Child Injury: Public Health Prevention Strategies Report
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AI Summary
This report delves into the critical issue of child injury from a public health perspective. It begins with an introduction highlighting the prevalence of child injuries, including falls, poisoning, drowning, and vehicle crashes, and the global efforts to mitigate such incidents. The methodology section outlines the research process, emphasizing the importance of effective information gathering. The review section presents findings from various studies, such as the effectiveness of the Safe Routes to School program in reducing pedestrian injuries, community-based injury prevention programs, and parenting interventions in preventing childhood injuries. The report also examines strategies for preventing suffocation, drowning, and falls. The recommendation section suggests that parenting strategies are among the most effective and easy-to-implement approaches. The report concludes by emphasizing the significance of child injury prevention and the effectiveness of various strategies, particularly parenting strategies, in mitigating this issue.

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Child Injury
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Word Count: 1987
Child Injury
Student Name:
Student No.:
Unit Code:
Due Date:
Word Count: 1987
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Introduction
Every day, the mainstream media, word reports and other sources of communication
report about child injuries. Notably, among the leading causes of such injuries include falls,
poisoning incidents, drowning, vehicle crashes, chocking as well as suffocation. In response to
such unintentional childhood injuries, many nations and words organizations have instituted
mechanisms that aim at minimizing or forestalling such incidents. There has been progress in
such initiative since deaths resulting from child injury have since decreased by 29% in the last
period of ten years. This paper explores childhood injury with respect to public health. The
purpose of the paper is to investigate childhood in details and offer recommendations on
preventing it. The paper will discuss the topic through the following sections: methods of
searching resources, review of the evidence, recommendation and a logical conclusion.
Methods
It is quite imperative that scholars need vital skills to conduct a deeper research in both
effective and efficient manner. More often than not, one needs to establish both a good habits
and practice to come up with an information-gathering routine that pays dividends. In seeking
information about my topic of focus, I followed a couple of steps. The first step involved
articulating the point where there was writing down of the topic in a concise and clear manner to
enhance specificity. The next step involved locating background information about. The third
step focused on identifying the needed information which was followed by listing of key
concepts and words for the databases and search engines. The next step involved consideration
of the topic, then conducting the actual searches finalizing with evaluation of the information
sources retrieved.
The rationale that informed the choice of the articles included:
Introduction
Every day, the mainstream media, word reports and other sources of communication
report about child injuries. Notably, among the leading causes of such injuries include falls,
poisoning incidents, drowning, vehicle crashes, chocking as well as suffocation. In response to
such unintentional childhood injuries, many nations and words organizations have instituted
mechanisms that aim at minimizing or forestalling such incidents. There has been progress in
such initiative since deaths resulting from child injury have since decreased by 29% in the last
period of ten years. This paper explores childhood injury with respect to public health. The
purpose of the paper is to investigate childhood in details and offer recommendations on
preventing it. The paper will discuss the topic through the following sections: methods of
searching resources, review of the evidence, recommendation and a logical conclusion.
Methods
It is quite imperative that scholars need vital skills to conduct a deeper research in both
effective and efficient manner. More often than not, one needs to establish both a good habits
and practice to come up with an information-gathering routine that pays dividends. In seeking
information about my topic of focus, I followed a couple of steps. The first step involved
articulating the point where there was writing down of the topic in a concise and clear manner to
enhance specificity. The next step involved locating background information about. The third
step focused on identifying the needed information which was followed by listing of key
concepts and words for the databases and search engines. The next step involved consideration
of the topic, then conducting the actual searches finalizing with evaluation of the information
sources retrieved.
The rationale that informed the choice of the articles included:

3
i. They provide insight into the critical issues with respect to the topic of research.
ii. The insights stimulate important questions.
iii. The articles use appropriate methods of exploring the issues that the research
addresses.
Review
According to DiMaggio and Li (2013), reports indicate high incidences of childhood
injuries in the U.S, specifically in New York. In a bid to mitigate this, the US national congress
decided to fund a national Safety Routes to School (SRTS) program whose objective was to
encourage teens to cycle or walk to school. This intervention targeted the pedestrians in New
York, school-aged, collected and analyzed data as to the extent the program reduced injuries to
this population, attributable to motor vehicle crashes, to establish its effectiveness.
Utilizing geocoded motor vehicle crash involving 168,806 teen pedestrian in New York between
2001 and 2010, the study established that pedestrian injured dropped by 33% among school
going children of ages 9 to 15 years. The study also established that the annual rate of school-
aged pedestrian injury at the time of travel to school reduced by 44% upon the rolling out of the
program. Comparatively, the pre-intervention rate was 8.0 injuries per 10,000 populations while
the post intervention rate stood at 4.4 injuries for every 10,000 population. Notably, without the
intervention, the rate remained virtually constant. Conclusively, SRTS is one of the effective
interventions of mitigating childhood injury, especially in school-aged children (DiMaggio & Li,
2013).
Guyer et al. (2011), suggested community-based injury prevention program as a strategy
effective in reducing the childhood injuries among the children of ages between 0 to 5 years.
Essentially, the most common injuries the program proved effective in preventing included
i. They provide insight into the critical issues with respect to the topic of research.
ii. The insights stimulate important questions.
iii. The articles use appropriate methods of exploring the issues that the research
addresses.
Review
According to DiMaggio and Li (2013), reports indicate high incidences of childhood
injuries in the U.S, specifically in New York. In a bid to mitigate this, the US national congress
decided to fund a national Safety Routes to School (SRTS) program whose objective was to
encourage teens to cycle or walk to school. This intervention targeted the pedestrians in New
York, school-aged, collected and analyzed data as to the extent the program reduced injuries to
this population, attributable to motor vehicle crashes, to establish its effectiveness.
Utilizing geocoded motor vehicle crash involving 168,806 teen pedestrian in New York between
2001 and 2010, the study established that pedestrian injured dropped by 33% among school
going children of ages 9 to 15 years. The study also established that the annual rate of school-
aged pedestrian injury at the time of travel to school reduced by 44% upon the rolling out of the
program. Comparatively, the pre-intervention rate was 8.0 injuries per 10,000 populations while
the post intervention rate stood at 4.4 injuries for every 10,000 population. Notably, without the
intervention, the rate remained virtually constant. Conclusively, SRTS is one of the effective
interventions of mitigating childhood injury, especially in school-aged children (DiMaggio & Li,
2013).
Guyer et al. (2011), suggested community-based injury prevention program as a strategy
effective in reducing the childhood injuries among the children of ages between 0 to 5 years.
Essentially, the most common injuries the program proved effective in preventing included
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suffocations, motor vehicle occupant injuries, falls, burns and poisonings. The study took place
between 1980 and 1982 in Massachusetts utilizing five prevention projects (Guyer et al., 2011).
The study population involved five communities with 42 percent of households having teenagers
of ages 0 to 5 years and carried out over two years. Essentially, the study established that
participating in the safety programs increased the threshold in the intervention communities,
specifically, threefold. In the intervention communities, it was noted that the safety practices and
knowledge increased significantly. The study further established that, with participatory
exposure to the interventions, the households had higher safety and behavior scores as opposed
to the households that did not have prior exposure to the intervention activities. Moreover, there
was a distinct reduction of 55 percent of the incidents of motor vehicle occupant injuries among
the 0 to 5 year-old children in communities that embraced the intervention activities compared to
those that did not have a participatory exposure to the activities.
Yet in another study, Kendrick et al., (2013) explored parenting intervention as one of the
effective intervention programs to prevent childhood injuries. According to the background of
the study, parent training programs and education can help improve behaviors of the children.
The main objective of the study was to assess the effects parenting interventions have on
preventing childhood injuries in teenagers of ages below 18 years. The research utilized selected
studies where data was extracted and appraised. Of the studies utilized, two-thirds were included
in the interview, comprising of one partially randomized trial with two randomized intervention
arms, two non-RCTs and sixteen RCTs (Kendrick et al., 2013). Seventeen studies focused on
interventions that comprised parenting education. The research established that parenting
intervention that was provided within the home using multi-faceted interventions were quite
effective in reducing childhood injuries. According to Kendrick et al., (2013) the evidence
suffocations, motor vehicle occupant injuries, falls, burns and poisonings. The study took place
between 1980 and 1982 in Massachusetts utilizing five prevention projects (Guyer et al., 2011).
The study population involved five communities with 42 percent of households having teenagers
of ages 0 to 5 years and carried out over two years. Essentially, the study established that
participating in the safety programs increased the threshold in the intervention communities,
specifically, threefold. In the intervention communities, it was noted that the safety practices and
knowledge increased significantly. The study further established that, with participatory
exposure to the interventions, the households had higher safety and behavior scores as opposed
to the households that did not have prior exposure to the intervention activities. Moreover, there
was a distinct reduction of 55 percent of the incidents of motor vehicle occupant injuries among
the 0 to 5 year-old children in communities that embraced the intervention activities compared to
those that did not have a participatory exposure to the activities.
Yet in another study, Kendrick et al., (2013) explored parenting intervention as one of the
effective intervention programs to prevent childhood injuries. According to the background of
the study, parent training programs and education can help improve behaviors of the children.
The main objective of the study was to assess the effects parenting interventions have on
preventing childhood injuries in teenagers of ages below 18 years. The research utilized selected
studies where data was extracted and appraised. Of the studies utilized, two-thirds were included
in the interview, comprising of one partially randomized trial with two randomized intervention
arms, two non-RCTs and sixteen RCTs (Kendrick et al., 2013). Seventeen studies focused on
interventions that comprised parenting education. The research established that parenting
intervention that was provided within the home using multi-faceted interventions were quite
effective in reducing childhood injuries. According to Kendrick et al., (2013) the evidence
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suggested that such interventions would improve safety at home. However, there is a for further
research to establish mechanisms that would help reduce injury as well identify features of
parenting interventions necessary to bring down the injuries in addition to examines how these
studies can be generalized to other different populations.
Wesley and Amit (2013) opine that, annually, death due to unintentional injuries among
the children accounts for 40 percent. The study observed that, child restraint is the most efficient
strategy that can be employed to help prevent death or injury when properly used. As regards
suffocation, the strategies useful include placing the babies on their back while sleeping;
appropriate bedding of the children, as well as making sure that no items that would otherwise
entangle the baby are put away from their play or sleep environments (Wesley & Amit, 2013).
As far as drowning is concerned, swimming pools should be fenced for isolation from the yard.
To prevent poisoning, the study identified the following programs were identified to be effective;
poison prevention programs and avoiding syrup of ipecac. In the case of fall injury, the study
identified these could be reduced by avoiding the use of bunk beds for children below the age of
6 years and also avoid walkers for toddlers. Also, children can use helmets consistently while
cycling to prevent them from brain and head injuries that come with falls. The study also
suggests that community-based interventions can help reduce childhood injuries in the case of
high-risk populations (Wesley & Amit, 2013).
Rahman et al. (2012) conducted a study to find out the effective strategies that can help
mitigate child injury with focus on drowning. The strategy evaluated was called Prevention of
Child Injuries through Social-Intervention and Education (PRECISE) and was done in
Bangladesh. Essentially, the study was conducted between 2006 and 2010 utilizing 18 596
participants (children in crèches and 79421 participants taught how to swim. The obtained results
suggested that such interventions would improve safety at home. However, there is a for further
research to establish mechanisms that would help reduce injury as well identify features of
parenting interventions necessary to bring down the injuries in addition to examines how these
studies can be generalized to other different populations.
Wesley and Amit (2013) opine that, annually, death due to unintentional injuries among
the children accounts for 40 percent. The study observed that, child restraint is the most efficient
strategy that can be employed to help prevent death or injury when properly used. As regards
suffocation, the strategies useful include placing the babies on their back while sleeping;
appropriate bedding of the children, as well as making sure that no items that would otherwise
entangle the baby are put away from their play or sleep environments (Wesley & Amit, 2013).
As far as drowning is concerned, swimming pools should be fenced for isolation from the yard.
To prevent poisoning, the study identified the following programs were identified to be effective;
poison prevention programs and avoiding syrup of ipecac. In the case of fall injury, the study
identified these could be reduced by avoiding the use of bunk beds for children below the age of
6 years and also avoid walkers for toddlers. Also, children can use helmets consistently while
cycling to prevent them from brain and head injuries that come with falls. The study also
suggests that community-based interventions can help reduce childhood injuries in the case of
high-risk populations (Wesley & Amit, 2013).
Rahman et al. (2012) conducted a study to find out the effective strategies that can help
mitigate child injury with focus on drowning. The strategy evaluated was called Prevention of
Child Injuries through Social-Intervention and Education (PRECISE) and was done in
Bangladesh. Essentially, the study was conducted between 2006 and 2010 utilizing 18 596
participants (children in crèches and 79421 participants taught how to swim. The obtained results

6
were then compared to a sample population of nonparticipants to establish the mortality rate
differences. The results revealed that with the implementation of SwimSafe, the relative
drowning risk death was 0.72. Co-effectiveness as assessed by the World Health Organization
revealed that PRECISE is not only cost-effective but also efficient in reducing the deaths caused
by drowning significantly.
Recommendation
As reviewed above, there are so many strategies that are applicable as far as the reduction
of child injury is concerned. These mainly include programs like national Safety Routes to
School (SRTS) for reduction of injury due to vehicle crash, Prevention of Child Injuries through
Social-Intervention and Education (PRECISE), community-based injury prevention program,
and parenting strategies. However, these strategies differ from one another as far their
effectiveness and ease of use are concerned. Some of the strategies are more effective and ease to
use than others. As such, the most appropriate strategy is one that yields more dividend and easy
to apply. From the strategies aforementioned, the most effective strategy of them all is parenting
strategy. This is because, most of the child injuries happen at home and in the presence of
parents. To mitigate child injury, it is therefore to employ the parenting strategy. This strategy is
cost-effective, reliable and effective in achieving the desired results.
Conclusion
Among the major cause of child mortality annually across the world is child injury. The
commonest of these child injuries include burns, drowning, vehicle crash, fall and suffocation.
To counter these injuries, several researchers have tried to establish some effective strategies
including parenting strategy, community-based strategy, Prevention of Child Injuries through
Social-Intervention and Education (PRECISE) and many more. When applied in the right
were then compared to a sample population of nonparticipants to establish the mortality rate
differences. The results revealed that with the implementation of SwimSafe, the relative
drowning risk death was 0.72. Co-effectiveness as assessed by the World Health Organization
revealed that PRECISE is not only cost-effective but also efficient in reducing the deaths caused
by drowning significantly.
Recommendation
As reviewed above, there are so many strategies that are applicable as far as the reduction
of child injury is concerned. These mainly include programs like national Safety Routes to
School (SRTS) for reduction of injury due to vehicle crash, Prevention of Child Injuries through
Social-Intervention and Education (PRECISE), community-based injury prevention program,
and parenting strategies. However, these strategies differ from one another as far their
effectiveness and ease of use are concerned. Some of the strategies are more effective and ease to
use than others. As such, the most appropriate strategy is one that yields more dividend and easy
to apply. From the strategies aforementioned, the most effective strategy of them all is parenting
strategy. This is because, most of the child injuries happen at home and in the presence of
parents. To mitigate child injury, it is therefore to employ the parenting strategy. This strategy is
cost-effective, reliable and effective in achieving the desired results.
Conclusion
Among the major cause of child mortality annually across the world is child injury. The
commonest of these child injuries include burns, drowning, vehicle crash, fall and suffocation.
To counter these injuries, several researchers have tried to establish some effective strategies
including parenting strategy, community-based strategy, Prevention of Child Injuries through
Social-Intervention and Education (PRECISE) and many more. When applied in the right
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Do you want full access?
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Trusted by 1+ million students worldwide

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manner, these strategies have proved to effectively and efficiently towards mitigating this
menace. However, among the strategies available, the most effective strategy is parenting
strategy owing to its ease of acquisition and implementation.
manner, these strategies have proved to effectively and efficiently towards mitigating this
menace. However, among the strategies available, the most effective strategy is parenting
strategy owing to its ease of acquisition and implementation.
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References
DiMaggio, C., & Li, G. 2013. Effectiveness of a Safe Routes to School Program in Preventing
School-Aged Pedestrian Injury. PEDIATRICS, 131(2), 290-296. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-
2182
Guyer, B., Gallagher, S. S., Chang, B. H., Azzara, C. V., Cupples, L. A., & Colton, T. 2011.
Prevention of childhood injuries: evaluation of the Statewide Childhood Injury
Prevention Program (SCIPP). American Journal of Public Health, 79(11), 1521-1527.
doi:10.2105/ajph.79.11.1521
Kendrick, D., Mulvaney, C. A., Ye, L., Stevens, T., Mytton, J. A., & Stewart-Brown, S. 2013.
Parenting interventions for the prevention of unintentional injuries in
childhood. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006020.pub3
Rahman, F., Bose, S., Linnan, M., Rahman, A., Mashreky, S., Haaland, B., & Finkelstein, E.
2012. Cost-Effectiveness of an Injury and Drowning Prevention Program in
Bangladesh. PEDIATRICS, 130(6), e1621-e1628. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-0757
WESLEYB, T. M., & AMIT, H. K. 2013. Prevention of Unintentional Childhood
Injury. American Family Physician, 87(7), 502-509.
References
DiMaggio, C., & Li, G. 2013. Effectiveness of a Safe Routes to School Program in Preventing
School-Aged Pedestrian Injury. PEDIATRICS, 131(2), 290-296. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-
2182
Guyer, B., Gallagher, S. S., Chang, B. H., Azzara, C. V., Cupples, L. A., & Colton, T. 2011.
Prevention of childhood injuries: evaluation of the Statewide Childhood Injury
Prevention Program (SCIPP). American Journal of Public Health, 79(11), 1521-1527.
doi:10.2105/ajph.79.11.1521
Kendrick, D., Mulvaney, C. A., Ye, L., Stevens, T., Mytton, J. A., & Stewart-Brown, S. 2013.
Parenting interventions for the prevention of unintentional injuries in
childhood. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006020.pub3
Rahman, F., Bose, S., Linnan, M., Rahman, A., Mashreky, S., Haaland, B., & Finkelstein, E.
2012. Cost-Effectiveness of an Injury and Drowning Prevention Program in
Bangladesh. PEDIATRICS, 130(6), e1621-e1628. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-0757
WESLEYB, T. M., & AMIT, H. K. 2013. Prevention of Unintentional Childhood
Injury. American Family Physician, 87(7), 502-509.
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