Challenges of Accounting in Global Organizations: Research Design

This report focuses on the research design and methodology employed to investigate the challenges of accounting within global organizations. The introduction defines accounting's importance, particularly with the use of computer-based applications. The primary research question addresses the impact of the external environment on accounting in the 21st century, with secondary questions exploring the current state of accounting, key challenges, and the influence of external factors. The methodology section explains the research onion framework, detailing stages like research philosophy, approach, strategy, and choice, alongside time horizon. The report also discusses qualitative and quantitative approaches, data collection methods (primary and secondary), data analysis techniques, and the use of questionnaires and sample sizes. Furthermore, it explores research philosophies like ontology, axiology, and epistemology, including positivism and interpretivism. The report aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the research process, from initial design to data analysis, ensuring a robust approach to addressing the research questions.

Research Design and
methodology

Table of Contents
Topic of the research is Challenges of Accounting in Global Organizations..................................3
1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................3
2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY................................................................................................3
3. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS.....................................................................................................10
4. CONCLUSION..........................................................................................................................10
5. REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................11

Topic of the research is Challenges of Accounting in Global Organizations
1. INTRODUCTION
Accounting is defined as a very important concept of conducting any business. In various
organisations, there is use of computer based applications which provide facility of accounting.
This provides help in educating the accounting system and working in proper manner. There is
machine execution which helps in minimising the face out time period and it improves
performance and reliability of the financial production in various organisations as well as
industries. This is search is conducted for analysing the challenges within the accounting system.
Auditors require lot of time for submitted the report of financial documents of the organisation.
The use of it systems answer as computer technologies have made it easy to manage the
accounting properly. On the other hand, it has increased the challenges of the accounting
management. The following report will include description about research methodology used for
conducting the research.
The primary research question of the study is as follows:
“To what extent the external environment affects accounting in global organizations in the 21st
century?”
The secondary research questions of the study are:
 What is the situation of accounting in the 21st century?
 What are the key challenges faced by accounting?
 What is the impact of external factors on accounting in the global organizations in the 21st
century?
The research methodology used for finding solution to these research question are mentioned
below -
2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research methodology is defined as the way which is used by the investigator for conducting
research properly and getting desired results. Research onion is defined as methodology that is
used for managing all the research activities in proper manner and analysing the importance of

every research task. Concept of research onion was given by Saunders in the year 2017.he stated
that there are different stages of research strategy which can be used by the investigator for
managing the conduction of research in proper manner. An onion consist of different layers and
in the same way there are different layers within research which are managed properly for
achieving the result of the research. The reasearch onion consist of different stages which will
help in explaining the development of research work properly. There are different layers within
onion of research which provide a detailed description and explanation about research stages.
There is need of a proper progression by using the research methods and proper manner. It is
important for investigator to analyse and adapt the research methods properly which are designed
for conducting the research. The research methods are very important and they are analysed on
the basis of different context which is helpful for managing the research processes (Bell,
Bryman, and Harley, 2018). The different layers of research onion consists of managing the
outer layer and inner layer that are helpful for managing the completion of work. The research
approach consists of analysing the research onion framework from the the going of outer layer to
the inner layer of research. The outer layer of research philosophy consist of managing d stages
of research properly and defining the methods that are adopted for moving towards second step
that is research approach. The next step includes there is search strategy which includes forth
layer and provides time horizon. The next step of this research onion includes data collection
method which provides the way for collecting the data and understanding it for making effective
and desired result outcomes.the different stages of research onion includes research philosophy,
research approach, research strategy and research choice which is accompanied by time horizon
(Ghauri, Grønhaug, and Strange, 2020). This type of research methodology is also known as
progression which is used by different investigators while conducting the research. Various
stages of research onion are mentioned below –

There are other methods of conducting the research which includes qualitative method and
quantitative method. These are described below
Qualitative approach - according to this type of search, investigator has multi methods for
focusing upon interpretive and naturalistic approach for managing the research topic. main
motive of qualitative research is to analyse as well as understand the need for conducting the
research for society. In this case, there is need of studying behaviour of individual as well as
group in order to maintain the importance of research in effective manner.
Quantitative approach - this is known as the research approach in which data is collected
within numeric form and it is put in different categories, rank orders and it is measured in
different measurements. There is development of graphs and tables within this type of research
approach. Research is used in order to test the theory and managing the result outcomes properly.
In this type of research approach, statistics is used for managing the decision making of
company. In the research work, statistic is used in order to summarise data, analyse the patterns
and describing relationship among two search statistics provides help in managing the inferential
statistics for analysing data within different groups.
The primary research question of the study is as follows:
“To what extent the external environment affects accounting in global organizations in the 21st
century?”
The secondary research questions of the study are:

 What is the situation of accounting in the 21st century?
 What are the key challenges faced by accounting?
 What is the impact of external factors on accounting in the global organizations in the 21st
century?
Data collection methods
Data collection is the most essential function of the research. It is very important for the
investigator to collect data from relevant sources and use it for conducting the research. The data
collection method provides facts and data that can be used for managing the conduction of
proper and strong research. There are two ways of collecting data in order to manage the
research in proper manner. These are primary methods and secondary methods.
Primary data - this type of data is collected from the respondents and individuals directly. there
are different ways of collecting the primary data that can be used for making interpretations
about the research aim (Wagner III, 2019). The different ways for collecting primary data are
face to face interview, questionnaires, online survey, etc
 Secondary data : data collection can also be done by using the secondary resources.
These are considered as the statistics and data that is already present and it is used for
further study within the research. The different ways for collecting the data by secondary
method includes magazines, articles journals, newspaper, research books, library., etc.
Approach of data collection -
Tend to or
Typically
Qualitative
Approaches
Quantitative
Approaches
Mixed Methods
Approaches
Use these
philosophical
assumptions
Employ these
strategies of
inquiry
Constructivist/
transformative
knowledge
claims
Phenomenology,
grounded theory,
ethnography, case
Post-positivist
knowledge claims
Surveys and
experiments
Pragmatic
knowledge claims
Sequential,
concurrent, and
transformative

study, and
narrative
Employ these
methods
Open-ended
questions,
emerging
approaches, text
or image data
Closed-ended
questions,
predetermined
approaches, numeric
data
Both open- and
closed-ended
questions, both
emerging and
predetermined
approaches, and
both quantitative
and qualitative data
and analysis
Use these
practices of
research as the
researcher
Data analysis - this is defined as the method which is used for analysing and evaluating the
information by working upon the collected data properly. In context of a successful research, it
is very important to who manage the data analysis properly and accessing the information and
data that can be used by the researcher in the completion of research aims. The data analysis
method consists of different steps such as data collection, data specification, data processing,
communication and data management (Sloan, and Quan-Haase, eds., 2017). All these stages are
effectively accomplished for conducting a successful research by using qualitative or quantitative
approach.
Questionnaire -this is known as a printed piece of paper that includes several questions
which are asked from the respondent in order to achieve their research objectives. It is very
important for the managing of data properly so that the answers taken from respondents can be
analysed properly for achieving their research results. The idea of questionnaire can be used for
managing the analysis and purpose of collecting the data and information properly.
Questionnaire can be of different type such as computer questionnaire in which respondents are
sent the questionnaire through their emails. In most of the researches, investigator uses computer
questionnaire as it is very e pocket friendly and also the time taken is very less. On the other
hand, the main disadvantage of collecting information from respondents through computer
questionnaire is that some of the people ignore their emails and do not participate in the research.

Other way of conducting the primary research through questionnaire is by using telephone
service and in house surveys. Days include directly talking to the individual by calling him or
her. The main disadvantage of this type of questionnaire is that it takes lot of time and money.
Sample size - this is known as measuring the individual sample which is used within the
research and managing the subset of population. The concept of sampling is probabilistic and
non probabilitic. It totally depends upon the size of sample and population. The main motive of
probability sampling consist of managing the data collection and eliminating the biases within it.
On the other hand, non probabilistic sampling is defined as the method which is used for
selecting odd members and analysing the sampling properly. This type of sampling is
inexpensive and it is easy to define interest on the basis of population parameters.
Research philosophy
The concept of research philosophy is defined as values, beliefs and ethics that is followed
by different investigators while collecting and analysing data used within the research. It is
essential for the investigator to manage the research work properly and analyse all the properties
of conducting research in effective manner. There are different type of research philosophies
within the research methodology which are helpful for grabbing information about research topic
more deeply. the different type of research philosophy are mentioned below –
Ontology – this consist of research philosophy provides information about the the study of
reality. It provides the description about nature of research and what will be the impact of
conducting research on surroundings and society.this provides difference between the reality and
how it is perceived in in real life.it provides information about how behaviour is influenced
regarding the three philosophy position which are objectivism, constructivism and pragmatism
(Hennink, Hutter, and Bailey, 2020).
 Axiology - this provides help in analysing the opinion and valuable which impact
collection and analysis of research work.it provides understanding about the impact of
people opinion on the research collection.
 Epistemology - this is known as the scientific research which is used for analysing the
information and choosing appropriate way for accepting knowledge and analysing the
facts of research. It provides help in defining the knowledge behind research field and
providing information about way off testing. Epistemology is defined as the actual
phenomenon which is real and can be e scene properly. Doxology is known as research

philosophy which is analysed while conducting the research within market. The two
different type of research philosophies include positivism and interpretivism. There are
two ways with the researcher in order to identify the nature of research.
 Positivism - positivism is known as the research topic is real or not. This includes the
management and observation of the research aims and objectives properly. It is important
to analyse the research phenomena properly for investigating the research in effective
manner. the concept of positivism includes manipulating the real facts by differentiating
between data variations that contribute to an independent variable. When the researcher is
conducting the research, positivism is used in order to evaluate different real facts related
to the topic.
Interpretivism - this type of research philosophy consists of having subjective interpretation in
order to evaluate what is actually real within the research aim. this includes managing the
strategy properly which can be used for evaluating and analysing reality within creativity and
knowledge of the research aim (Coolican, 2017). This type of research philosophy is useful for
the investigator in managing the scientific knowledge regarding the research objective.
Interpretivism is known as tradition that includes fact that there is no Pride in in adopting the
already existing facts.
Research approach is known as plan or procedure that includes different steps like data
collection, data analysis and data interpretation. It is very important to analyse the effectiveness
of research and know about the nature of data for managing the research outcomes properly.
there are two types of research approaches which are inductive approach and deductive
approach.
Inductive approach - this type of research approach states that the investigator conducts
research on his or her interest. In this type of research approach. There is development of certain
patterns and statistics which are analysed from the collected data. In case of inductive approach,
data collection is done through to experience and observation of the investigator. The inductive
approach of research includes gathering of data and analysing the statistics and patterns for
developing a reliable theory.
Deductive approach - this type of approach concept of social theory which is used for compiling
and analysing the implications by using data. This type of research approach is useful for
managing the hypothesis and working upon the theory that can be used for interpreting the new

outcomes. There are various benefits of deductive approach like it explains about casual
relationship among the variable and concept (Litosseliti, ed., 2018). This type of research
approach is useful for analysing the concept that can be used for interpreting research objectives.
3. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
It is analysed from the above research that there are different accounting challenges that are
faced within business. It is very important for the accounting challenges so that it is easy to to
manage the financial working. Some of the challenges within accounting system is due to tax
cuts and job at implementation. The reason for tax cuts is to you managed a tax reforms and this
affects entertainment expenses for depreciation. On the other hand, there are several companies
which have to bear some of the tax cuts due to entertainment expenses, bonus depreciation and
small business tax. It is very important for organisation to keep the accounting software update
so that there is no problem in evaluating the tax generated and revenue of the company every
month. Automation and AI more in less than the traditional accounting duties. This provides
benefits but also there are some disadvantages of this. It is seen that it is being used by the
accounting systems more as it is helpful in managing the complex accounting properly. When
there is use of robotic process automation, it is easy for the companies to manage the work
properly and analyse the financial forecasting.by the use of technology, there is minimization in
the traditional and rule based accounting skills. Hence, it is very important to analyse the
financial strategy and analysis for managing the work in proper manner.
4. CONCLUSION
It is analysed from the above discussion that there is need for unprecidated losses and affect
on growth of the organisation. It is analysed from the above discussion, that research methods
must be chosen effectively so that it is easy to evaluate the research activities properly.
Moreover, it is essential for the organisations to manage the conducting of effective researches
before managing the business. This provides help in attaining goals and objectives in specified
time.

5. REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Bell, E., Bryman, A. and Harley, B., 2018. Business research methods. Oxford university press.
Ghauri, P., Grønhaug, K. and Strange, R., 2020. Research methods in business studies.
Cambridge University Press.
Hennink, M., Hutter, I. and Bailey, A., 2020. Qualitative research methods. SAGE Publications
Limited.
Coolican, H., 2017. Research methods and statistics in psychology. Psychology Press.
Litosseliti, L. ed., 2018. Research methods in linguistics. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Wagner III, W.E., 2019. Using IBM® SPSS® statistics for research methods and social science
statistics. Sage Publications.
Sloan, L. and Quan-Haase, A. eds., 2017. The SAGE handbook of social media research
methods. Sage.