Research Methods in Education Assignment 2022

Running head: RESEARCH METHODS IN EDUCATION
Research Methods in Education
Name of the Student:
Name of the University:
Author’s Note:

1RESEARCH METHODS IN EDUCATION
Table of Contents
Part 4................................................................................................................................................3
Article: Knowledge of Effective Educational Leadership Practices By Leigh T. Barton...............3
Research Area and Research Questions......................................................................................3
Methodology................................................................................................................................4
Findings and Discussion..............................................................................................................6
Part 5................................................................................................................................................8
1. Why do you think the researcher selected a quasi-experimental design and not a true
design?.........................................................................................................................................8
2. What is meant by random assignment?...................................................................................9
3. State TWO (2) null hypotheses for the study..........................................................................9
4. Discuss FOUR (4) threats to the internal validity of the experiment......................................9
5. Explain any TWO (2) techniques that the researcher could use to ensure the two groups are
equivalent in ability...................................................................................................................11
6. In order to reject the null hypothesis, it is necessary to analyze the data statistically. Explain.
...................................................................................................................................................12
Part 6..............................................................................................................................................13
Attitude towards the Death Sentence: Design a SIX (6) item attitude scale to measure the
above..........................................................................................................................................13
Purpose of the attitude scale and what is being measured.........................................................14
Attach your attitude scale..........................................................................................................19
Part 7: A Survey on Internet Usage among the People of Nusa....................................................20
Explain how you intend to select the sample to ensure it is representative of the population.. 20
Suggest THREE research questions for the study.....................................................................20

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Name THREE demographic variables you would include in your study..................................20
Besides the demographic variables write down TEN Questions you would include in the
questionnaire..............................................................................................................................21
Explain why you have chosen these TEN questions.................................................................21
References......................................................................................................................................26

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Part 4
Article: Knowledge of Effective Educational Leadership Practices By Leigh T. Barton
Research Area and Research Questions
The research by Leigh T. Barton focuses on investigating the knowledge of effective
educational leadership practices and is the continuation of the previous study conducted by
Barton and Cox in 2012. The current study focuses on assessing the administrative credentials
regarding the basic knowledge and experience of the candidates in school leadership activities.
The area of focus of the research has helped in determining how success for all the students or
the candidates can be promoted for the ones assuming the school leadership roles. The purpose
of undertaking the current study is the analyze the effect on the pre service school candidates
opting for school leadership roles after completing the administrative credential program that
includes required field works in accordance to their knowledge level and leadership practices.
The pre service school assessment on the candidates is investigated based on the pre and post self
assessment. Hence, the current study intends to know the co operation between knowledge and
experience in determining the effectiveness of pre service in shaping the experience and
knowledge of the candidates opting for school leader roles. However, on the contrary, the
research fails to shed light on which one is more effective, course works or field works for
gaining adequate leadership knowledge.
The study “Knowledge of effective educational leadership practices aims to answer the
three questions listed below:
What is the level of change that could be witnessed among the candidates before and after the
self assessment of their individual level of knowledge for each CPSEL’s followed by
investigating the similarity and difference among the six standards between the changes among
the candidates before and after the self assessment?
Has there been any difference noticed among the individual candidates regarding the loss and
gain of knowledge in terms of leadership competencies?

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In respect to the complete number of years of the corporate work experience of the students,
what is the similarity or difference in the changes in the level of knowledge from before and after
the self assessment that is conducted?
The variables investigated in this study are pre and post self assessment, school
leadership roles and the six standards namely CPSEL Standard 1, CPSEL Standard 2, CPSEL
Standard 3, CPSEL Standard 4, CPSEL Standard 5 and CPSEL Standard 6, leadership practices,
pre service school and administrative credential programs. Investigating the following variables
in the study helps in contributing significant knowledge in the study. For instance, investigating
the administrative credential programs provided an opportunity to know in detail about CPSEL
standards. Knowing about the six standards help to know the benefit of studying each of the
administrative credential programs and how it help in enhancing the existing knowledge among
the candidates opting for the school leadership roles. On the other hand, investigating the
variables also help in contributing the best of knowledge and experience when it comes to
investigating the before and after experience of the self-assessment where the students take part.
The theoretical perspective that underpins the study is to determine the effectiveness of
knowledge in terms of educational leadership practices for the students or the candidates
attending the administrative courses. Leadership is necessary in almost all aspects of life and for
school children opting for supervisor roles it is no different. The theoretical perspectives also
shed light on the several characteristics and practices for effective institutional leaders. In doing
so, over 300 literatures have been investigated in terms of school leadership as opted and applied
by the school principles. The literature research has also indentified twenty main categories of
the attitudes that have a positive influence on the achievement of the students. However, on the
contrary, the current study has not been able to determine the impact of individual behaviors or
responsibilities on the students opting for school leadership roles.
Methodology
The research method employed for the current study is the Candidate Inventory of
Personal leadership Competence that was formulated and developed for assessing the
administrative credentials in terms of the knowledge and experience in school leadership
activities. Six CPSEL was taken into account for developing The Candidate Inventory of
Personal Leadership Competence that highlights that the leader of the institution or the school

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highlights the success of each student in this case. The instrument developed for the study is
based in 58 items that is further categorized into six major parts for individuals CPSEL standard.
Each CPSEL standard further contains 9-11 particular activities related to leadership for which
the students state their present their current level of experience and knowledge. The students
those took part in the study had to mark them on their existing leadership skills knowledge from
1 to 4 where 1 indicates little or no knowledge and 4 representing more knowledge. On the scale
of 1 to 4, 2 indicate minimum knowledge and 3 indicate knowledge that is considerable.
However, the research methodology of the study is questioned because detailed information
about the different methodological stances is not mentioned in the study in terms of the
philosophy, approach, design and strategy used for the study. Information on the aforementioned
aspects is vague in this study making the methodology difficult to understand.
The total sample size selected for the study is 82 pre-service school students. The sample
selected for the study have them enrolled in the administrative credential program at the
California State University Fullerton from years 2008 to 2012. Out of the 82 pre-service school
leaders candidates 35 of the candidates have the record of working in the high schools where as
30 pre-service school candidates are found to have attended the elementary schools. Moreover,
out of the 82 selected samples, five of them were the district employees known to be working in
the Teacher’s on Special Assignment (TOSA). On the other hand, 12 samples attended the
middle school campuses those have taken part in the study for answering the questions of the
research. Out of the selected samples, 40% of the samples had less than five years of experience
whereas 25% had experience for a decade or more. However, on the contrary, no detailed
information about how the samples have been selected is not provided in the research. The
research provides detailed information about the characteristics of the selected samples but no
information regarding the sampling technique and the steps of selecting the samples has been
mentioned in the research making it challenging for the readers to identify the one.
The data collection instruments used for the current study is an Excel spread sheet where
the relevant information about the 82 samples was input by a graduate student. As the input was
done by a graduate student, it was further verified by a second graduate student for eradicating
any chances for error. The data entered and the verification was evaluated and inspected by the
faculty to eliminate any chances or errors. The data collection instrument was developed based