Research Methods for Engineers Assignment

Research Methods for Engineers 1
Research Methods for Engineers:
“Coastal reservoirs for floodwater development and flood disaster mitigation"
By
(Student’s Name)
Course Name:
Professor Name:
University Name:
Date of Submission:

Research Methods for Engineers 2
Table of Contents
Abstract............................................................................................................................................3
Introduction......................................................................................................................................4
Literature Reviews...........................................................................................................................5
Research Designs...........................................................................................................................16
Research Questions........................................................................................................................18
Literature Planner..........................................................................................................................19
Mind Map......................................................................................................................................20
References......................................................................................................................................22

Research Methods for Engineers 3
Abstract
The continual population growth is one of the key contributors to the scarcity of water along the
sea shores in Australia. In fact, the ever increasing and growing population along the coastal
regions and shores of the ocean accounts for the unprecedented aspect recorded in the area. This
is because the piling pressure caused by the dense population in the region has compromise the
sustainable use and management of water along the area (Levy et al. 2015 p.350). The norm has
therefore, precipitated various degradation activities along the area which include depletion of
the coastal reservoirs, erosion, pollution, ineffective management as well as unbalancing of water
in the area (Birkland et al. 2013 p.50).
Moreover, the area has also continued to experience climatic changes which have
resulted in unevenly distributed rainfall in the areas as well as unpredicted precipitation. These
has not only affected the common people living in area but also have impacted on the overall
volumes of freshwater in the areas. In essence, piling pressure from the population in the area
indicates that the area has low supply of water, the demand for the freshwater for the domestic as
well as industrial utilization continues to increases.
Thus, from the aspect of economics, it means that if the proper logistics and framework
are not taken into consideration, then the overall process might end-up being at stalk. This
therefore calls for an action plan and research to explore and recommend the suitable way to
control the channel before it gets out of control. Thus, this paper explores all the avenues
regarding the coastal reservoirs in terms of the designing process to meet the water demands but
at the same time have sustainable development and management plan. However, the driving
aspect in this research is that there is high floodwater waters along the sea shores which need to
be utilized in the process and hence, their mitigations and monitoring plans must be incorporated
in the process (Mancini et al. 2011 p.1700).

Research Methods for Engineers 4
Introduction
Water shortage in the recent days, is a fundamental phenomenon which is evident
worldwide more so for the unsullied water reserves. Arefiev et al. (2015) noted that clean water
crisis continues to be vital issue and if not probably tackled then 66% of the overall world
population will be prone to the treat by 2025. Moreover, the waters stored in the aquifers are
currently utilized before they are even complemented by the nature and this poses a threat as the
source provides almost a third of the water which is utilized worldwide. Thus, the water scarcity
has raised concerns and draw attentions not only in the native countries but across the worldwide
as a whole. For instance, areas such the Southwest and the Midwest located in the United States
of America and the Australia Continents are currently faced by the water scarcity and crisis.
Moreover, Australia as a country has continued to experience decline in the amount of rainfall as
well as runoff they receive in the area as a result of the allocating water for the purposes of
irrigation over the past years. Thus, Billa et al. (2006) recorded a proposal for the purposes of
increasing and managing the existing fresh water in Australia using various concepts such as
desalination, plants, dams as well as the detention processes. This is because people continue to
experience water scarcity and crisis on daily basis. Even in the 6th Word Water debate, various
concerns on the mitigation plans regarding the water use emerged and various proposals on it
were tabled (Lai et al. 2015). Therefore, this analysis tries to evaluate the coastal reservoirs as
new strategy and recommendation to remedy the water crisis in Australia. In fact, coastal
reservoirs in this study mainly appraised in terms of the effectiveness as well as compared with
the other existing sustainable and water methods in the area. This analysis mainly based on the
fact that the new coastal reservoirs techniques utilize the rainfall and flood concepts and their
functionality mainly relies on the future climatic trends across the board (Kog, 2001).

Research Methods for Engineers 5
Literature Reviews
Over the past decades and the recent day, the need for water has continued to be a vital
element and important aspect in the community. Water is an essential commodity not only for
human consumption but also for other biotic lives such as the aquatic. Moreover, population
growth have continued to deplete the existing water reservoirs in various parts of the world and
therefore reducing the water capacity worldwide. Therefore, various studies have been conducted
to explore and appraise the mechanism of addressing this key and fundamental basic
requirement. It is in this line that, this literature review have been designed to evaluate the
overall coastal reservoirs, in terms of the overall concept, the floodwaters and storm waters, the
design the aspect, as well as the how it can be improved to prove sustainable water to people
living along the coastal shores in Australia (Loucks, Moore and Zeng 2011 p.1800).
Harnessing of Stormwater from Coastal Reservoirs
Yang and Ferguson (2010), noted that most parts of Australia are dry in terms of the
amount of the rainfall they received however; the coastal areas do receive higher rainfall
amounts annually. In most cases, the amount of waters which drains into the sea from rivers is
approximated to be 279,000GL but the overall utilization of the sea water is about 21,000GL.
This amount is water is obtained from the runoff and thus, demarcates the lowest amount in
comparison to other places worldwide. Moreover, there is a large amount of water which flows
from various rivers into the ocean and this can actually be captured using the coastal reservoirs
and later only be utilized for various activities in the country. Some of the activities in which this
water can be used include agriculture, industries as well as residential houses. Yang and
Ferguson (2010) also established that a number of Australians fleet have embarked on settling
along the coastlines and the rivers banks as the water in this areas seem to have endless supply.
Therefore, the current population who are living along the coastlines and river banks is

Research Methods for Engineers 6
established to be about 65% and this analysis, is for the five cities in the country. These cities
mainly include Sydney, Melbourne, Perth, Brisbane, and Adelaide. In essence, most people have
opted to settle in these regions as a result of the lack of clean water for daily use in their native
areas.
Climate Change and its Impacts on Coastal Reservoirs
Over the past decades, Australia as a country has been subjected to the climate change
and this aspect has tend account for the fluctuations in the amount of rainfall and storm waters
recorded along the coastal shores more so from the rivers. Moreover, these effects have
indicated that there is variation in the amount of rainfall and thus, the current amount of water
recorded from the storm water is longer equivalent to the initial amount which the area used to
receive before. Although, the climate changes is a genuine concern but the major problem is that
the issue related to the low levels of water comes a result of lacking a proper channel and
mechanism of handling the existing flood waters in terms of the capturing and storage. In fact,
from the past analysis , it is clear and evidential that water is mainly capture at the upstream
sections in the iconic dams and this have tend to be a relied way over the centuries. Although, the
mechanism of relying waters in the upstream dams in Australia has captured various attention
and have been used decisively but still the overall amount of water which the country receives is
marked to be at lowest level with reference to the international standards (Smith 2011).
Levels of Waters Recorded in Reservoirs
Grant et al. (2013) indicated that Australian reservoirs have continued to record low level
of waters in terms of the overall stored water in the systems. Moreover, the ever increasing
rainfall amounts resulting from the climate change have continued to demarcate the inland
reservoirs unfit and reducing their viability. The study conducted by Grant et al. (2013) also

Research Methods for Engineers 7
noted that yearly, large amount of water in terms of gigalitres is actually lost into the ocean and
at this point this water is longer available for use more so for the inland populations. The main
cause of this is that the floods and runoffs mostly are depicted in large volumes and therefore,
inland reservoirs can longer accommodate the large amounts resulting into the increased ocean
volumes as the water flows into various rivers which eventually drain them into the sea (Stewart
et al. 2008). Thus, the large amount of water wasted into the sea calls for an action plan in terms
of the dam designs which can offer a solution to the current water crisis in the country. Thus, as
time goes by the next generation will have any alternative but to fetch water from them the steam
bottoms and these refers to the coastal reservoirs.
Coastal Reservoirs Concepts
Yang and Lin (2011 p.45-56), defined coastal reservoir as a paramount freshwater
reservoir existing at the sea where there is a river mouth and it has a sustainable annual flow.
Preferably, natural coastal reservoir is also known as coastal reservoir due the continual river
flushing. Moreover, the coastal reservoir is often closer the sea with reference to siltation and
thus, it is converted into makeable freshwater water lake. The primary requirement for a coastal
reservoir is impermeable barrier and this must exist between the freshwater and the salt water.
However, the impermeable layer need not be strong since the overall pressure on all the sides
tend to be uniform in comparison to the inland dams which are stronger (Yang and Ferguson
2010).
Thus, the requirements in line with the impermeable lay tend to lower and save the cost
associated with the dam construction. Yang and Lin (2011 p.45-56) established that there
different countries which have embarked and applied the coastal reservoirs systems and these
countries include China, South Korea, Singapore as well as Hong Kong . In fact, most projects

Research Methods for Engineers 8
on the coastal reservoirs in the mentioned countries have been successful. In this case, the
analysis on the viability and potentiality of the coastal reservoirs are discussed decisively in
terms of the amount of water they supply to the population in various capital cities across the
country (Takeoka 2014). Therefore, the diagram below indicates the coastal dam reservoirs as
well as the various features which it has in terms of the design criteria. Some of features which
the coastal softy dam has include linkage pipelines, water overflow gates, softy barrier, brackish
barrier, solid barrier as well as seabed. All the named features are thus, depicted as shown in the
diagram below
Figure showing the various features for the overall the softy coastal dam reservoir in Australia
Location of the coastal reservoirs forms a fundamental and key determinant in terms of
the quality of the water obtained from the dam. In essence, this parameter tends to be imminence
in some situation and thus, calling for a mild mechanism for treating the obtained coastal
reservoir water. Therefore, it is important that the water scheme be integrated with other
elements to improve the quality of water obtained. Sometimes the brackish water is fed into other

Research Methods for Engineers 9
treatment and desalination plants and this increases the volume of freshwater yields. This process
is coast effective as it reduces all the incur capitals associated with the technologies. Also,
another mechanism used to increase the quality of water is through pumping of the brackish
water to the inland reservoirs as an isolation method and this saves on all the losses which the
company and the country could have incurred if they used the local treatment method (Yang and
Lin 2011 p.50).
Coastal Reservoir Functions
Yang et al. (2013) noted that there are three main areas of application where coastal
reservoirs are applied and these mainly include the irrigation, the domestic as well as the
industrial aspect. Moreover, the main coastal reservoirs utilized in the domestic and irrigation
purposes include Marina Barrage, Sihwa, Qingcaosha, Plover Cove as well as Yuhuan. Different
quality of water tends to dictate the function and purpose of the coastal reservoir in the areas. For
instance, there two coastal reservoirs in china and they include the Chenhang Reservoir and the
Baogang Reservoir. Although, this reservoirs lies besides one another they serve two different
purposes and these include providing the water for domestic use and industrial use in the
Baoshan Steel Company respectively. Thus, the analysis for the two dams at the coastal shore
mainly shown in the diagram below

Research Methods for Engineers 10
Figure showing the two different purposes performed by the Chenhang Reservoir and the
Baogang Reservoir
Coastal Reservoirs Constructions
The overall coastal reservoir construction mainly constructed using either the makeable
primary or the secondary barriers or both the two elements combined. In most cases, the primary
barrier is often higher and stronger and thus, depicted at above the wave and tide heights in the
ocean with reference to the unwanted water. Moreover, the strong primary barriers can offer
barricade which in turn resists imported forces coming from the waves as well as the tidal
actions. On the other hand, the secondary barrier is a mere skirt suspension and thus, it marked as
a floating barrier (Tran and Shaw 2007 p.280). This skirt often weighted against the ballast
which is used in the fixing and always extends to the reservoir floor with respect to the coastal
shore of the ocean. Also, the secondary barrier can actually be moved with reference to the chain
and the anchor systems. Therefore, the purpose of the existing buffer area in the analysis is to

Research Methods for Engineers 11
allow for the separation of the fresh water from that which is contaminated. Hence, the analysis
on the three aspects such as the fresh water, the unwanted and the buffer zone which include both
the primary and the secondary barriers mainly discussed as shown in the diagram below
Figure showing the three main parameters such as the fresh water, buffer zone and the unwanted
water
Lai et al. (2015 p.80) established that there are two mechanism of filling the reservoir and
this two channels are gate system and the conventional catchment system. Gate system mainly
associated with the fresh water and the water that is used in this process mainly comes from the
flood times (Thomas 2015).
On the other hand, conventional catchment entails the correct positioning of the
catchment end in manner that the reservoir will be feed by the overall catchment inflow. Thus,
the coastal reservoir needs to be designed in manner that the adaption of the process can be
situated in any location without blocking all the rivers and lakes around the coastal shore.

Research Methods for Engineers 12
Furthermore, the analysis needs to take into considerations all the aspects pertaining the
environmental flows in the areas (Weichselgartner 2011 p.65).
Present Coastal Reservoirs
Zuider Zee located in Netherlands was the first coastal reservoir to be built, and this
reservoir is named Ijsselmeer and has carrying capacity of about 1240 km2 in terms of area
coverage. In fact, the dam was built at a time when most people only opted for enclosing the sea
area in order to get land for settlement and the water which was coming from the project was just
a fringe benefit to them. However, in the late 20th as well as early 21st century, most reservoirs
emerged and the construction mainly aimed at controlling the floods, and also diluting the high
salt water in the seas. Thus, the potable reservoirs types are used in countries such as Hong
Kong, China, Singapore as well as South Korea (Wang et al. 2018 p.200).
Conversely, there many coastal reservoirs which have emerged in the present days and
the analysis on the various dams mainly summarized in the table (Wong 2010 p.130).
The table above indicates that large catchment area tends to accommodate huge water
amount in terms of the collection and the storage. The Qingcaosha dam is the longest reservoirs
worldwide and it has a carrying capacity of about 7GL and thus, this dam is capable of supplying
water to the Shanghai residents whose population is established to be 11 million (Zong and

Research Methods for Engineers 13
Chen 2011 p.170). This population is actually equivalent to half the population of the
Australians. On the other hand, Plover Cove Reservoir was specific designed and built for the
purposes of providing drinking water and this is the second largest dam in Hong Kong as far the
coastal reservoir is concerned. In fact, it is estimated to be about 28 meters, and thus, term as the
largest dam in Hong Kong.
Levy (2005) noted that the water capacity of this dam mainly estimated at about
230,000,000 m3, and the volume of water is equivalent 230 billion bottles. From the case
analysis, it is clear that Singapore records higher amount of rainfall however; on half or little of
the stormwater is available for use as most of the waters obtain runs into the sea. In fact, the
population growth and rapid economic development is what has actually increased the overall
portable water demand in the country. In essence, the Singapore developed the marina barricade
since the water supplied cannot match the outlined water demand for the people in the area
(Levy, Hartmann, and Asgary 2007 p.347).
Flooding in Coastal Reservoirs
According to Zhang et al. (2012) indicated that coastal flooding is a phenomenon which
occurs whenever the dry and low-lying land has been flooded by the overall seawater. Moreover,
the overall coastal flooding extension is a functionality of the inland elevation in terms overall
coastal land prone to the flooding as a result of its topography. Therefore, seawater tends to
inundate the different paths in line with the land and some of the inundations which can be
recorded in the process include direct, overtopping at the barrier as well as breaching barriers.
The three inundations in line with the coastal flooding mainly discussed as follows
First and foremost, direct inundation is the flooding phenomena which occur whenever
the sea height has exceeded the overall land elevation and this mainly happens as a result of

Research Methods for Engineers 14
lacking proper wave builds in the natural barriers. Secondly, the swelling conditions also results
into the overtopping barrier and this barrier can also results as either human engineered or as
natural phenomena. In fact, overtopping aspect mainly affected by the opening stretches at the
coastal region as a result of the high and storm tides existing in the areas. Thus, the water in this
kind of barrier tends to overflow once the waves have exceeded the barrier heights in the flood
form.
On the other hand, breaching can be defined as the barrier which results from the overall
wave breakdown which tends to all the extension of seawater into the inland.
Notably, coastal flooding mainly depicted as a natural occurring phenomena but the overall
human influence on the norm cannot be underestimated. In fact, the human influence tends to
impact on it greatly and thus, must be taken into consideration as well. Some of the human
influence in the process are actually exacerbated and do have imminent impacts on the coastal
flooding. Moreover, the process of extracting the groundwater near the coastal zones results into
the hastened subsidence of the land in the area and also increases the risks associated with the
flooding.
Feasibility Analysis on the Water Supply-coastal Reservoir
Over the past decades, Australia has experienced intensive water scarcity more so in the
Southeast Queensland area. Yang (2015) conducted and appraised a report on how to control and
mitigate the problem in the areas using the various aspects such the inland reservoir, wastewater
recycle system, reuse as well as desalination. Yang (2015) noted in this feasibility study that
there are some of the mitigation measure which the public do not actual accept due to the
millennium drought but are actually important and essential in ensuring that water supply is
secured. Although both the government and the public are the readily accepting the proposals

Research Methods for Engineers 15
and alternatives, it is important involve them and educate them on the importance of this water
sources and recommended actions as mechanism of responding the urgent needs arising from the
future demands.
Yang (2015) analyzed the conditions associated with supply-coastal reservoirs and
established that the natural conditions of the norm are the key and vital aspects when it comes to
water supply in the region. Additionally, all the phenomena associated with the ecosystem,
construction, sustainability, environmental impacts as well as greenhouse gases and emission
need to be considered when designing the long term recommendations for the water supply in the
area. Thus, the appraisal established that the regional water demands meet the entire coastal
reservoir requirement in terms of the sustainability and the cost-effective aspects. Also, the
feasibility study established that the proposed strategies for eliminating the overall desalination
in the area are viable and important (Messner and Meyer 2016 p.150).
Coastal Zones and the Reservoirs
YANG (2010) noted that coastal zoning is an essential and important aspect not only for
the escalation of the environmental problem but also for the development of the territory in the
area. YANG (2010) evaluated the coastal zoning in terms of the social aspect and established
that the element is actually important when it comes to the overall economic development. In
addition, YANG (2010) also demarcated that the actions to minimize and prevent the various
negative consequences associated with the landslide development and coastal region is viably
important in terms of the coastal zoning and management. Therefore, the overall territorial
management and development in line with the coastal zone is essential as it helps in maintaining
the dynamic balance for the ecological state and the economic development process of the
overall environment (Ng, Corlett and Tan 2011).

Research Methods for Engineers 16
Prevailing Water Solution
In the recent days, the overall quality of water existing in the on-land dams is much higher in
comparison to water which is coming from alternative sources excluding the groundwater.
However, the study conducted by Yang et al (2013) noted that ground waters are often less
susceptible to the overall pollution as compared to the surface water in return. Thus, it is difficult
to prevent and protect the surface water from the different contaminations and pollutions such as
chemicals and waterborne diseases more so the ones entering the upstream and the runoff
discharge (Jonkman and Kelman 2005 p.97).
Therefore, the quality of the surface tends to fluctuates from time to time and thus
inconsistent. For example, the amount of existing precipitations in the water tends to influence
the over temperature and turbidity of the surface water. Thus, the surface water will actually
require intensive treatment which is not economical as compared to the groundwater making the
groundwater more suitable for utilization. This is because ground water will require less
treatment and also cost efficient in the long run. Moreover, surface water mainly depends on
rainfalls and their construction requires more intensive analysis in terms of the topography as
well as the geological aspects.
Research Designs
In line with civil engineering aspect, there are various experimental analysis which this
research taken into consideration. In fact, the design described a mitigation plan and the overall
site sketch showing the various elements which must be taken keen of in the analysis. Also, the
outline regarding the plan, front view and elevation for the coastal reservoirs are appraised in
terms of the civil works in the process. Furthermore, the qualitative analysis and quantitative

Research Methods for Engineers 17
evaluations are also conducted with an aim of establishing all the standards requirements and
measurements to be used in the design one (Gin, Ramaswam and Gopalakrishnan 2011 p.915).
The key considerations are conducted for the formworks, the foundation layers, and the
overall compartments as well as for the various materials to be used in the process such the steel,
concrete and strength requirements. Thus, this experimental analysis mainly carried out to
explore and establish that the materials used in the process complies with all the set criteria
(Galelli et al. 2012 p.512).
On the other hand, statistical analysis is also conducted with an aim of assisting in the
overall refining and modeling of the obtained data from the qualitative analysis. This will
therefore be used in conducting appropriate adjustments through the approximating the values
and this can be done with respect to the relationship obtained from the graph. Moreover, in this
research work fractional designs will also be included and these elements include control
variables set at different levels and this can be used in exploring both the objectives and the goals
of the projects as well as extra costs which can be incurred in the process (Few 2003 p.58). The
analysis takes into consideration both the technology and the specifications of construction
materials and these parameters are thus, ascertained decisively. This research has indicated that
both the fractional and statistical data shows some consistency in terms of the data obtained from
the analysis. Also, the design process established that all the variables in line with the updates on
the technical, economic, regulatory as well as contractual standards are ascertained in the
process.
Douglas et al. (2008 p. 187) noted that the elements and specifications on the
maintenance, construction inspection as well as edifice and design for all the works to be carried
out in the site are also appraised and established using these criteria. Thus, the research process

Research Methods for Engineers 18
demarcates that the methodology employed in the process is actually suitable and viable for all
the process to be undertaken in the coastal reservoirs. Also, the measures and monitoring of all
the process is another key and essential aspect which was appraised using the technique and it is
established that the element too complies with the set standards (Hilton and Manning 2005
p.312).
Research Questions
There are various questions which are used in the design aspect of this research on the coastal
reservoir analysis. In fact, the analysis takes into consideration three aspects which include flood
water development, coastal reservoir as well as the overall flood disaster and mitigation plan.
Thus, the below specific question are used in this research case
1. What are some of the harnessing stormwater elements existing in coastal reservoirs?
2. What are floodwaters and their impacts on the coastal reservoirs and development?
3. What are some of the mitigation plans put in place to tackle the floodwaters in coastal
reservoirs?
4. How does the climate Change impacts on the Coastal Reservoirs?
5. What are some of the key parameters in the Coastal Reservoirs Concepts and their
importance in the area?
6. Does feasibility study and analysis have impacts on the coastal reservoirs and
floodwaters? How do they assist in controlling the parameters which threats the coastal
reservoirs?
7. What are some of the pollutions and contaminations which threat the coastal reservoirs
and their imminent control measures?

Research Methods for Engineers 19
Literature Planner
The literature planner for this study have been designed and developed in a table forma mainly as
shown in the table below
Title of Article Authors
Publicatio
n Type
Year
Publishe
d
research
question
literature
Review Finding gap
Principles of floodplain management. In
Defence from Floods and Floodplain
Management
Thomas,
F. H
Springer,
Dordrecht
journa
l 2015 Floodplains
Concept
of
Floodplai
n
Satisfie
d
Non
e
Towards an integrated approach of disaster
and environment management Tran, P. and Shaw, R.
journa
l 2007
Environmenta
l Hazards Environmental Hazards
Conventional and holistic urban stormwater
management in coastal cities
Wang et
al.
journa
l 2018
Comparison
on stormwater
a case study of the practice
in Hong Kong and Singapore
Disaster mitigation: the concept of
vulnerability revisited Weichselgartner, J
journa
l 2011
Disaster
Prevention
and
Management Mitigation of Foods
Recreation in the coastal areas of Singapore
Wong,
P. P.
Springer,
Dordrecht
journa
l 2010
coastal
concept coastal zoning
Water resources available in Australian's
coastal zones and its development by
coastal reservoirs
YANG,
S. Q
journa
l 2010 water supply water supply and resuse
A preliminary feasibility study for a backup
water supply-coastal reservoir in Southeast
Queensland, Australia.
Yang, S.
Q.
journa
l 2015
Feasibility
Study on
coastal
reservoirs feasibility study
Coastal reservoirs can harness stormwater
Yang, S. Q. and
Ferguson, S
journa
l 2010
Coastal
reservoirs can
harness
stormwater
Coastal reservoirs can
harness stormwater
Coastal reservoir by soft-dam and its
possible applications. Yang, S. Q. and Lin, P
journa
l 2011
Coastal
reservoir
Coastal reservoir by soft-
dam and its possible
applications
Coastal reservoir strategy and its
applications.
Yang et
al. InTech.
journa
l 2013
Coastal
reservoir
strategy and
its
applications
Coastal reservoir strategy
and its applications
Flood disaster monitoring and evaluation in
China.
Zhang
et al.
journa
l 2012
Flood disaster
monitoring Flood disaster
The 1998 flood on the Yangtze, China. Zong, Y. and Chen, X.
journa
l 2011
Natural
Hazards Hazards
Bank protection on storage reservoirs for
municipal coastal areas.
Arefiev
et al.
journa
l 2015
protection on
storage
reservoirs storage reservoirs
Comprehensive planning and the role of
SDSS in flood disaster management in
Malaysia.
Billa et
al.
journa
l 2006
flood disaster
management flood disaster management

Research Methods for Engineers 20
The effects of urbanization on coastal
habitats and the potential for ecological
engineering Lai et al 2015
potential for
ecological
engineering coastal habitats
The coastal environment and human health:
microbial indicators, pathogens, sentinels
and reservoirs
Stewart
et al.
BioMed
Central
journa
l 2008 pollution pollution
Eutrophication of freshwater and coastal
marine ecosystems a global problem.
Smith,
V. H 2011
freshwater
and coastal
marine
freshwater and coastal
marine
Fundamental concepts of exchange and
transport time scales in a coastal sea.
Takeoka
, 2014 coastal sea coastal sea
Adapting urban water systems to a
changing climate: Lessons from the
millennium drought in southeast Australia
Grant et
al. 2013
urban water
system changing climate
Multiple criteria decision making and
decision support systems for flood risk
management
Levy, J.
K 2005
flood risk
management flood risk management
Mind Map
Mind map is the diagrammatic flow chat which will be used to conduct the research on
the coastal reservoirs and the in the designing of the mitigation plan for the overall process. It
gives the summary of the concept plan for the proposal in terms of outlining the major research
problem which is the water crisis in the Australia continent. Furthermore, the norm also assists in
designing and coming up with a decisive tool for gathering all the literatures and developing the
planners for the research. Sampling techniques such evaluating the flooding waters , the existing
inland reservoirs, the level of pollution and the volumes of fresh water in the country can also be
conducted using this concept. Ethical matters are also raised in this concept mind map and
various analysis on the standards evaluated preferably using this analogy.
Some of the aspects to consider in this include water acts, environmental policy and acts, human
rights and overall engineering specifications and requirements. The propriety and the approaches
to be employed in the data collection such the surveys, observations, administering
questionnaires are also include in this concept and explored imminently. Finally, the tool is used
to draw conclusions based on the established findings and necessary action plan outlined and

Research Methods for Engineers 21
sketched in terms of the costs of implementations and remedies. Therefore, the diagram below
shows the outline and analysis of the mind map to be used in this research (Calbet et al. 2016
p.34).

Research Methods for Engineers 22
References
Arefiev, N., Badenko, V., Nikonorov, A., Terleev, V., & Volkova, Y. 2015. Bank protection
on storage reservoirs for municipal coastal areas. Procedia engineering, 117, 20-25.
Billa, L., Shattri, M., Rodzi Mahmud, A., & Halim Ghazali, A. 2006. Comprehensive
planning and the role of SDSS in flood disaster management in Malaysia. Disaster
Prevention and Management: An International Journal, 15(2), 233-240.
Birkland, T. A., Burby, R. J., Conrad, D., Cortner, H., and Michener, W. K. 2013. River
ecology and flood hazard mitigation. Natural Hazards Review, 4(1), 46-54.
Calbet, A., Schmoker, C., Russo, F., Trottet, A., Mahjoub, M. S., Larsen, O., ... and Drillet,
G. 2016. Non-proportional bioaccumulation of trace metals and metalloids in the planktonic
food web of two Singapore coastal marine inlets with contrasting water residence times.
Science of The Total Environment, 560, 284-294.
Douglas, I., Alam, K., Maghenda, M., Mcdonnell, Y., McLean, L., and Campbell, J. 2008.
Unjust waters: climate change, flooding and the urban poor in Africa. Environment and
urbanization, 20(1), 187-205.
Few, R. 2003. Flooding, vulnerability and coping strategies: local responses to a global
threat. Progress in Development Studies, 3(1), 43-58.
Galelli, S., Goedbloed, A., Schwanenberg, D., and van Overloop, P. J. 2012. Optimal real-
time operation of multipurpose urban reservoirs: Case study in Singapore. Journal of Water
Resources Planning and Management, 140(4), 511-523.

Research Methods for Engineers 23
Gin, K. Y. H., Ramaswamy, U., and Gopalakrishnan, A. P. 2011. Comparison of nutrient
limitation in freshwater and estuarine reservoirs in tropical urban Singapore. Journal of
Environmental Engineering, 137(10), 913-919.
Grant, S.B., Fletcher, T.D., Feldman, D., Saphores, J.D., Cook, P.L., Stewardson, M., Low,
K., Burry, K. and Hamilton, A.J., 2013. Adapting urban water systems to a changing climate:
Lessons from the millennium drought in southeast Australia.
Hilton, M. J., and Manning, S. S. 2005. Conversion of Coastal Habitats* in Singapore:
Indications of Unsustainable Development. Environmental Conservation, 22(4), 307-322.
Jonkman, S. N and Kelman, I. 2005. An analysis of the causes and circumstances of flood
disaster deaths. Disasters, 29(1), 75-97.
Kog, Y. C. (2001). Natural resource management and environmental security in Southeast
Asia: a case study of clean water supplies to Singapore.
Lai, S., Loke, L. H., Hilton, M. J., Bouma, T. J. and Todd, P. A. 2015. The effects of
urbanisation on coastal habitats and the potential for ecological engineering: A Singapore
case study. Ocean & Coastal Management, 103, 78-85.
Lai, S., Loke, L. H., Hilton, M. J., Bouma, T. J., and Todd, P. A. 2015 The effects of
urbanisation on coastal habitats and the potential for ecological engineering: A Singapore
case study. Ocean and Coastal Management, 103, 78-85.
Levy, J. K. 2005. Multiple criteria decision making and decision support systems for flood
risk management. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, 19(6), 438-447.
Levy, J. K., Hartmann, J., Li, K. W., An, Y. and Asgary, A. (2007). Multi‐criteria decision
support systems for flood hazard mitigation and emergency response in urban watersheds.
JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 43(2), 346-358.

Research Methods for Engineers 24
Levy, J. K., Hartmann, J., Li, K. W., An, Y., and Asgary, A. 2007. Multi‐criteria decision
support systems for flood hazard mitigation and emergency response in urban watersheds.
JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 43(2), 346-358.
Loucks, R. G., Moore, B. T., and Zeng, H. 2011. On-shelf lower Miocene Oakville sediment-
dispersal patterns within a three-dimensional sequence-stratigraphic architectural framework
and implications for deep-water reservoirs in the central coastal area of Texas. AAPG
bulletin, 95(10), 1795-1817.
Mancini, E. A., Benson, D. J., Hart, B. S., Balch, R. S., Parcell, W. C., and Panetta, B. J.
2011. Appleton field case study (eastern Gulf coastal plain): Field development model for
Upper Jurassic microbial reef reservoirs associated with paleotopographic basement
structures. AAPG bulletin, 84(11), 1699-1717.
Messner, F., and Meyer, V. 2016. Flood damage, vulnerability and risk perception–
challenges for flood damage research. In Flood risk management: hazards, vulnerability and
mitigation measures (pp. 149-167). Springer, Dordrecht.
Ng, P. K., Corlett, R., and Tan, H. T. (Eds.). 2011. Singapore biodiversity: an encyclopedia
of the natural environment and sustainable development. Editions Didier Millet.
Ng, T. H., and Tan, H. H. 2010. The introduction, origin and life‐history attributes of the
non‐native cichlid Etroplus suratensis in the coastal waters of Singapore. Journal of Fish
Biology, 76(9), 2238-2260.
Smith, V. H. 2011. Eutrophication of freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems a global
problem. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 10(2), 126-139.
Stewart, J. R., Gast, R. J., Fujioka, R. S., Solo-Gabriele, H. M., Meschke, J. S., Amaral-
Zettler, L. A and Sinigalliano, C. D. 2008, November. The coastal environment and human

Research Methods for Engineers 25
health: microbial indicators, pathogens, sentinels and reservoirs. In Environmental Health
(Vol. 7, No. 2, p. S3). BioMed Central.
Takeoka, H. 2014. Fundamental concepts of exchange and transport time scales in a coastal
sea. Continental Shelf Research, 3(3), 311-326.
Thomas, F. H. 2015. Principles of floodplain management. In Defence from Floods and
Floodplain Management (pp. 257-270). Springer, Dordrecht.
Tran, P. and Shaw, R. 2007. Towards an integrated approach of disaster and environment
management: A case study of Thua Thien Hue province, central Viet Nam. Environmental
Hazards, 7(4), 271-282.
Wang, M., Zhang, D. Q., Adhityan, A., Ng, W. J., Dong, J. W., & Tan, S. K. (2018).
Conventional and holistic urban stormwater management in coastal cities: a case study of the
practice in Hong Kong and Singapore. International Journal of Water Resources
Development, 34(2), 192-212.
Weichselgartner, J. 2011. Disaster mitigation: the concept of vulnerability revisited. Disaster
Prevention and Management: An International Journal, 10(2), 85-95.
Wong, P. P. 2010. Recreation in the coastal areas of Singapore. In Recreational Uses of
Coastal Areas (pp. 53-62). Springer, Dordrecht.
YANG, S. Q. 2010. Water resources available in Australian's coastal zones and its
development by coastal reservoirs. In Asian and Pacific Coasts 2009: (In 4 Volumes, with
CD-ROM) (pp. 126-132).
Yang, S. Q. 2015. A preliminary feasibility study for a backup water supply-coastal reservoir
in Southeast Queensland, Australia. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-
Aqua, 64(4), 470-485.

Research Methods for Engineers 26
Yang, S. Q. and Lin, P. 2011. Coastal reservoir by soft-dam and its possible applications.
Recent Patents on Engineering, 5(1), 45-56.
Yang, S. Q. and Ferguson, S. 2010. Coastal reservoirs can harness stormwater.
Yang, S., Liu, J., Lin, P. and Jiang, C. 2013. Coastal reservoir strategy and its applications.
In Water Resources Planning, Development and Management. InTech.
Yang, S., Liu, J., Lin, P. and Jiang, C., 2013. Coastal reservoir strategy and its applications.
In Water Resources Planning, Development and Management. InTech.
Yang, S.Q. and Ferguson, S., 2010. Coastal reservoirs can harness stormwater.
Yang, S.Q. and Lin, P., 2011. Coastal reservoir by soft-dam and its possible
applications. Recent Patents on Engineering, 5(1), pp.45-56.
Zhang, J., Zhou, C., Xu, K. and Watanabe, M. 2012. Flood disaster monitoring and
evaluation in China. Global Environmental Change Part B: Environmental Hazards, 4(2-3),
33-43.
Zong, Y. and Chen, X. 2011. The 1998 flood on the Yangtze, China. Natural Hazards, 22(2),
165-184.