Analyzing Company Financial Reports

This assignment delves into the financial reporting practices of Telstra and TPG. It examines their adherence to global accounting standards (AGAAP and USGAAP) and highlights areas requiring further disclosure in future reports. The analysis leverages relevant academic literature and the companies' annual reports for 2017.

Accounting Theory
1

Executive Summary
The report has provided an evaluation of the accounting quality of Telstra through
evaluating its accounting policies and strategies. The Telstra being a multinational company
is complying with US accounting principles in addition to the Australia accounting policies.
The company in the coming future is also tending to adopt Australian equivalent IFRS for
meeting the needs of its international stakeholders. The change in the accounting policies is
specifically directed to achieve the company goals of expansion its business in the global
market. The company besides developing accounting strategies for improving its global
performance is also placing focus on attains a competitive advantage over its domestic rivals
such as TPG through incorporating the requirements of AASB. Also, the report has identified
some red flags in its annual report such as the company is still not able to achieve its expected
sales revenue from implementing the changed accounting strategies of A-IFRS adoption.
2

Contents
Executive Summary...................................................................................................................2
Introduction................................................................................................................................4
Section 1: Identify Key Accounting Policies.............................................................................4
Section 2: Assess Accounting Flexibility..................................................................................5
Section 3: Evaluate Accounting Strategy...................................................................................6
Section 4: Detailed analysis of the quality of disclosures under financial reporting.................8
Section 5: Potential Flags in the Annual Report......................................................................12
Section 6: Compliant With Conceptual Framework................................................................13
Conclusion................................................................................................................................14
References................................................................................................................................15
3

Introduction
The IASB has developed standard accounting policies and estimates that needs to be
adopted by all the business entities during preparation of their financial reports. The
accounting policies are based on the IFRS standards that business entities need to follow
while identifying and assessing the values of their various financial instruments. The
adoption of IFRS standards during corporate reporting implies that a business entity has
followed all the principles of conceptual accounting framework. The principle of conceptual
accounting framework is based on various accounting theories such as normative accounting
theory. In this context, the present report provides an analysis of the accounting strategies and
choices of an ASX listed firm, that is, Telstra, an Australian telecommunication company
involved in developing and providing telecom services. The accounting strategy of the
company is examined through evaluating its flexibility, analyzing the quality of disclosure,
identifying the major issues of concern as red flags and the compliant with conceptual
framework principles. In addition to this, the accounting policies of the firm are compared
with its rival company that is TPG in order to identify the norms of accounting policies with
industry peers (Mirza and Ankarath, 2012). The evaluation of the accounting quality of the
company helps in supporting the decision-making process of the company.
Section 1: Identify Key Accounting Policies
The company has adopted the accounting policies and principles as per the Australian
Accounting Standards. The company have discloses the compliance of its financial reports as
per the Australian generally accepted accounting principles. The financial report has been
prepared in accordance with the principle of consolidation by integrating the financial
statements of Telstra and all its controlled entities (Langendijk, Swagerman and Verhoog,
2003). The historical cost accounting approach is used for valuation of its financial
instruments except for some of the equity accounted investments. The financial reports are
presented in Australian dollar and for the end-users outside the Australia, the financial reports
are presented in US$M. The company has adopted the accounting policies that help it to meet
the accounting requirements under AGAAP and USGAAP. The company has also adopted
the Emerging Issues Task Force (ETIF00-21) in relation to the recognition of revenue arising
from multiple deliverable as per the USGAAP. The policy is adopted at the time of selling
tow or more revenue generating units under a single arrangement. Also, each deliverable is
4

regarded as a distinct unit of accounting as per the ETIF00-21. However, if the deliverable is
not regarded to be distinct unit of accounting the arrangement is accounted for a single unit.
The revenue realized from the revenue arrangements is allocated to the separate units on the
basis of relative fair value of each unit (Telstra Annual Report, 2017). However, if the fair
value of each unit cannot be recognized, then the revenue should be allocated on the basis of
difference between the total amount considered for the arrangement and the fair value of the
undelivered item` (Jensen, 2001).
The Australian entities that are reported under the Corporations Act 2001 are also
required to prepare their financial reports as per the Australian equivalents of IFRS. The
Telstra complies effectively with the Corporations Act 2001 and as such need to prepare its
financial reports as per the IFRS accounting standards and policies. The accounting rules and
policies of IFRS have been adopted in reporting the comparative financial information of two
years in the current reporting period (Higson, 2003). This is done in accordance with the US
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) that requires the foreign registered companies
operating under the home country to prepare their financial statements as per the IFRS. The
company is a recognized multinational company and provides its telecom services to various
parts of the world and therefore is emphasizing on converging its accounting standards with
IFRS for improving its competitive position in the international market (Hussey, and Ong,
2005). The company ahs also adopted accounting policies for effective management of risk
through implementing a proper governance framework that helps in monitoring the
operational risks faced by the company. The company hedges its exposure to foreign
currency risk that is developed by the transformation of its assets and liabilities from the
functional currency to the Australian dollars. The Board of directors of the company provides
the standard guidelines to the management for the use of hedging instruments in order to
mitigate the operational risks arising from the foreign currency exposure (Mumba, 2013).
5

(Source: https://www.telstra.com.au/content/dam/tcom/about-us/investors/pdf-e/Annual-
Report-2017.PDF )
Section 2: Assess Accounting Flexibility
The accounting managers need to implement some changes in the standard accounting
policies developed by the accounting stetting standard board. The flexibility is required so
that managers can select the best accounting choices as per the nature of their business
operations. The managers sometimes implement changes in the standard accounting
framework to meet the needs and expectations of its stakeholders. The fact can be supported
from the view and findings proposed by the positive theory of accounting (PAT
). The theory is based on the fundamental assumption that the action of an individual relies on
the desire for maximizing wealth. Thus, the mangers tend to adopt the particular accounting
methods that they believe will enhance the operational productivity of their company. The
accounting methods selected have a major impact on the cash flows realized by the company
and also on its debt and compensation structure (Alexander, Britton and Jorissen, 2007).
Therefore, the board provides some discretion power to the management so that they can
select the best accounting method that results in maximizing the value of the firm. As such, it
has been analyzed from the financial report of Telstra that it has implemented some changes
its accounting framework for improving its financial condition in the international market
6

(Kenny, 2009). The company operates globally and therefore need to comply with the
accounting policies of different countries and therefore mangers adopt some changes in the
accounting framework to impact the needs and expectations of stakeholders of different
countries (Telstra Annual Report, 2017).
The Australian corporations need to adopt AGAAP for developing the financial
reports. However, the company has also adapted to the USGAAP in order to improve its
competitive position in the US financial market. For example, it has provided comparative
information of two years under a single reporting period as per the USGAAP. In addition to
this, the company has also complies with the accounting principles of security commission of
the US. The complete information regarding the changes adopted in the accounting policies is
provided in the notes to financial statements section of the financial report of the company.
The company has adopted the changed accounting policies for satisfying the requirements of
USGAAP in regards to recognizing the revenue by adopting the ETIF 00-21 accounting
policies. However, the company has maintained in its annual report that there is no
materialistic impact of adopted the changes in its accounting framework on its financial
statements. The managers are also emphasizing on adopting the Australian equivalent of
IFRS (A-IFRS) for restating its comparative financial reports. The changes are however not
expected to be implemented on the disclosure of financial instruments that does not require
publishing the comparative information. The restatement of the financial information as per
the A-IFRS will require changes in the opening retained profits recorded at the beginning of
the comparative period. The company has also developed a project teams forecasting a
convergence between its AASB standards and A-IFRS standards. The team holds the
responsibility of monitoring and evaluating the progress made by the company in complying
with the A-IFRS standards (Mintz, 2013).
Section 3: Evaluate Accounting Strategy
The accounting strategies are developed for communicating the economic
performance of an entity to its stakeholders. The accounting strategy is developed by the
selected accounting policies and choices that an entity adopts for maintaining its
competitiveness and achieving long-term growth. The company operates in a highly
competitive telecom market and therefore need to implement the accounting strategies that
help it to compete effectively with its competitors. The major rival company of the Telstra in
Australian telecom market is TPG that is also involved in providing specialist telecom
7

services to the country’s population group (Marley and Pedersen, 2015). TPG mainly
provides its services in the domestic market and therefore complies largely with the AASB
and Corporations Act 2001. The company has adopted the principle of consolidation and all
the other significant accounting policies to develop its financial reports as per the AASB
standards. On the other hand, Telstra provide its telecom services in the international market
and therefore develops its financial reports in accordance with the IFRS accounting policies.
However, the company have also adopted significant accounting norms for competing with
its rival companies in the domestic market such as TPG. The company prepares its
accounting statements on a going concern basis as per its rival company of TPG (TPG
Annual Report, 2017). The TPG has adopted the use of AASB standard 134 for interim
financial reporting. The Telstra also has adopted AASB 134 standard to maintain its
competitiveness in the domestic market also (Telstra Annual Report, 2017).
The Telstra has also placed large focus on implementing and adopting incentive plan
for its key management personnel (KMP) as per the Australian standards. The remuneration
committee is established by the company for determining the incentives provides to its key
executive and non-executive managers. The board have adopted accrual accounting method
in determining the incentives provided to the managers. The remuneration committee have
aligned the shareholder’s value with the managerial compensation plan. The incentives are
provided to the managers on the basis of achieving the certain defined performance targets.
The remuneration committee determine the performance targets to be achieved by the senior
executives of the company (Ordelheide, 2016). Thus, on achieving the performance target,
the managers receive 50% of the incentives and the rest is realised by them only if their
performance is beyond the set targets. Thus, the board have ensured that mangers does not
receive any incentive still the achievement of a threshold level of performance. The board
possess discretion power in determining the incentive basis for managers on the basis of their
performance compared against the determined short and long-term incentive plans. The board
applies the discretion power when there are any materialistic changes in regard to any change
in the strategic business plan, legislative changes or the significant impact of the acquisitions
and divestments. The discretion is used by the board in certain circumstance sonly in order to
avoid the realisation of undue gains by the managers. The company has provided adequate
disclosure regarding the discretion provided to the board in determining the incentive pans
for ensuring that that the discretion power does not distort the financial performances in nay
way (Bamberg and Spremann, 2012).
8

(Source: https://www.telstra.com.au/content/dam/tcom/about-us/investors/pdf-e/Annual-
Report-2017.PDF )
Section 4: Detailed analysis of the quality of disclosures under financial reporting
As per IAS 1: Presentation of financial statements every company has to prepare the
financial statements. These financial statements include income statements, statement of
financial position, statement of change in equity and statement of cash flow. In addition in to
making the financial statements there is requirement to submit the disclosures of accounting
policies, calculation of various items under the financial statements and other important
information. As per the accounting standards defined under the IFRS, every listed company is
obliged to produce the financial statements and provide the proper disclosures to it in the
form of notes to accounts. Disclosures requirements that have to be included in the notes to
accounts are given in accounting standards that company follows to prepare the financial
statements. In this section of section of report analysis of the disclosures made by the Telstra
in their annual report of year 2017 has been analyzed in detail (Telstra Annual Report, 2017).
Analysis of the disclosures made by the Telstra in their annual report seems to be
proper while comparing them with the requirement of each of the accounting standards.
Telstra produces their group financial statements that are in compliance with the US GAAP
9

and Australian GAAP because company is listed on both the stock exchange. Looking at the
annual report it has been found that complete information regarding the changes made in the
accounting has been included in the disclosures requirement (Telstra Annual Report, 2017).
Footnotes refers to information given under each of the financial statements that
provided information of what accounting standards have been used to prepare that particular
financial statements. For example, in preparing the financial statement of balance sheet, there
is requirement to include the footnotes regarding any contingent liabilities and other related
matter. So it can be said that company complies with the adequacy of the disclosures of the
footnotes to the financial statements (Telstra Annual Report, 2017).
On evaluating the notes to accounts of the Telstra in annual report of year 2017, it has
been found that there has been disclosure of each note that are required to be included as per
defined accounting standards. Disclosures made by the Telstra needs to be in compliance
with the performance of the company. It means notes to financial statements should reflect
the current performance of the company effectively and efficiently. It has been seen from the
financial statements that current financial position of the company was good and same can be
reflected under the notes to accounts also. For example, notes to accounts related to the
segment disclosures provide the profit position of each of segment that company have. This
information explains how company has performance during the year in each of its segment
(Telstra Annual Report, 2017).
Telstra Company has to comply with the US GAAP and Australian GAAP to produce
their financial statements. In the annual report it is clearly mentioned that company has used
the proper accounting guidelines to produce the financial reports that complies with
requirement of both US GAAP and Australian GAAP (Horngren, et al., 2012). Both US
GAAP and Australian GAAP are taken from the international accounting standards. Both
these GAAPs aim to provide the qualitative information to the people at large that use the
annual report to make the various decisions. So it can be said that GAAPs represents the
financial performance of the company and also tries make the financial information easy to
understand. In this regards it can be said that GAAPs helps to reflect the appropriate
measurement of key measures of success and also assures proper disclosures (Telstra Annual
Report, 2017).
Segment disclosures means information provided for the various segments under the
notes to accounts. The business segment refers to part of the company which can be identified
10

by its products and produces separate books of account. Segments are dividend on the basis
of the business location, products and services they deliver and profit deliver by them.
Segment disclosure has been included on page 77 of the annual report of year 2017. The
various operating segments of the Telstra are as under:
 Telstra Retail: This segment provides telecommunication products and services and
other solutions of mobiles.
 Global Enterprises and Services (GES): This business segment in made for managing
the sales and contract management for large business and government customers in
Australia and in other nations.
 Telstra Operations (TOps): This business segment is designed for overall planning,
design, engineering architecture and construction of Telstra telephone networks,
technology, and similar work.
 Telstra Wholesale: This unit delivers the telecommunication products and other
services over thousands of Telstra Network and other telecommunication network
carrier companies (Telstra Annual Report, 2017).
Company discloses detailed information regarding the segments in the following manner:
11

(Source: https://www.telstra.com.au/content/dam/tcom/about-us/investors/pdf-e/Annual-
Report-2017.PDF )
12

(Source: https://www.telstra.com.au/content/dam/tcom/about-us/investors/pdf-e/Annual-
Report-2017.PDF )
Section 5: Potential Flags in the Annual Report
It has been seen that there has been no major change in the accounting policies of the
company in order to make the big change in the financial statements. Basically the company
is generating good income during last five years and there is no future expectation of decline
in company performance. So it can be said that there was no major change in accounting
policies that can impact the firm’s financial statements (Telstra Annual Report, 2017).
As analyzed from the annual report there are usual transactions that has provided
increase in profit in normal course of business but no such transactions have been noticed that
can make clarity regarding the unusual change or boost of the profits (Hussey and Ong,
2017).. Yes there is increase in inventory to 893 million dollar as comparison to 557 in year
2016. It is regarded as unusual because there is no such increase sales amount as the
inventory has increased (Telstra Annual Report, 2017).
13

When evaluating the net income from the continuing operations there has been no
much gap of income as sales revenue in year 2017 is almost close to the revenue in year
2016. The cash from the operating activity declines in year 2017 due to low increase in sales
revenue and expenses are paid much in cash. Telstra is one of the most renowned companies
of telecommunication industry (Pietra, McLeay and Ronen, 2013). Company has its known
research and development segment that provides latest technologies required by the company
but in order to have other technologies that are important for development purpose have to
incorporated in the business and for this purpose management has made mutual agreements
to share the research and development work between other companies in similar business. In
year 2017 company has not sold any plant, equipment and receivables to finance the business
operations (Telstra Annual Report, 2017).
About 679 million dollars of plants and equipments have been sold in year 2017.
There are adjustments of tax deferments in the last quarter of year. Annual report is qualified
by the auditor with making no changes in the financial report. There are no related party
transactions in the annual report (Telstra Annual Report, 2017).
Section 6: Compliant With Conceptual Framework
The company have complied effectively with all the conceptual accounting
framework principles by providing relevant, comparable and reliable information in its
financial reports. The impact of political factors that influences the financial reporting of the
company in various countries has also been outlined in the report. Telstra is a multinational
company and therefore is emphasising on attaining congruence with the IFRS in order to
comply with the accounting policies of different countries where it conducts its business
operations. The company as such is complying with USGAAP and is planning to implement
A-IFRS standards in the coming period of time (Wolk., Dodd and Rozycki, 2012). It has
made many voluntary disclosures in its annual report that is not required under the
legislations of AASB but as per the USGAAP principles. For example, it has provided the
information about its revenue arrangement from multiple units (Telstra Annual Report,
2017). The selection of these particular accounting choices and estimates by the company
will help it to strengthen its global image and thus improve its financial profitability from the
international market (Bamberg and Spremann, 2012).
14

Conclusion
It can be inferred from the overall discussion held in the report that accounting
policies and strategies selected by a business entity have a large impact on its financial
performance. The Telstra is a multinational company and thus it is complying with the global
accounting standards for improving its competitiveness in the global market. As such, it has
adopted some flexibility in its accounting framework to comply with the USGAAP principles
in addition to complying with AGAAP. Also, there are some red flags identified in the annual
disclosure of the company that needs more disclosure in its future financial reports.
15

References
Alexander,D., Britton, A and Jorissen, A. 2007. International Financial Reporting and
Analysis. Cengage Learning EMEA.
Bamberg, G. and Spremann, K. 2012. Agency Theory, Information, and Incentives. Springer
Science & Business Media.
Gray, I. and Manson, S. 2007. The Audit Process: Principles, Practice and Cases. Cengage
Learning EMEA.
Higson, A. 2003. Corporate Financial Reporting: Theory and Practice. SAGE.
Horngren, C. et al. 2012. Financial Accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU.
Hussey, R. and Ong, A. 2005. International Financial Reporting Standards Desk Reference:
Overview, Guide, and Dictionary. John Wiley & Sons.
Hussey, R. and Ong, A. 2017. Corporate Financial Reporting. Springer.
Jensen, M.C. 2001. Foundations of Organizational Strategy. Harvard University Press.
Kenny, G. 2009. Diversification Strategy: How to Grow a Business by Diversifying
Successfully. Kogan Page Publishers.
Langendijk, H., Swagerman, D. and Verhoog, W. 2003. Is Fair Value Fair?: Financial
Reporting from an International Perspective. John Wiley & Sons.
Marley, S. and Pedersen, J. 2015. Accounting for Business: An Introduction. ed, 2. Pearson
Higher Education AU.
Mintz, S. 2013. Accounting for the Public Interest: Perspectives on Accountability,
Professionalism and Role in Society. Springer Science & Business Media.
Mirza, A. and Ankarath, N. 2012. Wiley International Trends in Financial Reporting under
IFRS: Including Comparisons with US GAAP, China GAAP, and India Accounting
Standards. John Wiley & Sons.
Mumba, C. 2013. Understanding Accounting and Finance: Theory and Practice. USA:
Trafford Publishing.
16

Ordelheide, D. 2016. Transnational Accounting. Springer.
Pietra, R., McLeay, S and Ronen, J. 2013. Accounting and Regulation: New Insights on
Governance, Markets and Institutions. Springer Science & Business Media.
Telstra Annual Report 2017. [Online]. Available at:
https://www.telstra.com.au/content/dam/tcom/about-us/investors/pdf-e/Annual-Report-
2017.PDF [Accessed on: 25 September 2017].
TPG Annual Report 2017. [Online]. Available at:
https://www.tpg.com.au/about/pdfs/TPMHY17PresentationFINALASX.pdf [Accessed on: 25
September 2017].
Wolk, H.I., Dodd, J.L. and Rozycki, J.J. 2012. Accounting Theory: Conceptual Issues in a
Political and Economic Environment. SAGE.
17