Organizational Behaviour and Motivational Theories

This assignment delves into the realm of organizational behavior by examining prominent motivational theories. Students analyze Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory, distinguishing between motivators and hygiene factors that influence job satisfaction. Furthermore, they explore McGregor's Theory X & Y, comparing contrasting perspectives on employee motivation and management styles. The assignment aims to enhance understanding of how different motivational theories impact workplace dynamics and employee performance.

ORGANISATION AND
BEHAVIOUR

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................4
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................4
1.1 compare and contrast different organisational structures and culture...................................4
1.2 Relationship between organisational structure and culture and its impacts on business
performance ................................................................................................................................6
1.3 Discuss the factors which influence Individual behaviour at work.....................................7
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................8
2.1 Compare the effectiveness of different leadership styles in different organisations.............8
2.2 Organisational theories underpinning the practice of management within Pfizer................9
2.3 difference between scientific management and Japanese style management approaches
and advantages and disadvantages of different management approaches................................10
TASK 3..........................................................................................................................................11
3.1 Impact of leadership styles on motivation..........................................................................11
3.2 Comparison of mcGrego and Herzberg motivational theories...........................................12
3.3 Usefulness of motivational theories...................................................................................14
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................15
4.1 the nature of groups and group behaviour within organisations. .......................................15
4.2 Factors which may promote and inhibit the development of effective team work ............16
4.3 Evaluation of the impact of technology on team functioning ............................................17
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................18
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................19

INTRODUCTION
Organisational behaviour means the way to interact in the organisation
within the group with all individuals to work efficiently and achieve the desire
goals of the organisation. It signifies the individual and group performances
within the organisation influenced by the culture, attitude, emotions, values
and ethics which ensure the efficient objectives of the organisation and
smooth functioning of the activities within the organisation. This study
describes the working scenario of the GlaxoSmithKline Healthcare company
which is the well known pharmaceutical company in London, requires the
efficient business organisation to sustain its viability in long run in cut throat
competition market(Agarwal and 2012). This study explains the human
behaviour and its impact on the job structure, performance, communication,
motivation , leadership, etc which decides the final outcome of the
organisation objectives. This report also specifies the organisation structure
of the GlaxoSmithKline Healthcare Company. Different Leadership styles and
management styles are evaluated to assess its impact on the functional
activities of the organisation. The various management theories and their
approaches are also evaluated in this report to study their positive and
negative impact on the functional activities of the organisation.
TASK 1
1.1 compare and contrast different organisational structures and culture
Organisation structure defines the responsibilities of the every
individual directed towards the achievement of the organisation objectives
and goals. Every organisation has its own organisational structure based on
its objectives and goals. The basic objective of every organisation is to
achieve its goals with best utilization of available resources keeping in mind
the dynamic and competitive environment where they operates.
GlaxoSmithKline Healthcare Company, sixth largest pharmaceutical
company in world have adopted the horizontal structure to manage its
organisation(Alfes and 2013). This structure do not allow the lower and

middle level organisational employees to participate in the decision making
and every decision is taken and forwarded by the top level management.
This organisation structure have one manger and many subordinates under
them which increases the responsibilities of the one manager who need to
order and look after the work of every subordinate under him i.e. every
subordinate is fully dependent upon the manager's direction, help and
support.
Now, being creative GlaxoSmithKline Healthcare Company decided to
change its organisational structure from horizontal structure to vertical
structure. Senior authorities in vertical form are responsible to frame the
strategies and delegate the responsibilities to its subordinates. Thus, this
concept is also known as Top-Down management which allows every manger
to handle five to eight subordinates. The horizontal form increases the
burden of the manager and thus increases the risk of chaos,
mismanagement, mistakes and even conflicts due to inefficient outcome of
the organisational objectives(Ashby, 2013). Whereas. Vertical form
eliminates such chaos and problems of miscommunication as every manager
has few subordinates to deal with. It results in long chain of command. Every
department and branch has its own manager as per their working scope thus
this form of structure has many mangers and many ranks with small area of
control. Economic and efficient business performance and accountability
along with coordination across the business can be achieved by the proper
structure of organisation.
Organisational culture is the set of values, beliefs and rules and
GlaxoSmithKline Healthcare Company has adopted task culture form . Task
Culture form allows the company to form various teams to resolve the critical
issues and problems of the organisation. Individuals with common interests
and specialization form a team. Each member of team gives its best to
achieve the objectives and goals of GlaxoSmithKline Healthcare
Company(Bird, Saalfeld and Wüst, 2010).

1.2 Relationship between organisational structure and culture and its
impacts on business performance
Organisation structure and culture are directly interrelated to each
other. Organisation structure determines the roles and responsibilities of the
individuals and groups within the organisation. This helps the management
to continuously monitor the performances of the individuals and effectively
communicate all the necessary information at different levels of the
organisation. Whereas organisational culture defines the values and beliefs
that are shared by all the individuals and leads to development of the
positive environment within the organisation and this together results in
efficient final outcome of the organisational goal. The organisational culture
defines how the people relay with one another and share principles and
ideas to reach a common goal(Blacher and 2014).
GlaxoSmithKline Healthcare Company follows the formal structure that
ensures that every individual perform their own task effectively to achieve
desired output. When every employee is free to work informally with their
own attitudes, perceptions and behaviours it gives rise to an organisation
culture. Thus, culture dictates how the company should be structured and
GlaxoSmithkline Healthcare Company have adopted vertical form of
organisation which has direct impact on the culture of the company. In
vertical form of organisation, there are five to eight employees under the
manager of company, having same kind of perceptions and beliefs. Manager
of each team assigns tasks to them and they are supposed to report
manager. GSK Healthcare Company is following task form culture, which is
based on the formation of team on the basis of tasks allotted to a team
having same interests and beliefs(Bocchi, and 2010).
It has both positive and negative impacts on the business performance
of GSK. The positive impact of the vertical form of organisation that all the
different policies, rules and regulation could be effectively communicated to
its employees thus enhance the performance of the organisational goals. The
drawback is the organisation culture of GSK is too complex and sometimes it

leads to centralised decision-making, in which the lower level employees are
not entertained.
1.3 Discuss the factors which influence Individual behaviour at work
Organisation is the group of individuals that contribute collectively to
attain common goals of the organisation. Individual behaviour is dynamic in
nature and thus there are various internal and external factors that influence
the individual behaviour which are as follows:
Leadership: Managers and leaders of GSK Healthcare Company play
an important role in influencing behaviour of the employees in the work
place. Mangers make their employees comfortable so that they feel like
working in the organisation and gives their best(Einarsen, and 2011).
Leaders of GSK should have specialise skill of guiding and motivating their
employees to improve their efficiency and should also appraise them for the
same.
Perception: Perception means to be aware of the surroundings and
interpret it accordingly. Every individual has its own thinking capabilities and
senses to interpret the things thus, the employees in the individuals should
have clear vision about the organisational goals, structures and culture so
that they do not perceive wrong ideas and perceptions which could results in
negative outcome and even build negative image of the company in the
market.
Work Culture: Work Culture of the organisation should be such that
employees are comfortable and motivated to work in. The work place should
have positive and friendly environment without any chaos and
mismanagement which could harass the employees and force them to quit.
Negative environment in the work place demoralise the employees and
directly affect the progress of the health care company(Farndale, Hope-
Hailey and Kelliher, 2011).

TASK 2
2.1 Compare the effectiveness of different leadership styles in different
organisations
Leadership can be defined as process in which individual policies and
directions are shared with all the employees of the organisation in such a
manner that common desired goals of organisation could be achieved. It
involves influencing others to have common vision to work effectively and
ensure its sustainability in future. There are many types of leadership styles
which can have the impact on different organisations. GSK is following the
democratic leadership approach whereas its competitor Pfizer is following
autocratic leadership approach . These styles affect every level of
management from senior management to lower management.
GSK is following the democratic form of leadership which allows every
individual to share its views and guidance regarding the strategies and
policies with the employees and staff member. In this, leaders are having the
right to make final decisions, but they can asks for opinions from each and
every team member. Thus, it is also called as the participative leadership
effects which relies on the consultation. But this type of leadership could
lead to disagree and mismanagement between the seniors and employees
as every individual have their own opinion and preferences(.Fernández-
Muñiz, Montes-Peón and Vázquez-Ordás, 2012).
Pfizer is one of the competitor of the GSK which follows the autocratic
leadership approach in which there is no involvement of employees at lower
level in any kind of decision making. The organisation has a strict set of
policies and procedures which every one required to follow. In this kind of
leadership style, the leaders are effective, confident and comfortable in
decision making process. Although any mistake made by the leaders directly
affect the company's overall performance and even goodwill in the
competitive market. Thus, top level management bears all the losses and
responsibilities regarding company's position and performance.

2.2 Organisational theories underpinning the practice of management within
Pfizer
Organisational theories are the theories which explain the organisation
structure and its positive and negative impacts on the organisational
ultimate goals. This is the type of discipline that studies the design and
structure of the organisation and suggests the effective measures to improve
its effectiveness(Flodgren and 2010). Manager of Pfizer is required to apply
the various management styles and theories to manage the work force
effectively and to gain better results. Following theories are required to be
followed by organisation in order to attain its goals:
Scientific Management Theory: The main objective of this theory is
to improve the labour productivity. There are four principles of Taylor's
scientific management:
1. Assign jobs that are suitable to the employees on the basis of their
capabilities and abilities.
2. Work performance should be timely monitored.
3. Allocation of work between management and workers.
4. Manager need to gather information, analyse it and convert the
complex rules and regulations into easy understandable form.
This theory has been adopted by the management of Pfizer company
and also allots work responsibilities according to their capabilities. Thus, this
theory believes that workers should be motivated and there should be
cooperation between workers and management(Flodgren and 2011). If the
workers are motivated by different ways, their work efficiency will be
increased.
Human Relation Theory: This theory focusses on individuals in a
workplace than the rules, regulations and procedures. It allows both the
employees and managers to communicate effectively and interact on each
issue to be resolve and each task to be completed. Pfizer has adopted this
theory to motivate the employees by using motivational and emotional

tactics that increases their productivity and efficiency. It want their
employees to be work oriented ,efficient and productive.
2.3 difference between scientific management and Japanese style
management approaches and advantages and disadvantages of
different management approaches
There are many approaches that management team could follow to
manage its team to achieve its organisational goals(Mendes and Stander,
2011). There are 2 approaches, scientific management and Japanese style
management approach which could be described below:
Scientific management approach is used by the Pfizer which comprises of 3
parts : input, process and output. It introduces a structured configuration
where personnel works as a combined unit.
Advantages of scientific management approach:
 Management of Pfizer has been improved its strategic and
management decision-making due to the interrelationships between
the management and its subordinates.
Disadvantage of scientific management approach:
 The drawback of this system is that it is a rigid method and it is not
suitable for the pharmaceutical company.
 Another well known theory is the Japanese style which is followed by
GSK which emphasises on the human aspect. It is the theory which
aims at the view point of individual.
Advantages of the Japanese style management approach
 The management team of GSK focuses on the increase morale of its
employees by motivating them. Thus. It deals with the human
dimensions and easy to put into practise as it does not require any
specialist for its formulation.
Disadvantage of Japanese style management approach
 Since, this theory is based on the human dimensions which is reserved
in nature regarding the adoption of any changes quickly and thus it is

not easy to change the views of the people. Also, it does not consider
the client's thought or feelings and opinions(Mohammad, Habib and
Alias, 2011).
Difference between scientific management approach and
Japanese style management approach
Japanese Scientific Management
 It has been adopted by GSK
company, which allow them to
give rise to a concept of
industrial feudalism.
 The manager of GSK tend to
stay with its company for his
entire career.
 It has been adopted by the
Pfizer company, by which the
company started following the
concept of individualism.
 The manager of company
tend to change.
TASK 3
3.1 Impact of leadership styles on motivation
GSK is the pharmaceutical company which deals with the timely
manufacturing of the life saving drugs and distribute them at right place and
right time. Thus, efficient workers are required to achieve the goals of the
company. So, It is necessary that all staff members feel motivated that would
help in achieving goal of the company. Good leadership styles helps to
motivate the employees in the following manner: Autocratic leadership style: This type of leadership style can be
used by the organisation that operates in the market which rapidly
changes. They can motivate people by giving monitory benefits which
encourage them to put their best efforts. Rewards can inspire people
to do much better and they will support to the cited firm at the time of
changing period(Nutbeam, Harris and Wise, 2010).

 Democratic leadership: This leadership style is very effective and
positively impact on employees and enhance their satisfaction level.
Leaders of Pfizer involve people and consult them regarding
upcoming changes. This involvement will motivate them and they will
give innovative ideas which can help in achieving goal of the
organization. Active participation and taking suggestion from staff
members will inspire them and they will feel satisfy in the workplace.
 Laissez-faire leadership style: Sudden changes can create negative
environment in the organization. In such condition management team
of The Merck & Co can adopt this leadership style it will impact positive
on the workers. As higher authorities can provide flexible working
environment and can give them freedom. By this way people will not
feel discouraged, hey will support the company. This will motivate
them and they will put their best efforts for improving their services
towards public(Punjaisri,and Wilson 2011).
3.2 Comparison of mcGrego and Herzberg motivational theories
There are various motivational theories that can inspire the employees
to work efficiently which are as follows:
Mcgrego motivational theory:
This theory suggested two different ways to motivate the employees of
the organisation and he has formulated two models which describe the
motivational level of the employees:
 Theory X: This theory assumes that workers are not ambitious and
they avoid their responsibilities. They do not accept changes and are
self centered. Managers can motivate people by giving monitory
benefits, it is the only way of motivating people in the organization.
 Theory Y: This theory assumes that people like the working
environment and they are able to find innovative ways of performing
well. Mangers can motivate employees by fulling their self-esteem

needs. By giving promotion opportunities, and involve them in decision
making process higher authorities can motivate them.
GSK is following this concept of Theory Y to motivate its employees as it has
efficient leadership and management which continuously encourage the
employees and recruit the employees who wants to perform well and hard
work.
Illustration 1: Mc Grego Motivational Theory, 2017
Source: (Mc Grego Motivational Theory, 2017)
Hertzberg's theory:
This theory defines the two factors to encourage the people in the
organisation as motivation and Hygiene(Rahim, Jalaludin and Tajuddin,
2011). By giving recognition and responsibilities workers can be inspired.
Apart from this good pay scale, positive relationship with every employee
and senior can also motivate employees.

Source: (Herzberg's Motivators and Hygiene Factors, 2017)
Difference in both motivational theory is that X and Y focuses on two
groups of people whereas Hertzberg loo all workers in single group and
suggest different ways to motivate them, it treats all workers equally. X and
Y is descriptive in nature whereas Hertzberg is prescriptive. McGrego
concentrates that by giving monitory rewards company can motivate people
whereas dual factor concept discuss hat lower level needs can not motivate
people, by fulfilling higher needs and by providing them achievements and
recognition people can get motivated(Salvemini and 2013).
3.3 Usefulness of motivational theories
For increasing the productivity of an organization, motivation of
employees is essential. If GSK do not give incentives and cash bonuses to its
staff members then people will be tired by doing monotones work and they
will start getting frustrated and quit from the organisation to other
alternative or will make excuse of getting rid of the work allotted to them.

Monitory benefits can encourage them and can bring new energy in them. By
this way managers of cited firm will be able to improve performance of
employees. Herzberg theory concentrates on two factors that, satisfying the
higher level needs of human beings, managers can increase satisfaction
level of workers of GSK.
These motivational theories can enhance coordination among staff
members of cited firm by this way people will actively participate in resolving
work based issues and they will perform their duties well. Motivational
theories are very useful as when changes in public policy occurs then staff
members of GSK can feel demotivated but by applying motivational theories
managers can encourage them and can make them loyal towards the brand.
People will understand their responsibilities and will support managers well.
Promotional barriers discourages the employees and their level of
productively may get down. But by giving rewards, recognition managers of
the company can inspire and can enhance their productivity level(Sandman
and 2012).
TASK 4
4.1 the nature of groups and group behaviour within organisations.
Organisation need to work collectively to achieve the overall goal of
the organisation. Thus, it require to work in team. Groups are directly
influenced by their managers and leaders. Thus, managers and employees
should set such standards and example as it is well known saying that
example is better than perception. Good team work leads to efficient results
of outcome in an organisation. Thus,the management should emphasise on
this concept as an important factor. Each group believes that hard and smart
work leads to success. Groups are mainly divided into 2 parts :
 Formal -these are the groups that are established by the management
of company as part of an organisational structure. The are defined in
terms of their purposes and roles.

 Informal- these are employee centred groups whose aims and
intentions may counter those off the official organisation. Here, the
employees in the group draws their own norms and regulations.
In evaluating the behaviour of people in groups , number of key issues are- group size- the size of group size is one of the factor which determines
its likely behaviour. If the group is large then it requires large number
of formalisation than smaller group(Solomon, Russell-Bennett and
Previte, 2012). Purpose of group- definite purpose within the organisational structure
has been assigned to the work groups. They are often asked to focus
their efforts on specific problems usually of short nature.
 Nature of task- the nature of task has been dependent on the purpose
and size of the group. Some of the tasks can be -
1. ongoing or routine.
2. Implementing new process or procedures,
3. creating new ideas
4. solving specific purposes or issues.
5. Important negotiations with customers or competitors
4.2 Factors which may promote and inhibit the development of effective
team work
As the GSK is having different types of team e.g. accounts, research
and development, supply and demands teams which are having their own
goals and objectives which have to be attain by them in the pre decided time
period. As they are having huge demands from the market so it is essential
for teams to work effectively and appropriately to maintain their work speed.
Some of the factors are here which can impact on the team to develop
effective team work from the team members;
Communication: It is an essential element for the team which are
working in the GSK, each and very member have to be communicative with
the others to covey their view and innovative ideas among the team

members which can promote the effectiveness of the team(Suppiah and
Singh Sandhu, 2011).
Diversity: As the company is having many of the employees which
are having diversity in culture and talents so it can increase the
effectiveness of the team by increasing scope of thinking. Team members
can make more innovative ideas by it.
Personal conflicts: Issues and conflicts in between the team
members can reduce the work flow of the team to attain their shared goals
by the leaders of the GSK. So it is an responsibility of the management to
reduce the conflictual issues in between the team members to maintain the
coordination in between the team members.
Difference in between the team members: As the management
had divide their team so it not possible for the management to select similar
habits and skills in each team members which impact on the team's
performance. So this cause can make difference in between the performance
of the team members so it can be inhibit the development of effective team
work(Tohidinia and Mosakhani, 2010).
4.3 Evaluation of the impact of technology on team functioning
As the GSK is having different types of team which are having huge
need of the technology to perform their business activities. Some of the
teams are here and evaluation of the impact of the technology on these:
Accounts team: All of the accounts work are based on the computer
accounting which helps to the company to keep their records for a long time
periods and as well as it impacts on the company to make proper accounting
of each and every particulars transaction of the company. But technical error
can be a cause for the company to loss their accounts data so they have to
keep a hard copy also.
Research and development team: Technology has a huge
importance for the research and development team because they have to
make more fine nano technology to make more effective medicine to cure

the diseases of their users. All of the research work are done by the technical
team in the company and this part has done in the laboratories where many
types of machines are used by the GSK. Results authenticity and accuracy is
much important part for the company so it is essential for the company to
use authentic machines and technology which can give them accurate
results to them(Tsai and Wu, 2010).
CONCLUSION
From the above report it can be concluded that understanding group
behaviour and motivate them accordingly is the key which can help in
getting success in the corporate world. By developing strong relationship
with workers and by providing them non-monitory and monitory benefits
organizations can encourage people and can increase productivity. Use of
appropriate leadership impact a lot, it is necessary that managers adopts
appropriate leadership style at the time of changes. Otherwise, people will
not support and they will resist changes. Report has discussed about team
working by building team spirit leaders and higher authorities can
accomplish organizational goal significantly.

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