Research Methods

This article discusses the consequences of leakage of political decisions through various media platforms and the related consequences. It also stresses on the new roles and perceptions emerging in the field of media and the importance of the relationship between journalists and practitioners.

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Student’s Name
University Name
Author’s Name

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Williams (2016)
1. What is the paper’s reference in the IEEE style?
“Michael X. Delli Carpini’s Monica and Bill all the time and everywhere”, American
Behavioral Scientist, 2015. [Online]. Available:
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7be8/aba392a0d83da9dbe9f55c8c2eb64a474f18.pdf
[Accessed: 22-May-2018]
2. How did you find the paper? If applicable, write a list of the search terms you used.
I used popular search engines to search the article. I needed information on the consequences
of leakage of political decisions through various media platforms and the related
consequences. The public have their own ways of interpreting any political decisions. I used
the key terms like “political scandal”, “new media” and “gatekeeping” to search a relevant
article online. Fore mostly, I wanted to research on the current state of mediated politics and
the common ways of political communication (Clemente &Gabbioneta, 2017).
3. Was the paper peer-reviewed? Explain how you found out.
The paper that I have considered for this annotated bibliography tsk is not peer reviewed.
However the article is an academic journal that is published by the University of
Pennsylvania. Hence, it might be stated that it is a journal article that have been written for
academic purposes purely.
4. Does the author(s) work in a university or a government-funded research institute? If
so, which university or research institute? If not, where do they work?
The author of this article is a famous author of books on political science and communication
and is the former Dean of the Annenberg School of Communication (Jansson, 2016). He has
also been employed as the senior professor of the University of Pennsylvania. Hence, the

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authenticity and the validity of the views of the author regarding the issues with which the
article deals is unprecedented.
5. What does this tell you about their expertise? Are they an expert in the topic area?
The writer is a peering instructor of the subject matter in a reputed university. Hence it can be
anticipated that the content in this paper is elevated and scholarly. Besides the thoughts of the
author have been presented in a lucid and representative manner (Lloydet al. 2014). He is
well aware about how to engage his reader alongside presenting stark reality in his works.
6. What was the paper about?
Citing sources of critical political happenings, the article criticises the conception and
representation of the latest media environment. The author communicates that political
information should pass through some reserved sources only. The author dose not stand for
the modification of political content. However, he does support suppression of some political
information that is sensitive and have the potential to affect certain section of people. The
author says that the intellect, knowledge or perseverance of every individual is not similar.
Hence people from all section are not likely to agree to any and every political decision.
According to Carpini, the media centres should be more cautious about revelation of political
news. In this regard, he discusses the consequences of the Lewinsky Scandal (Lonne&
Parton, 2014). The media channels are also profit making groups. Hence to gain popularity of
their channels they also often present political news in a eulogised fashion. It is necessary for
the elites of the society to understand the limitation of the media to be selective in news
presentation.
7. Is this paper similar to other papers you have read for this assignment? If so, which
papers and why?

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I found the paper quite akin to the topic presented in the paper by David L. Altheide.
Altheide’s paper discusses the critical role that the media plays in society. Nowadays media
portrays the negative incidents and the dirty secrets of the society more than the positive
facts. This evokes fear in the minds of the civilians (Manrique&Manrique, 2018). Often acts
are modulated also by the media channels in order to make the news popular among the
American society. Hence, this article is similar to the article in discussion here as the author
here also deals with the necessity of the media to be cautious about their content releases.
8. Is this paper different to other papers you have read for this assignment? If so, which
papers and why?
There are subtle varieties in the varieties in the views presented by the author in this article.
One of the articles by Kim and Willis deals with the capability of media in changing the
perception of the public about a general societal truth. Again, another article by David
Domingo deals with the latest innovations in the working ways of the media and how they
reflect on the presentation of news. In this regard, it can be said that the content of tis journal
article is much secular and belongs to a different track.
9. What do these similarities and differences suggest? What are your observations? Do
you have any new ideas? Do you have any conclusions?
The role of media in the modern society is immense. Both Carpini and Altheide are trying to
stress on the similar facts. Carpini shows how this carefree attitude of the American media
can cause issues for the society. Media is obviously the mirror of the society. However, it is
the third pillar of the nation also. Hence for the sake of the society certain news that have the
potential of spreading of public agitation should better be avoided by the media. This is the
basic conclusion that I can derive from the two articles (Mellado, 2015).

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The other article are dealing with the strength of the media in framing public opinion. These
articles sheds light on the positive impact of the media on the society.
10. How do you envisage this reading contributing to your group’s research paper?
These readings help us to frame an opinion on the present state of the operations of the media
in the present American society. As evident in the articles, some extraordinary news have the
latent heat necessary to spread a spoiler that might initiate agitation in the society. The media
should be particularly aware in presentation on political news.

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Oullivan, 2017
1. What is the paper’s reference in the IEEE style?
Oullivan, J., 2017. Old values, new media: Journalism role perceptions in a changing
world. Journalism Practice, 5(5), pp. 78-102.
2. How did you find the paper? If applicable, write a list of the search terms you used.
I conducted search engine optimization for finding the article. The keywords, which I
used from this paper, are Introversion, Mapping Professional Imagination, Supremacy,
Ignorance and Advertising.
3. Was the paper peer-reviewed? Explain how you found out.
The presence of journal name, volume and issue number along with the page rage is the
evidence for the paper to be peer reviewed. Google scholar helped in finding this paper.
4. Does the author(s) work in a university or a government-funded research institute? If so,
which university or research institute? If not, where do they work?
John O’ Sullivan is a student of Dublin City University.
5. What does this tell you about their expertise? Are they an expert in the topic area?
Studying in Dublin City University, John enhanced his skills, expertise and knowledge on
journalism and mass communication. Their education framework helps students like John
to upgrade their information about the subject matter.
6. What was the paper about?

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The paper is about the new roles and perceptions, which are emerging in the field of
media. In spite of the newness, the traditional values have remained the same. These
values are the main agents in terms of reaching to the customers and gaining their loyalty,
trust and dependence (Oullivan, 2017).
7. Is this paper similar to other papers you have read for this assignment? If so, which
papers and why?
The article by Singer can be related to this article. This is because the article proposes a
new form with due consideration to the traditional rules and regulations. The act of
normalizing reflects the act of making the personnel acquainted with the new rules
(Singer, 2015).
8. Is this paper different to other papers you have read for this assignment? If so, which
papers and why?
The paper on obesity is the odd one out as the other articles relate to the new domains in
the field of media.
9. What do these similarities and differences suggest? What are your observations? Do you
have any new ideas? Do you have any conclusions?
The similarities and differences suggest the need for making the public aware of the
harmful effects, which obesity brings. I think media plays an important role in this
direction. Campaigns, street plays and advertisements are the means, through which
media can enhance the awareness of the public regarding the dire consequences of
obesity.
10. How do you envisage this reading contributing to your group’s research paper?
This article can help the people in gaining awareness regarding the latest trends, which have
emerged in the field of media. Along with this, the article is assistance for the media

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personnel in terms of preserving the traditional values. Consciousness in this direction results
in adding innovation in the activities through the maintenance of trust, loyalty and
dependence from the clients and the customers.

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Sallot, 2017
11. What is the paper’s reference in the IEEE style?
Sallot, L., 2017. Investigating relationships between journalists and public relations
practitioners: Working together to set, frame and build the public agenda. Public
Relations Review, 7(9), pp. 88-94.
12. How did you find the paper? If applicable, write a list of the search terms you used.
I got the paper through internet search. The key terms, which I used were teamwork,
public agenda, journalists, relationships.
13. Was the paper peer-reviewed? Explain how you found out.
The paper is peer reviewed. I could identify this through the format. Italicization of the
name of the journal along with the volume number and issue number are the evidences.
14. Does the author(s) work in a university or a government-funded research institute? If so,
which university or research institute? If not, where do they work?
Lynne Sallot is a student of the Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication,
University of Geogia, Athens. The co-author, Elizabeth. A. Johnson is a student in
College of Communication and Information, University of Tennessee, Knoxville.
15. What does this tell you about their expertise? Are they an expert in the topic area?
The book reflects the thoughts, ideas and concepts of the authors regarding their
experience towards the subject. Dealing with media releases and handling of promotional
publicity works makes the author highly knowledgeable about the role played by
weblogs, media citizens and collaborative journalism. The theory of social shaping of

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technology has also been dealt with, in this article. Hence it is evident that the author have
enough expertise to proficiently deal with the subject matter with which the article deals.
16. What was the paper about?
The research paper professes the importance of the relationship between journalists and
practitioners. Here, setting an agenda is crucial in terms of achieving positive outcomes.
The theoretical proposition of the article is that the journalists having high estimates of
practitioners emerge successful in maintaining the stability in their relationship (Sallot,
2017).
17. Is this paper similar to other papers you have read for this assignment? If so, which
papers and why?
This paper in unique in its own way. This is because the article deals with the agenda,
which governs the functions of the journalists and the practitioners. The article by
Williams can be related to this article, but not fully. Williams highlights the collapse of
gate keeping and the formation of agenda within an entirely new environment.
18. What do these similarities and differences suggest? What are your observations? Do you
have any new ideas? Do you have any conclusions?
In spite of the differences, agenda is a common point. This agenda is vital in terms of
standardizing the activities. In this, the focus is on the maintaining the stability between
the relationships. This is because of the efficient execution of the business activities
through the means of teamwork.
19. How do you envisage this reading contributing to your group’s research paper?
This article would help to implement information about the technological innovations and
their role in real-time professional journalism. Moreover, the reason why interactive
journalism that engages audiences other than experts in making news should be included

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in practices becomes evident after reading this article. Along with this, the article also
enhances the awareness towards setting the agenda, which would act as a code of
conduct.

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Altheide (2016)
20. What is the paper’s reference in the IEEE style?
“Altheide’s the news media, the problem frame,And the production of fear”, Wiley and
Midwest Sociological Society. 2016. [Online]. Available at:
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/David_Altheide/publication/227700241_The_News_Me
dia_The_Problem_Frame_and_the_Production_of_Fear/links/5695980d08ae820ff074de9a/
The-News-Media-The-Problem-Frame-and-the-Production-of-Fear.pdf [Accessed: 21-May-
2018]
21. How did you find the paper? If applicable, write a list of the search terms you used.
The article was found by me by means of the search engine. I searched various keywords
like “role played by news media” or “problem frame in media releases” to get down with
this article.
22. Was the paper peer-reviewed? Explain how you found out.
Peer reviewed papers are generally available in the scholarly articles sections of search
engines. I selected the paper from the range of scholarly articles in a popular search
engine. Being a peer reviewed paper the components of this article are valuable for
research.
23. Does the author(s) work in a university or a government-funded research institute? If so,
which university or research institute? If not, where do they work?
The paper is the official release of famous online library “Wiley Online”. The paper have
been prepared under the patronage of the State University of Arizona. Moreover the
author of this article is a reputed American sociologist. He has an expertise of teaching in
the Arizona State University for 37 years.

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24. What does this tell you about their expertise? Are they an expert in the topic area?
The author has also worked as the Regent’s professor at the Emeritus school of Social
Enquiry. Hence, the author have profound conception regarding the popular culture and
mass media. The popular culture section of media portrays various negative aspects of the
society that evokes fear in the mind of the people (Umbricht&Esser, 2016).
25. What was the paper about?
The author essentially highlights how public perception about societal issues are being
influenced by the mass media. Newspaper reports about the increasing crime in the
society are a greater reflection of the people’s concerns about crime in the society. The
standpoint of media should be the generation of positivism in the society. On the contrary
the aggressive portrayal of dark aspects of the society makes the news content irrelevant
to the values that media should cultivate in the society (Vittrupet al. 2016).
26. Is this paper similar to other papers you have read for this assignment? If so, which
papers and why?
The perception of this paper is similar in context with the article of Carpini in that
Carpini’s paper highlights how media’s role can directly influence the society. The
eulogised portrayal of the facts about an infamous scandal is the chief concern of that
article. Hence the basic consideration of the two papers is similar.
27. Is this paper different to other papers you have read for this assignment? If so, which
papers and why?
I find that the paper is not similar in context and content with the article by Domingo
about online newsrooms or Kim’s article on obesity.
28. What do these similarities and differences suggest? What are your observations? Do you
have any new ideas? Do you have any conclusions?

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Analysing the article it can be opined that electronic newsrooms are generating more
personal perceptions than authentic news. Postmodern media is framing opinions rather
than preparing news. The conception is essential to make the group project more relevant.
29. How do you envisage this reading contributing to your group’s research paper?
The paper highlights how news framing can be biased and individualistic. The perception
of pronouncers of online newsrooms are not news (Von Sikorski, 2016). Hence, this
information and other relevant dat rom the paper can be utilised in the group assignment.

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Vasterman (2014)
30. What is the paper’s reference in the IEEE style?
“Vasterman’s Media hypes A framework for the analysis of publicity waves.”
vasterman.blogspot.in. 2014. [Online]. Available at:
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Peter_Vasterman/publication/238432249_Media-
Hype/links/55ad33d008aed9b7dcdad20a.pdf [Accessed: 21-May-2018]
31. How did you find the paper? If applicable, write a list of the search terms you used.
The research paper which is a reproduction of the original publication of
Massacommunicatie magazine is found from a range of scholarly articles in a online
journal library.
32. Was the paper peer-reviewed? Explain how you found out.
Although the revised version of the paper is not peer reviewed, the original version is peer
reviewed. The referee jersey icon shows that the paper is peer reviewed.
33. Does the author(s) work in a university or a government-funded research institute? If so,
which university or research institute? If not, where do they work?
The author of this article Peter Vasterman is an acclaimed media journalist. He also holds
the position of assistant professor in the Emeritus school. He is also associated with the
Amsterdam University. He is also a media activist.
34. What does this tell you about their expertise? Are they an expert in the topic area?
Since the author has actively dealt with sociology and media science, he is in the best
position to reflect on the kinds of media hype and in what way they vary from daily news
coverage.
35. What was the paper about?

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The author in this article deals with the conception of media hype in describing news
storms. Based on a theoretical framework the author attempts to identify the media
phenomenon that gives rise to news storms and in turn results in media hype. He deals
with two basic research questions. They are:
What are typical kinds of media hype and how does news storms differ from daily
coverage of news?
How is real news more relevant than augmented news?
The author makes a conclusion that hyped news bears a good percentage of surreal
content. Whereas real news does not (Von Sikorski, 2016). The packaging of hyped news
is done by news agencies to make the audience feel that some very important social
change has taken place.
36. Is this paper similar to other papers you have read for this assignment? If so, which
papers and why?
This paper is very similar to the content of Altheide’s paper that deals with the ill effect
of augmented and negative news on the society.
37. Is this paper different to other papers you have read for this assignment? If so, which
papers and why?
The other research papers like Carpini’s paper that deals the need to restrict the
publication of news that might create confusion and agitation in the society or Kim’s
paper that portrays the effectiveness of media in influencing the audience are difference
in context from this paper.
38. What do these similarities and differences suggest? What are your observations? Do you
have any new ideas? Do you have any conclusions?

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The research paper leads us to realise the frivolousness of hyped news.
39. How do you envisage this reading contributing to your group’s research paper?
The distinction between hyped news and real news would be helpful in reflecting on the
utility of news in the group assignment.

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Reference List
Clemente, M. and Gabbioneta, C., 2017. How does the media frame corporate scandals? The
case of German newspapers and the Volkswagen diesel scandal. Journal of Management
Inquiry, 26(3), pp.287-302.
Jansson, A., 2016. Stigmatisation of elite actors in corporate scandals: The role of meaning
making in the media. Culture and Organization, 22(5), pp.383-408.
Lloyd, L., Banerjee, A., Harrington, C., F. Jacobsen, F. and Szebehely, M., 2014. It is a
scandal! Comparing the causes and consequences of nursing home media scandals in five
countries. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 34(1/2), pp.2-18.
Lonne, B. and Parton, N., 2014. Portrayals of child abuse scandals in the media in Australia
and England: Impacts on practice, policy, and systems. Child abuse & neglect, 38(5), pp.822-
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Manrique, C.G. and Manrique, G.G., 2018. Social Media's Role in Alleviating Political
Corruption and Scandals: The Philippines During and After the Marcos Regime. In Social
Media Marketing: Breakthroughs in Research and Practice(pp. 1560-1572). IGI Global.
Mellado, C., 2015. Professional roles in news content: Six dimensions of journalistic role
performance. Journalism Studies, 16(4), pp.596-614.
Miltner, K.M. and Baym, N.K., 2015. The selfie of the year of the selfie: Reflections on a
media scandal. International Journal of Communication, 9(2015), pp.1701-1715.
Muralidhar, I.R., Harshavardhan, K.S., Reddy, B.A. and Sathish, K., 2018. News Feed
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(JNCET) www. jncet. org, 8(4).

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Newman, T.P., 2017. Tracking the release of IPCC AR5 on Twitter: Users, comments, and
sources following the release of the Working Group I Summary for Policymakers. Public
Understanding of Science, 26(7), pp.815-825.
Nyhan, B., 2015. Scandal potential: How political context and news congestion affect the
president's vulnerability to media scandal. British Journal of Political Science, 45(2), pp.435-
466.
Olien, C.N., Tichenor, P.J. and Donohue, G.A., 2018. A guard dog perspective on the role of
media. In The Media, Journalism and Democracy (pp. 21-38). Routledge.
Roulet, T.J. and Clemente, M., 2018. Let’s Open the Media’s Black Box: The Media as a Set
of Heterogeneous Actors and not only as a Homogenous Ensemble. Academy of Management
Review, 43(2), pp.327-329.
Umbricht, A. and Esser, F., 2016. The push to popularize politics: Understanding the
audience-friendly packaging of political news in six media systems since the
1960s. Journalism Studies, 17(1), pp.100-121.
Vittrup, B., Snider, S., Rose, K.K. and Rippy, J., 2016. Parental perceptions of the role of
media and technology in their young children’s lives. Journal of Early Childhood
Research, 14(1), pp.43-54.
Von Sikorski, C., 2016. The effects of reader comments on the perception of personalized
scandals: Exploring the roles of comment valence and commenters’ social
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