FRP Strengthened CHS Member under Lateral Impact

Research Major Project 1
FRP Strengthened CHS Member under Lateral Impact
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Research Major Project 2
Table of Contents
a. Abstract...............................................................................................................................................4
b. Introduction.........................................................................................................................................5
Description of CHS Steel........................................................................................................................5
Fibre-Reinforced Polymers (FRP)...........................................................................................................7
Economic Viability..................................................................................................................................8
c. Literature Review................................................................................................................................9
Introduction.............................................................................................................................................9
Circular Hollow-Section Strengthen Cylindrical.....................................................................................9
Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Strengthening of Steel.................................................................................10
Finite Element Modeling.......................................................................................................................11
Buckling Strength of Thin Cylindrical Shells without Strengthening....................................................12
Design of CFRP-strengthened steel CHS tubular beams.......................................................................13
CFRP-Strengthened Steel Circular Hollow Sections.............................................................................13
Tubular Structures and Joints................................................................................................................14
Specimen Fabrication and Material Properties......................................................................................17
FRP Parameters for Achieving the Highest Loading Capacity..............................................................24
FRP-Strengthened Cylindrical Shells Modeling....................................................................................26
Verification of the Model......................................................................................................................27
Elephant’s Foot Concept.......................................................................................................................29
d. Research Gap.....................................................................................................................................30

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e. Experiment........................................................................................................................................30
1. Introduction...................................................................................................................................30
2. Types of Equipment and Test........................................................................................................31
3. Discuss Results..............................................................................................................................32
Figure indicating the Failure behavior of bare and FRP strengthened test specimens under transverse
impact....................................................................................................................................................36
f. Summary...........................................................................................................................................36
g. Conclusion.........................................................................................................................................37
h. Reference List....................................................................................................................................40

Research Major Project 4
a. Abstract
Recently, there have been immense cases of the structural failures which have been reported in
various parts of the world. The structure failures have been reported to result from either the
blast or the impact loading. Some of the major issues which have increased the structural failures
in various regions are either the high traffics on the various roads or the terrorist attacks reported
whole over the world. Preferably, circular hollow sections have also continued to gain
momentums in terms of their application in the structural columns and the related structural
components. Some of the structural components in which the application of the circular hollow
sections is viable include beams, jacket legs, and horizontal members in road barriers as well as
offshore braces structures. Furthermore, there is also the application of the CHS for the purposes
of increasing and hastening the aesthetic and utility transmissions in situations where there is low
axil and static force.
Hollow structural are considered to be vulnerable when they are subjected to the actions of the
transverse loads and impacts. The circular hollow structures of the steel are growing in demands
as far as their application in both the offshore as well as the onshore are concerned in the
building and construction industry. In this cases, there expectations of recording the lateral
impacts and loads resulting from the either re vessels or the terrorist attacks. Thus, there are the
increased and high demands to strengthen the hollow tubular members as a mechanism for
hastening both the imposed dynamic impacts as well as increasing the service statics in line with
the loads. Therefore, this paper aims at exploring the circular hollow structures in line with the
fiber-reinforced polymer or FRP to strengthen the CHS of the steel members. The norm
encompasses on the evaluation of the transverse impacts which the structures are likely to face in
the situations when they are subjected to the loading at the decisive mid-spans. There are

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gathering of the information from the various literature reviews as well as the appraisal of the
journals in line with the impacts and the effects which the fiber-reinforced polymer or FRP to
strengthen the CHS of the steel members have on the structures in the long run. For the purpose
of this study also experimental analysis are conducted with the aim of established the impacts of
the lateral loads on the structures in line with the fiber-reinforced polymer or FRP to strengthen
the CHS of the steel members.
The evaluation also incorporates the utilization of the 14 medium-scale specimens which ares
used in the investigation of the FRP on the Circular hollow structures. However, the experiment
includes the application of both the glass-fiber-reinforced polymer and the carbon-fiber-
reinforced polymer which were applied in the process as the strengthening materials. The results
drawn from the research indicates that FRP strengths the CHS tubes and thus, helped in
enhancing their impact resistance and capacity. In the real time, the FRP assisted in reducing the
lateral displacement aspects by at least 29% as compared the bare steel CHS sample used.
b. Introduction
Description of CHS Steel
Over the past years, there has been increase in the application of the CHS cold-formed steel.
However, the hollow structural sections mainly defined as the metal profile type which has the
hollow cross-section. The term has continued to gain momentums and predominantly use in the

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United States of America as well as the related countries which applies the US engineering and
construction terminology. The hollow structural steel members in most cases tend to have the
square, circular as well as rectangular sections however; there are situations under which the
HSS can also have the elliptical shapes. Notably, the HSS defined as the composition of the
structural steel as per the related codes (Li et al. 2012 p.75).
On the other hand, the circular hollow section also describes as the parametric round steel tubes
have gained advance application in the variety of construction industries across the board. The
steel sections used in the CHS mainly rolled from either the slit coil or the steel sheets.
Preferably, the slit strip employs the sizing section and the formation type of the steel which
involve the normal cold forming of the steel from the mills. The milling process incorporates
various phases which the CHS has to undergo. As the sheet passes gradually over the phases, the
steel sheet tends to bend and start to change the radii on every stage. The process continues until
the ends of the steels often pressed together and thereby welded inline. Furthermore, the circular
steel sections often rolled from different materials. The most commonly used materials in the
process include the cold and the hot rolled steel tubes. Notably, the major application of the hot
rolled sections is essentially utilized for the structural purposes. On the other hand, the cold
rolled tubes have the high ability as far as the bending is considered and thus, used to give the
aesthetic appearance once the powder coat is applied (Islam and Young2012 p.107).
Furthermore, there are instances under which the steel sections can either be internally scarfed or
fin controlled. Preferably, the fin controlled steel sections means that the overall internal weld
section bead has decisively been meticulous to nearly absolute minimum. On the other hand, the
scarfed steel tube refers to the one which the inline have been by the weld bead. The norm helps
in ensuring that the tubes are often suitable to be used in the mandrel bending. Also, the drawn

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steel sections have continued to played fundamental roles in the building and steel industry.
There are possibilities of drawing the steel sections from the makeable available standards and
sized tubes. The application of the various precisions ensures that the inner diameters of the
parametric steel tube are often controlled via the application of the mandrel. On the other hand,
the outer diameters sophisticated drawn down over and done with a die (Wu et al. 2012 p.147).
When the structural forms are sophisticated subjected to the load impacts, and then there are
possibilities of the elements to experience the viable premature and local buckling. The norm is
common in the steel components such as the amicable circular tubular sections. Thus, the
application of the high-strength and advanced composites materials often helps in accompanying
the structural minimal weight. Essence, there is the need of the composite materials to
accompany in ensuring that there is structural minimal weight have led to evaluation of the
effectiveness of the supplementary external in the reinforcing materials (Al-saadi, Aravinthanand
Lokuge2018).
Fibre-Reinforced Polymers (FRP)
On the other hand, the application of the fibre-reinforced polymers (FRP) as well as the steel
tends to exhibit different range of phenomena and thus, is highly encouraged in the process. The
norms in the most cases are intertwined with the thin-bonded carbon FRP (CFRP) sheets. The
incorporation of the elements aims at ensuring that there not only the marked bearing but also the
connotations which indicates on how the various materials should be designed.
Economic Viability
There many examples which have demonstrated the overall excellent circular hollow section
properties as far as the structural element is concerned. The excellent properties mainly

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exhibited in the various norms such as the tension, resisting compression, torsion and bending.
Furthermore, various analogies have depicted that the circular hollow section exhibits decisive
traits which have given the sections best shapes when the overall elements are subjected to
innumerable impacts. The circular hollow section in most cases many be subjected to the wave,
wind, water as well as dead loads. However, the circular hollow section in most occasions tends
to utilize the characteristics and combines them with the architecturally attractive shape. Notably,
the circular hollow section structures have smaller surface area as compared to the similar
edifices with the open sections. The norm in correlation with the absence of the amicable sharp
corners often results to more corrosion protection. Thus, the considerations under this situation
have resulted to the need to have excellent properties which often than not will aim at designing
structures with light and open designs. The designs should also incorporate the simple joints. The
joints should be worked in a manner that they have the ability to eliminate both the stiffening and
the gussets. Moreover, joint strength forms the fundamental influence aspect in the design and
thus, it must be consider at all cost. In fact, the geometric properties influence the joint strengths
decisively (Chen et al. 2018 p.414).Thus, it is important for the designers to understand the
overall behaviors associated with the optimum designs and takes them into consideration when
developing the conceptual designs. Furthermore, most evaluations have established that the cost
of the hollow section materials is habitually higher as compared to the ones for the open sections.
However, these costs can be lower when one embarks on using the low weights in construction,
applying small paint for the makeable corrosion protection as well as reducing the fabrication
costs by using the simple joints. Moreover, many of the applications in which the circular hollow
sections are utilized, indicates that the material is economically compete with the spectra of the