Global Tourism and Sustainable Development

This assignment provides a comprehensive review of global tourism and sustainable development, featuring a curated list of academic papers and research studies. The selection includes works from renowned authors and journals, covering topics such as sustainable tourism, energy consumption, innovation in tourism firms, precarious work in the tourism industry, trekking tourism, and more. The collection aims to provide students with a deeper understanding of the complexities surrounding global tourism and its impact on sustainable development.

Report

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
Trends and nature of tourism on the global scale 440.....................................................................1
Global tourism statistics..............................................................................................................1
Key trends...................................................................................................................................2
Top tourism destination...............................................................................................................2
Characteristics of key tourist generating areas of the world............................................................3
Tourism generating areas............................................................................................................3
Tourism receiving areas..............................................................................................................3
Growth reason of key global tourism generating areas of the world...............................................3
Key factors influencing travel.....................................................................................................3
4 A's of destination .....................................................................................................................3
Differences between emerging global tourist destination................................................................4
TALC model on two emerging global destination......................................................................4
Responsibilities and roles of international organizations of global tourism....................................5
Key organization like UNWTO, PATA......................................................................................5
Challenges, threats and different issues coming in way of future development of global tourism. 6
Economic.....................................................................................................................................6
Political.......................................................................................................................................6
Environmental.............................................................................................................................6
Social trends................................................................................................................................7
Technological trends...................................................................................................................7
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................7
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9

INTRODUCTION
The global tourism may be defined as the mobility or movement of people from one
place to the other in order to either roam the place for fun, personal relaxation or for the purpose
of doing business. The people travelling to the other places are known as visitors. The main
reason behind the travelling is to either spend leisure time with friends and families or for the
purpose of doing business or for exploring different new places. The present case study is on the
global destinations of UK (Dredge, Airey and Gross, eds., 2014). The report will outline some
trends along with the nature of the tourism at global level. Also, it will discuss about some key
characteristics of tourist generating and receiving areas. Furthermore, it will highlight the reasons
for the growth of the key global tourism areas of the world. After that it will discuss some
differences between two emerging global destinations of UK. Further it will discuss some
responsibilities and role of the different types of international organization along with their aims
and objectives. At last the report will demonstrate some different challenges and threats which
hampers the future growth and development of the global destination.
Trends and nature of tourism on the global scale 440
Global tourism statistics
In the year 2018, the UK' s economy saw a boom in the field of tourism. In this year the overseas
visits increased to 41.7 million which gave a rise of around 4.4 % since last year. The tourism is
the most valuable industry for the development and growth of the economy of UK (Heller,
Jaworski and Thurlow, 2014). Another major increment is that 14 % of the holiday makers are
planning to take a cruise in the coming next 12 years. This is because of the reason that more
interest is being developing in people towards the cruise holidays.
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(Source: Tourists to UK forecast to spend record level in 2018)
Key trends
Trends refers to as the some general developments or some of the various types of changes
which occurs in the macro or the micro environment and affects the whole business either in a
positive way or the negative way. With the development of the tourism at the global level so
there have been many emerging trends being established in the market. The major trends in the
travel sector are as follows-
 Approx 1326 million international tourist arrivals have been recorded in the destination
across the world.
 The international tourism receipts got a increment of around 4.9 % in the real terms and
the earnings reached to US $1340 billion in the year 2017 (Cañizares, Tabales and
García, 2014).
 In addition to the above earning from the tourism industry, the international tourism
industry also earned another US $240 billion from international passenger which is
charged to the passenger for the transport services rendered to the non- residents.
 Also, the exports resulting from the international tourism reached to US $1.6 trillion or a
per day average of around US $4 billion per day.
Top tourism destination
There are many types of places that can be visited in the country of United Kingdom which are
very famous and attracts more and more customers to visit those places. Some of the major
tourist destination are as follows-
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 Tower of London- this building was built by William the Conqueror, in the year 1078.
The main highlights and the attractiveness of this place involves classic Yeoman Warder
Tours, the Royal Mint, the Crown Jewel exhibitions and different other types of
exhibition which displays regarding prisoners and execution. The Tower of London was a
home to the queens and the kings of England and also it was a prison and many popular
prisoners were held in that prisons.
 Stonehenge- it is the most famous prehistoric monument of the world. This monument
was built in several stages like the first monument was a henge monument which was
built around 5000 years ago (Roberts, Hall and Morag, 2017). After that a unique circle
of stone was made in late Neolithic period about in 2500 BC. Further, in the early Bronze
age many burial mounds were built.
Characteristics of key tourist generating areas of the world
Tourism generating areas
A tourist generating area is a type of place or destination which is famous and popular among the
visitors (García - Hernández de la Calle - Vaquero and Yubero, 2017). These are the places
which generates or encourages the visitors to visit certain places which are popular or attractive.
Tourism receiving areas
The tourist receiving areas are the specific areas which attracts and influences the tourists and
visitors to stay temporarily till their trip period. This area involves of different facilities like
retailing, service function, accommodation and many more other facilities. This is the most
essential and necessary component of the travel and tourism industry and this factor attracts a
wide range of tourists from diverse countries.
Growth reason of key global tourism generating areas of the world
Key factors influencing travel
The major factor which influences the traveling is history & culture of a place. These
factors include different forts, castles, monuments, antiques, ornaments, weapons, caves and
ancient architecture. Thus, all of these cultural places attract visitors and which in turn develops
business of hospitality & tourism sector.
Another factor is the facilities provided by that destination. For example if the person
wishes to travel to Manchester and he finds that there is no proper food facility available in the
nearby place then he would not travel to such places.
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4 A's of destination
There are 4 A's which guides the whole tourism industry. The 4 A's are as follows- Attraction- this is the major essential and necessary guiding factor which attracts the
people towards traveling. It includes a place which are capable of attracting more and
more customers to visit the tourist places. The attractions can be of two types that is
natural attraction and the other is man made attractions. The natural attractions refer to as
places made by the nature like flora and fauna, rivers, mountains and other natural
establishment (Postma, Cavagnaro and Spruyt, 2017). On the contrary the man made
attractions are developed and installed by man for example, parks, monuments, museums
and other amusement buildings. Accessibility- it refers to the ways through which the global destinations can be accessed
that is how the visitor can reach to these tourists places. In simple words it is the mode of
transportation which is used to reach the destination. It can be of three types that is
surface transport which includes railways and roadways (Crane, Kawashima and
Kawasaki, eds., 2016). The other modes is air transport in which transport is done
through airways. The last mode is water transport within which the transportation takes
place through waterways. Accommodation- it refers to a place where the visitor can live and stay till his travel
period. Traveling is generally done in other countries and it may not be possible that
every person has its own personal accommodation. So these accommodations includes
serviced accommodation and the self catering accommodation.
 Amenities- these are the certain facilities and options which are required by the
customers to enjoy their trip and tour (Benckendorff, Xiang and Sheldon, 2019). These
are the extra and above the normal facilities which are provided by the hotels where they
stay. The amenities are also of two types that is natural and the man made amenities. The
natural amenities are like rock climbing, river rafting, sight seeing and many other
facilities. On the other hand man made facilities are like swimming pool, cinema houses,
dance rooms and disco and many other amenities.
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Differences between emerging global tourist destination
TALC model on two emerging global destination
The destinations are defined as the place to which the visitor or group of visitors wishes
to travel either for the purpose of business or for exploring new places or for spending leisure
time with their families and friends. Each and every destination has a specific life cycle. For
studying the life cycle of a place Butler has proposed a model named Tourism Area Life Cysle
(TALC). This model works in six different stages. These stages are discussed in the following
points- Exploration- it includes a few people or tourists who loves to explore new and
adventurous people who loves to look for something different in its whole holiday trip
(Scott, Hall and Gössling, 2016). A destination place is discovered or explored by a
smaller number of people who after exploring the new place tells about that place to
others. Also, they try to motivate and encourage other people to roam and explore that
place. Involvement- at this stage the local people start noticing that there are more increasing
numbers of people coming to the local area (Hartman, Paris and Blache - Cohen, 2014).
People at this stage start the businesses of providing accommodation, food, guides, and
transport. More and more tourists now arrives at the place after having heard about the
place by either word of mouth or articles in papers or by the tourist guides. Development- as the tourist place is being noticed and explored by a little group of
visitors so now the big companies start to see potential in that area of being a tourist
resort or tourist destination. Therefore, after realizing the potential the company start
investing the money in the region. They build large hotel, resorts and buildings and sell
holiday packages (Pulido - Fernández, Andrades - Caldito and Sánchez - Rivero, 2015).
This scheme increases the numbers of tourists drastically and massively expands the
number of job opportunities for people in the local region, in both tourist related jobs and
in construction and services. Consolidation- after developing the hotel the local economy is probably dominated by
tourism at this stage and many local people earns from this type of industry. However,
this can remove people from other industries such as farming and fishing and these
industries can suffer loss as a result thereof. At this stage there will be continue expansion
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of the hotel or the tourist destination and because of this some older buildings will start to
become unattractive. This is because of the reason that now more focus is given on the
development of the new tourist place or destination. Stagnation- this is the stage where popularity is short lived. People may become bore
with the resort if its initial appeal is weak. There may also arise situations like
competition from other resorts, rowdiness and a loss of the original features. The number
of people going levels off then starts to decline, threatening local businesses and services. Decline or rejuvenation- this is the stage where either the tourist place is continued or
declined (Begum, Alam and Sahazali, 2014). The decline can be of two types either slow
or rapid. On the other hand, rejuvenation includes addition of cash to develop the place
with more features.
Elements Tower of London Stonehenge
Discovery The tower of London is a
historic castle situated on the
north side of the river Thames
in Central London and it is
lying between the London
Borough of Tower Hamlets.
It is regarded as the famous
landmark in UK and is legally
protected by Scheduled
Ancient Mounuments.
Launch It was founded around end of
1066 as a part of Norman
Conquest of England. The area
of castle is around 27 meters
and is owned by the Queen
Elizabeth II.
The Stonehenge was
discovered in the outer Ditch
of monument in the year 1978
in the bronze age and follows
the English Heritage system of
management.
Stagnation Right now it is not in the state
of stagnation rather it is
flourishing.
Right now it is not in the state
of stagnation rather it is
flourishing in full growth and
development.
Decline Since the Tower of London is
on the way of growth and
As the competition is so tough
in the tourism industry so it
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development so there is no
need of decline.
needs to bring some changes
and try to rejuvenate itself in
better terms.
Responsibilities and roles of international organizations of global tourism
Key organization like UNWTO, PATA
United Nation World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)
UNTWO is an agency which provides & facilitates all those activities which are used to
promote tourism and also encourages its member countries to behave ethically with an objective
to grow business of travel & tourism Industry. The members of UNWTO involves 158 different
countries, 500 affiliate members and 6 associate members (Krizaj, Brodnik and Bukovec, 2014).
The aim of this organization is to generate the knowledge relating to the market, develop
sustainable tourism policies, promoting competitiveness, and using different techniques to foster
tourism development. The major role of this organization is to improve the competitiveness of
the members of this organization through increasing the knowledge and the marketing and the
promotion of the different tourist places in order to develop them. Another major role of this
organization is to develop some sustainable policies which are used to develop the tourism
sector.
Pacific Asia Travel Association (PATA)
This stands for Pacific Asia Travel Association which was founded in the year 1951. It is
a non profit association which is developed at the international level which is responsible for the
development of the tourism and the travel industry coming within the reach of the Asia Pacific
region. This association consists of the 95 different governments including state and the city
tourism bodies along with 25 international airports and airlines, 108 companies of the hospitality
industry, 72 institutes relating to education along with hundreds of different travel industries in
the region of Asia Pacific and the nearby region (Torres - Delgado and Saarinen, 2014). This
organization aims at conceptualizing, realizing, proposing and implementing different strategies
and policies for developing new tourism products and the services which influences the tourism
industry. The main role of this type of organization is to provide and organize a conference to
review the objectives of the organization with its working. This organization serves as a unique
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promotional tool which is used by the host government in providing opportunity for the growth
of the travel industry.
Challenges, threats and different issues coming in way of future development
of global tourism
Economic
Economic factors are the factors which includes taxation rate, inflation rate, income level
and unemployment affects behavior of tourism (Higham, Bejder and Williams, 2014). For
Example if there is high rate of unemployment in United Kingdom than that leads to decrease in
purchasing power of individuals which create lower demand for services of travel & tourism
industry (Boniface, Cooper and Cooper, 2016). Whereas if countries economy is growing and
income level of individuals are very high than that creates higher demand and which leads to
increase in profitability and market share of all businesses operating within travel & tourism
industry.
Political
The political factors are the factors which are related to the governmental policies and the
interference of the political parties and the government on the global tourism. The UK is the
biggest contributors in the whole worlds' development (Bao, Chen and Ma, 2014). Now if there
will be political gaps and differences between two or more countries. Then in such situation there
will be a mismanagement and worst tourism relation among the countries who have political
instability.
Environmental
Environment refers to all the forces which exists in the outside environment. It consists
of forces like floods, earthquake, rain fall and extreme climate situation affects business of
tourism industry which has an adverse impact on the global tourism. For example, during the
period of harsh summer individuals of united kingdom prefer to visit places which are cold and
places like hill station or monsoon places.
Social trends
The social factors are the factors which have a great impact on the tourism industry. The
growth of the tourism sector has to majorly rely upon the social factors. This is because of the
reason that every place has its own specific cultural and social importance. The social factors
have a major role to play in the success or the failure of the tourism industry in that particular
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societal place. For example a person travels to a place for leisure and he finds out that there only
non- vegetarian food is available and he is purely a vegetarian person. Then it will be a very
difficult situation for that person because he will not be able to have food. So the social trends
majorly affects the tourism industry's growth and future development.
Technological trends
Advancement & innovations in technology helps tourism industry in promoting their
services (Lee, Hampton and Jeyacheya, 2015). Emergence of different social media sites such as
Twitter and Facebook creates awareness among people regarding various tourist places. Beside
that many agencies are developing their own websites to promote their business and give details
about their overall offerings. Innovation in technology also helps in providing online booking of
hotel rooms & tickets which makes easy for customers to avail facilities (Nyaupane, Lew and
Tatsugawa, 2014). Customers also gives their feedback & views about destinations which helps
other individuals in selecting right places and this also helps in maximization of profit of firms
who are operating business of travel & hospitality.
CONCLUSION
With the thorough study of the above report it can be summarized that tourism is a very
recent and emerging trend which is on the way of development. The tourism refers to as the
process of traveling or going to other places for the purpose of doing business or roam for leisure
and comfort (Katircioglu, Feridun and Kilinc, 2014). The study outlined some various types of
emerging trends along with the nature of the tourism at global level. Also, it discussed about
some key characteristics of tourist generating and receiving areas. Furthermore, it highlighted the
reasons behind the growth of the key global tourism areas of the world. After that it discussed
some differences by comparing two emerging global destinations of UK. Further it discussed
some responsibilities and role of the different types of international organization along with their
aims and objectives. In the end the report demonstrated some various forms of challenges and
threats which may hampers the future growth and development of the global destination.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Bao, J., Chen, G. and Ma, L., 2014. Tourism research in China: Insights from insiders. Annals of
Tourism Research.45. pp.167-181.
Begum, H., Er, A.C., Alam, A.F. and Sahazali, N., 2014. Tourist's perceptions towards the role
of stakeholders in sustainable tourism. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 144.
pp.313-321.
Benckendorff, P.J., Xiang, Z. and Sheldon, P.J., 2019.Tourism information technology. Cabi.
Boniface, B., Cooper, R. and Cooper, C., 2016. Worldwide destinations: The geography of travel
and tourism. Routledge.
Cañizares, S.M.S., Tabales, J.M.N. and García, F.J.F., 2014. Local residents attitudes towards
the impact of tourism development in Cape Verde. Tourism & Management
Studies.10(1). pp.87-96.
Crane, D., Kawashima, N. and Kawasaki, K.I. eds., 2016.Global culture: Media, arts, policy,
and globalization. Routledge.
Dredge, D., Airey, D. and Gross, M.J. eds., 2014. The Routledge handbook of tourism and
hospitality education. Routledge.
García - Hernández, M., de la Calle - Vaquero, M. and Yubero, C., 2017. Cultural heritage and
urban tourism: Historic city centres under pressure. Sustainability. 9(8). p.1346.
Hartman, E., Paris, C.M. and Blache - Cohen, B., 2014. Fair Trade Learning: Ethical standards
for community-engaged international volunteer tourism. Tourism and Hospitality
Research. 14(1-2). pp.108-116.
Heller, M., Jaworski, A. and Thurlow, C., 2014. Introduction: Sociolinguistics and tourism–
mobilities, markets, multilingualism. Journal of Sociolinguistics. 18(4). pp.425-458.
Higham, J., Bejder, L. and Williams, R., 2014. Tourism, cetaceans and sustainable
development. Whale-watching: Sustainable tourism and ecological management, p.1.
Katircioglu, S.T., Feridun, M. and Kilinc, C., 2014. Estimating tourism-induced energy
consumption and CO2 emissions: The case of Cyprus. Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews. 29. pp.634-640.
Krizaj, D., Brodnik, A. and Bukovec, B., 2014. A tool for measurement of innovation newness
and adoption in tourism firms. International Journal of Tourism Research. 16(2).
pp.113-125.
Lee, D., Hampton, M. and Jeyacheya, J., 2015. The political economy of precarious work in the
tourism industry in small island developing states. Review of International Political
Economy. 22(1). pp.194-223.
Nyaupane, G.P., Lew, A.A. and Tatsugawa, K., 2014. Perceptions of trekking tourism and social
and environmental change in Nepal's Himalayas. Tourism Geographies. 16(3). pp.415-
437.
Postma, A., Cavagnaro, E. and Spruyt, E., 2017. Sustainable tourism 2040. Journal of Tourism
Futures. 3(1). pp.13-22.
Pulido - Fernández, J.I., Andrades - Caldito, L. and Sánchez - Rivero, M., 2015. Is sustainable
tourism an obstacle to the economic performance of the tourism industry? Evidence
from an international empirical study. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 23(1). pp.47-64.
Roberts, L., Hall, D. and Morag, M., 2017. New directions in rural tourism. Routledge.
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