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BIO227 - Complexity of Diseases - Report

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Queen Mary University of London

   

Genetic Disorder (BIO227)

   

Added on  2020-03-01

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Maintaining such complex patients with a huge number of chronic morbidities has brought happiness to families and helped them to more livelong. The following report will mainly look over the interrelationship of complexity, chronicity and co-morbidity in healthcare. It will also help to untie a case study sequentially, giving insights into how nursing professionals can use their critical thinking power to handle such cases effectively.

BIO227 - Complexity of Diseases - Report

   

Queen Mary University of London

   

Genetic Disorder (BIO227)

   Added on 2020-03-01

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Running head: COMPLEXITY OF DISEASESCOMPLEXITY OF DISEASESName of the student:Name of the university:Author note:
BIO227 - Complexity of Diseases - Report_1
1COMPLEXITY OF DISEASESIntroduction:With the recent advancement of medical field and healthcare organization, they are ableto successfully handle patients with a large number of chronic diseases altogether. The mean ageof expectancy for individuals has increased. Healthcare professionals have become competentenough to handle many such cases with high expertise and their contribution has helped inincrease in number of population of old age cohort. Maintaining such complex patients withhuge number of chronic morbidities have brought happiness in families and helped them to livelonger (Brownie, Scott & Rossiter, 2016). The following report will mainly look over theinterrelationship of complexity, chronicity and co-morbidity in healthcare. It will also help tountie a case study sequentially giving insights about how nursing professionals can use theircritical thinking power to handle such cases effectively.Interrelationship of complexity, chronicity and co-morbidity in healthcare:A recent trend has been captured by researchers over time which has a magnanimouseffect on the resources of not only healthcare centers but also on the lives of patients as well astheir family members. Mostly in the high income countries, it is found that the populationmortality curve has become somewhat rectangular suffering that the mean age death of theindividuals has progressively extended towards much older age in comparison to previous years(Grembowski et al., 2014). However, the increase in longevity is has not been associated withreduction in morbidity of the patients. As more number of individuals is living for a much largerperiod of time than their predecessors, therefore they are being affected by more disorders. Thistrend is seen being associated with a growth in individuals living in with multiple concurrentchronic conditions called multi-morbidities or co-morbidities (Katjol et al., 2016). Most primary
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2COMPLEXITY OF DISEASESas well as secondary healthcare centers are facing increasing number of old aged patients with anumber of chronic morbidities. This gives an overall concept of the complexity of the patient’scondition due to the presence of large number of chronic ailments in the form of co morbidsymptoms.The most important factor that is supporting the patients to live longer lives are thegrowth of clinical practice guidelines under the influence of evidence based medicines andconcerns for knowledge translation. They have helped many old patients to survive for long evenin complex conditions with their chronic co morbid diseases but this had created a huge pressureon the resources of the healthcare centers as well as the family members increasing heir burdenand poor quality lives. It is advised by researchers that healthcare industry should developrequisite management tools and care approaches which would help in providing appropriate carefor all complex patients (Aquitrre et al., 2017). Therefore it can be seen that complexity,chronicity and co morbidity are interlinked and the concept should be clear to all healthcareprofessionals so that they can rightly handle the upcoming challenges in healthcares.Pathophysiology of COPD and its association with cigarette smoking both in active andpassive mode:COPD is characterized by three important occurrences which affect the health of thepatient. They are airway inflammation, mucocilliary dysfunction as well as consequent airwaystructural changes. The first occurrence which is the airway inflammation is mainly caused bythe chronic inflammation of airways, pulmonary blood vessels as well as lung tissues mainly asthe results of the exposure of the airway to different inhaled irritant such as tobacco smoke. Theinhaled irritants cause inflammatory cells like that of the neutrophils, CD8+T-lymphocytes, B
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3COMPLEXITY OF DISEASEScells and macrophages to come together and accumulate. These cells eventually becomeactivated that helps in the initiation of the inflammatory cascade. This in turn results in therelease of various types of inflammatory mediators like as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α),interferongamma (IFN-γ), matrix-metalloproteinase’s (MMP-6, MMP-9), C-reactive protein(CRP), interleukins (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8) and fibrinogen (Celi, 2014). They cause sustenance of theinflammatory process which ultimately leads to the damage of various tissues as well as range ofdifferent systematic effects. The chronic inflammation also causes outset of the diseases andleads to different types of structural changes in the lungs which causes perpetuation of theairflow limitation. The second factor is the structural changes. Due to airway remodeling,inflammatory response remains associated with COPD that leads to narrowing of the airways.Three factors which contribute to this is the peribronchial fibrosis, building up of the scar tissuethat result from the damage to the airways and also occurrence of over multiplication of theepithelial cells which line the airways. Symptoms of emphysema may also take place when thereis parenchymal dysfunction. This is associated with the loss of lung tissue elasticity which resultsdue to destruction of the structures that support and fed the alveoli (Adnot, 2014). The smallairways collapse during exhalation resulting in impeding airflow, trapping air in the lungs andreducing the lung capacity. The third factor is the mucociliary dysfunction. Smoking andinflammation result in the enlargement of the mucous glands that line the walls of the airway.This causes the goblet cells metaplasia which in turn causes the healthy cells of the lungs to bereplaced by mucus secreting cells. The mucocilairy system which is responsible for clearingmucus form the airways also gets damaged dye to the inflammations. Therefore excess mucus isformed in the airways that eventually accumulate that blocks the airways and worsen the airflow(Milne & King, 2014).
BIO227 - Complexity of Diseases - Report_4

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