Research Methods in Psychology

This document discusses the research methods used in psychology, including descriptive analysis and regression analysis. It provides an overview of the statistical measures used in descriptive analysis and explores the relationship between congruent and incongruent trials. The document also discusses the concept of regression analysis and its application in evaluating the relationship between dependent and independent variables. References to relevant books and journals are provided for further reading.

Research methods in
psychology
1

Contents
Contents...........................................................................................................................................2
Results..............................................................................................................................................3
Discussion........................................................................................................................................7
References........................................................................................................................................8
Appendix..........................................................................................................................................9
2

Results
Descriptive analysis
Congruent Trails
Statistics
Congruent Trials
N Valid 18
Missing 0
Mean 860.56
Median 872.00
Mode 550a
Std. Deviation 159.526
Variance 25448.614
Minimum 550
Maximum 1185
a. Multiple modes exist. The
smallest value is shown
Congruent Trials
Frequency Percent Valid
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid 550 1 5.6 5.6 5.6
553 1 5.6 5.6 11.1
725 1 5.6 5.6 16.7
756 1 5.6 5.6 22.2
761 1 5.6 5.6 27.8
837 1 5.6 5.6 33.3
849 1 5.6 5.6 38.9
856 1 5.6 5.6 44.4
868 1 5.6 5.6 50.0
876 1 5.6 5.6 55.6
878 1 5.6 5.6 61.1
906 1 5.6 5.6 66.7
910 1 5.6 5.6 72.2
929 1 5.6 5.6 77.8
952 1 5.6 5.6 83.3
991 1 5.6 5.6 88.9
3

1108 1 5.6 5.6 94.4
1185 1 5.6 5.6 100.0
Total 18 100.0 100.0
Incongruent Trails
Statistics
Incongruent trials
N Valid 18
Missing 0
Mean 981.33
Median 923.50
Mode 651a
Std. Deviation 218.843
Variance 47892.471
Minimum 651
Maximum 1435
a. Multiple modes exist. The
smallest value is shown
4

Incongruent trials
Frequency Percent Valid
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid
651 1 5.6 5.6 5.6
783 1 5.6 5.6 11.1
808 1 5.6 5.6 16.7
816 1 5.6 5.6 22.2
820 1 5.6 5.6 27.8
853 1 5.6 5.6 33.3
874 1 5.6 5.6 38.9
893 1 5.6 5.6 44.4
908 1 5.6 5.6 50.0
939 1 5.6 5.6 55.6
940 1 5.6 5.6 61.1
942 1 5.6 5.6 66.7
1066 1 5.6 5.6 72.2
1101 1 5.6 5.6 77.8
1107 1 5.6 5.6 83.3
1356 1 5.6 5.6 88.9
1372 1 5.6 5.6 94.4
1435 1 5.6 5.6 100.0
Total 18 100.0 100.0
Regression analysis
Descriptive Statistics
Mean Std.
Deviation
N
Congruent
Trials 860.56 159.526 18
Incongruent
trials 981.33 218.843 18
Correlations
Congruent
Trials
Incongruent
trials
5

Pearson
Correlation
Congruent
Trials 1.000 .757
Incongruent
trials .757 1.000
Sig. (1-tailed)
Congruent
Trials . .000
Incongruent
trials .000 .
N
Congruent
Trials 18 18
Incongruent
trials 18 18
Variables Entered/Removeda
Model Variables
Entered
Variables
Removed
Method
1 Incongruent
trialsb . Enter
a. Dependent Variable: Congruent Trials
b. All requested variables entered.
Model Summary
Model R R
Square
Adjusted
R Square
Std. Error
of the
Estimate
Change Statistics
R Square
Change
F
Change
df1 df2 Sig. F
Change
1 .757a .572 .546 107.516 .572 21.425 1 16 .000
a. Predictors: (Constant), Incongruent trials
ANOVAa
Model Sum of
Squares
df Mean
Square
F Sig.
1
Regression 247670.641 1 247670.641 21.425 .000b
Residual 184955.803 16 11559.738
Total 432626.444 17
a. Dependent Variable: Congruent Trials
b. Predictors: (Constant), Incongruent trials
6

Coefficientsa
Model Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
1
(Constant) 319.308 119.646 2.669 .017
Incongruent
trials .552 .119 .757 4.629 .000
a. Dependent Variable: Congruent Trials
Discussion
Descriptive statistics were a collection of short increasing economic which describe a statistical
model, and may be a description of the whole population sample of it. Measurements of core
trend and measurements of heterogeneity are two types of descriptive statistics (spread). The
mean, median, as well as mode are examples of central trend measures, whereas standard
deviations are examples of uncertainty measures (Clarke and Hoggett, 2019).
From the above table of descriptive analysis, it has been determined that the average mean of
congruent trails is 860.56 for all the observation, median for the same is 872 as the series of
number was even and the value of mode is 550 which states that the number has been repeated
frequently within the data set. In addition, the value of std. deviation is approx. 160 which is
above ideal value so this states that the risk is very much low in context of these observation
(Cortina, Aguinis and DeShon, 2017).
For many of the observations, the total mean of congruent trails is 981.33, the median is
923.50 since the sequence of numbers had been, as well as the magnitude of mode is 651,
indicating that the amount has been replicated repeatedly throughout the data set. Furthermore,
the standard deviation is about 219, well above the optimal value, indicating that the probability
is very small in the light of these observations (Drawson, Toombs and Mushquash, 2017).
Regression analysis is a mathematical tool used in economics, accounting, and other fields to
evaluate the intensity and character of the dependent variable (commonly represented by Y) and
a set of independent variables (commonly represented by X). The table above clearly states that
the value of R2 which is 0.757 that is above the ideal value of r square 0.5 which indicates that
there is a positive relation between the responses of congruent and incongruent trails results
(Howitt and Cramer, 2017).
7

The table above also shows the change statistics which is impacted by the other factors such as
distraction within the nature of people as well as interest in some kind of work. Regression
attempts to discover a statistical association between a probability distribution that are assumed
to predict Y (Ledgerwood, 2019).
The most common version of this interaction is a solid object (linear regression) which
approximates every one of the squared differences. Constants are used to distinguish the various
parameters in regression analysis. The above table shows the value of beta and standard error for
the different observation for congruent as well as incongruent trails if one variables is kept as
depended and other as independent. The beta for incongruent trail is 0.757 which is above the
standard ratio that states that value is fair and is accepted for the total observation. Beta is an
indicator of a security's including portfolio's volatility–or systemic risk–in relation to its price
change as a whole, which is mainly used during the capital asset pricing model (CAPM). Beta
data for a single stock will only give an investor a rough idea of how much risk the stock would
bring to a (presumably) well-diversified portfolio (Piccirillo and Rodebaugh, 2019).
8

References
Books and Journals
Clarke, S. and Hoggett, P. eds., 2019. Researching beneath the surface: Psycho-social research
methods in practice. Routledge.
Cortina, J.M., Aguinis, H. and DeShon, R.P., 2017. Twilight of dawn or of evening? A century
of research methods in the Journal of Applied Psychology. Journal of Applied
Psychology, 102(3), p.274.
Drawson, A.S., Toombs, E. and Mushquash, C.J., 2017. Indigenous research methods: A
systematic review. International Indigenous Policy Journal, 8(2).
Howitt, D. and Cramer, D., 2017. Research methods in psychology. Pearson.
Ledgerwood, A., 2019. New developments in research methods. Advanced social psychology.
Piccirillo, M.L. and Rodebaugh, T.L., 2019. Foundations of idiographic methods in psychology
and applications for psychotherapy. Clinical Psychology Review, 71, pp.90-100.
9

Appendix
Congruent
Trials
Incongruent
trials
550 651
1108 1101
856 939
849 942
725 908
1185 1435
906 1107
756 893
553 816
761 783
868 874
837 940
952 1356
910 1066
878 808
991 1372
Me
929
Me
820
Other Person
876
Other Person
853
10