some of the forecasting techniques like moving average can be used by them in order
to project cash flows. By doing so, budget can be prepared in the a proper manner (Kotas, 2014).
In order to monitor budget in proper in an effective manner, managers must look out at the
duration for which budget is prepared. In Addition addition to this, managers can break down
this duration in some parts. At the end of the every sub duration, managers will need to evaluate
their performance in a proper manner. In this way, budget will be monitored time to time. In
order to perform control function in a proper manner, managers can decide control measures and
can discuss same with the employee’s. By arriving at consensus, proper corrective actions can be
taken by the managers.
(c) Conformity of practices with the budget monitoring and control
The practices mentioned above conform to the budget monitoring and control. This is
because if budget will be monitored at the end of time period. Then then variances will be always
always comes in existence and an organization will not get time to improve its performance. But,
if, time to time performance will evaluated evaluate then managers will come to know about the
fact that they are performing well or worst (Lukka, 2010). If, they are performing worst then they
will be able to improve performance by taking corrective actions on time. Moreover, budgets
will also be monitored time to time. Hence, it can be said that budget monitoring and control will
go hand in hand. Hence, it can be said that practices mentioned above conform to the budget
monitoring and control.
(d) Comparison of budget with actual figures

Table 2: Comparison of actual figures with budget
Budget Actual
Particulars Price(£)
Number of units 3000 2500
Cash from sales 400 400
1200000 1000000
Variable Costs
Direct material 40 50
Direct Labor 20 25
Selling Costs 10 10
Total Variable costs 70 85
Fixed Costs
Production OH 40000 40000
Administration OH 20000 20000
Selling OH 18000 18000
Total Fixed Costs 78000 78000
Total Costs 288000 290500
Net cash flow 912000 709500
Interpretation
From the figures, it can be seen that sales of the Miramar is below the budget target. Its
actual sales is below the budget sales and its main reason is global economic slowdown
especially in China. Due to poor economic health of all thje nations nationsand, China’s inbound
and outbound tourism areis low. Hence, it is a matter of concern for the firm. On the other hand,
due to recession, prices of every product is increasing increases speciallyespecially raw material.
Due to this reason, variable cost for Miramar is increased. Fixed cost remains same because no
fresh investment is made on assets and no changes are made in administration. Hence, fixed cost
is same for the firm. Overall result of recession is seen on the Miramar’s profitability and its gain
is below the target profit.

TASK 3
(a) Project evaluation technique
Table 3: Calculation of payback period method
Project A Project B
Initial
investment -20000 -20000
1 1090 -18910 1020 -18980
2 2600 -16310 2700 -16280
3 9090 -7220 5600 -10680
4 7980 760 11590 910
5 8470 9230 6470 7380
Table 4: Calculation of ARR
Project A Project B
Initial
investment 20000 20000
1 1090 1020
2 2600 2700
3 9090 5600
4 7980 11590
5 8470 6470
Total 29230 27380
Average 5846 5476
ARR 29.23% 27.38%
(b) Strength and weakness of above appraisal techniques
Strength and weakness of following techniques are as follows. Payback period- This method has lots of merits and demerits. The main plus point of this
method is that anyone can apply this technique because as its application does not require
specific knowledge of finance. Managers with limited knowledge can also apply this

technique. The other main plus point of this method is that it is very easy to interpret
results of this technique. Due to this reason, this method is widely used in the project
management (Newcomer, Harry and Wholey, 2015). Pay backPayback period indicates
the time frame within which project can be completed. Hence, this provides information
about the time period up to which firm need has to wait for earning a profit. The only
limitation of this technique is that in this, present value is not used. Hence, present value
of the cash flows is not computed. This is a major weakness of this method.
 Average rate of return- Average rate of return indicates the average return that a project
can earn on the invested value. This is the emainMain merit of this method because is
that through application of this technique, project managers comes to know about the
overall profit that on average basis, can be earned on by the project (Law, Qi and Buhalis,
2010). The main limitation of this method is that here also present value method is also
not used here, which while it is actively used in accounting for and computing the
impairment of asset. Hence, these are major benefits and limitations of ARR.
(c) Recommendation on selection of project
On the basis of comparison, of both projects project A is selected for the Miramar hotel.
This is because on pay back InOn the basis of calculation, it can be seen that both the projects
are recovering investment amount in 3 years. Hence, here both projects are equal ton each other.
On the other hand, there is an average rate of return method whose results shows that project A is
giving good return then than project B. Former project is giving return of 29.23%. Whereas,
latter project is giving return of 27.38%. On this basis, project A is considered viable for the
Miramar hotel relative to project B.
(e) Possible source of finance and its advantages as well as limitations
Sources of finance that are available to Miramar hotel to finance its projects are as
follows:
 Equity- Miramar hotel can issue equity shares in the primary market. In this regard, it can
bring IPO or FPO in the primary market. Through this source of finance, it can raised
raise a its target amount. If, it failed fails to do so then underwriters will purchase
company’s shares. Hence, determined targeted amount will be surely raised from the
primary market by the mentioned firm.

 Debt – This is commonly available option and exercised by the most of the firms. Under
this, firm can take debt from the banks and financial institutions. In return, bank it will
need to pay interest to the bank. Loans are available at fixed and floating interest rates. If,
loan is taken at the floating interest rate then finance cost may be increased or decreased
(Brown and Petersen, 2011). If, interest rate is increased by the central bank then rate of
loan cost of the company will also be increased by bank. Hence, finance cost of the firm
will increased. Hence, companies must abstain from focus on taking loan at flexible
interest rates.
 Venture capital- Under this, there is a firm that makes an investment in the company
equity. In return, they get shareholding in the firm business. This method is used by the
firms that cannot be listed in the stock market. Hence, Miramar can also use this option.
(f) Post appraisal audit and effectiveness of investment decision-making
Post appraisal audit may improve the effectiveness of investment decision-making. This
is because in calculation, cash flows are taken into account. These cash flows are estimated and
there is no technique that can perfectly give calculate the cash flows. Hence, there is a high
possibility of error in the estimation of the cash flow. If, cash flows are wrongly estimated then
wrong results will come in existence (Luft and Shields, 2010). Hence, decisions made on the
basis of same will also be wrong. This will lead to the selection of wrong project. Hence, if after
doing appraisal, post audit is done then errors that are done in calculation or estimation of cash
flows can be estimated will be easily identified. Corrections can be made on the errors and right
project can easily be selected by the firm. Selection of wrong project leads to heavy loss to the
firm. But, due to post appraisal, chances of such kind of mistakes will can be reduced to a large
extent. Hence, use of post appraisal audit helps in making sound investment decisions.
(g) Main difference between investment appraisal techniques of public and private sector
There is a large difference in between the investment appraisal technique used by the
public sector and private sector. In private sector, techniques like NPV, IRR, ARR and pay back
are used for project evaluation. But, in public sector organizations, cost volume profit analysis
technique is used. By using cost volume relationship, breakeven point is identified (DRURY,
2013). This is a point where cost is equal to the revenue. This is a sales level where in which
there is no profit and no loss. Hence, by using this technique, public organizations identify that
what amount of sales they need to generate in order to cover cost. On the basis of estimation of

for the achievement of target, they decide whether the project is viable for the firm or not. But,
no one can seen future and so it is not necessary that firm should makeearn target sales in
determined time period. Hence, this technique havase some limitations. On the other hand, in
case of private sector firms, many project evaluation techniques are used. By applying these
methods, best project can be selected. This is because single project is screened through various
methods. Hence, it becomes easy to make investment related decisions on the specific project by
the firm.
TASK 4
(a) Profitability of company for two years
Table 5: Profitability ratios
2014 2013
Sales 3127089 3044459
Gross profit 1080362 960596
Gross profit ratio 34.55% 31.55%
Sales 3127089 3044459
Net profit 1329627 1302040
Net profit ratio 42.52% 42.77% Gross profit ratio- Gross profit ratio indicates the firm capability to control direct
expenses. This also reflects the part of sales that is covered by the direct expenses. Gross
profit ratio of the Miramar hotel is increased and it is a sign of growth done by the firm in
a year (Miramar hotel and investing company ltd. 2014.).
 Net profit ratio- Net profit ratio indicates the percentage profit that is earned by the firm
on sales. It also reflects the firm ability to control indirect expenses. Net profit ratio of the
Miramar slightly fall in FY 2014. There is a huge positive gap in gross profit ratio but
same gap is not observed in net profit ratio of both years. This means that in FY 2014,
Company make made huge expenditures. This lead led to slight point fall in the
company’s profit.

(b) Recommendation of the firm performance
On comparison of both years performance, it is seen that there is a huge gap in the gross
profit ratio. This is a symbol of theindicates that the firm has good control on its direct expenses.
But, same scene is not observed in case of net profit ratio. This reflects that Miramar hotel makes
huge amount of indirect expenses in its business and due to this reason, it earns less profit on
sales. It is recommended that firm needs to take some of the essential steps in order to control its
indirect expenses (Davies and Crawford, 2011). In this regard, it can determine an amount up to
which it will incur amount on each expenses item. Apart from this, it can adopt some of the cost
control measures. Like Accordingly, it can use transportation method in order to control logistics
cost. By using this technique, firm will come to know about the shorter ways that it can adopt in
order transport its goods. It can set up strict responsibility center system in order to control cost.
Under this, it will determine managers who will be held responsible for extravagance. Apart
from this, below under these managers, some of the employees will be made responsible at
ground level for the over expenses (van der Steen, 2011). Hence, by adopting this measure,
pressure to control expenses can be put on those who are making them at ground level. This will
surely prove as an appropriate technique of cost control to the Miamar hotel.
CONCLUSION
On the basis of entire discussion, it is concluded that finance and cost play a key role in
growth of an the organization. Firms needs to select an appropriate source of finance in order to
keep their finance cost in control. It is also concluded that budget must be prepared and it must
be reviewed time to time in order to make sure that expenses are made in line to the values that
are determined in the budget. Project management plays a big role in giving a strategic direction
to an the organization. Hence, these must not be selected randomly because due to wrong
decisions, firm investment may become waste and it may face losses. There are many costing
systems that are available to the firms. Companies accordingAccording to their operations
complexity, companies must select an appropriate costing system for their business.

REFERENCES
Books & Journals
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DRURY, C. M., 2013. Management and cost accounting. Springer.
Kotas, R., 2014. Management accounting for hotels and restaurants. Routledge.
Lambert, C. and Sponem, S., 2012. Roles, authority and involvement of the management
accounting function: a multiple case-study perspective. European Accounting Review.
21(3). pp.565-589.
Law, R., Qi, S. and Buhalis, D., 2010. Progress in tourism management: A review of website
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Luft, J. and Shields, M. D., 2010. Psychology models of management accounting. Now
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Lukka, K., 2010. The roles and effects of paradigms in accounting research. Management
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Merchant, K.A., 2010. Paradigms in accounting research: A view from North America.
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Newcomer, K. E., Hatry, H. P. and Wholey, J. S., 2015. Handbook of practical program
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Pipan, T. and Czarniawska, B., 2010. How to construct an actor-network: Management
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Online
Miramar hotel and investing company ltd. 2014. [PDF]. Available through: <
http://img.miramar-group.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/e101.pdf>. [Accessed on 8th
FrbruaryFebruary 2016].

APPENDIX
Table 6: Master budget
Particulars Price(£) Jan(£) Feb(£) Mar(£) Apr(£) May(£) Jun(£)
Number of units 3000 400 500 300 500 600 700
Cash from sales 400 800000 840000 880000 1000000 1040000 1160000
1200000
3200000
00
4200000
00
2640000
00 500000000 624000000 812000000
Variable Costs
Direct material 40 16000 20000 12000 20000 24000 28000
Direct Labour 20 8000 10000 6000 10000 12000 14000
Selling Costs 10 4000 5000 3000 5000 6000 7000
Total Variable
costs 70 28000 35000 21000 35000 42000 49000
Fixed Costs
Production OH 40000 3333 3333 3333 3333 3333 3333
Administration
OH 20000 1667 1667 1667 1667 1667 1667
Selling OH 18000 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500
Total Fixed
Costs 78000 6500 6500 6500 6500 6500 6500
Total Costs 288000
1120650
0
1750650
0 6306500 17506500 25206500 34306500
Net cash flow 912000
3087935
00
4024935
00
2576935
00 482493500 598793500 777693500
Opening balance 0
3087935
00
7112870
00 968980500
145147400
0
205026750
0
Closing Balance
3087935
00
7112870
00
9689805
00
145147400
0
205026750
0
282796100
0