Human Development Research Paper 2022

Running head: HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 1
Human Development
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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 2
Human Development
The development of personality takes shape in different stages. A significant role in the
development of personalities and growth of humans is played by social interaction and
relationship (Fleming, 2018). Every single stage of the psychosocial development finds root in
the previous stages, which ushers in stages of new development. There are conflicts experienced
by people in every stage of development which serve as a ladder to developing into the next
stage. One such conflict is ego, which brings about many challenges to the identity of an
individual. The conflicts serve as paths to developing psychosocial strengths or failure to develop
them. People who overcome these challenges transit to the next stage endowed with better
psychosocial strengths enough to take them through their entire life successfully (Branje &
Koper, 2018). Sadly, when people fail to find effective ways to deal with these conflicts, they
may not develop the necessary skills needed to have a strong sense of being. Furthermore, the
thought of competence motivates actions and behaviour.
According to Papalia, Olds and Feldman (2015), development at later stages requires
successful development at each early stage of life. Nevertheless, psychoanalysis enables one to
deal with and resolve earlier conflicts, although it is not easy. At the age of 2-5 years, children
encounter psychosocial development, and the stages they go through are essential in their future
since it forms part of human psychological functioning.
At this stage, children have overcome the first stage that entails trust and mistrust. They
transit to the second stage, which includes "autonomy versus shame and doubt and doubt and
initiative versus guild" in that order. At this stage, crises are bound to happen from time to time.
Therefore, caregivers and parents should be even more sensitive as to the mechanisms they use
in handling these children (Johnson et al., 2017). For instance, Andrew, a two years old son to

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 3
Maria, is yet to get toilet trained either during the day or at night. At the same time, children of
his age are known to have mastered this practice, especially during the day.
Similarly, she is not able to fluently communicate her needs as well as speak. She lacks
understanding and patients to wait. At this point, Andrew is experiencing conflict. Should careful
intervention, however, be given to him, the Child and Health Family nurse says he will be fine.
Autonomy versus shame is the first psychosocial development at this stage. The main
focus of this stage is making children develop a stronger sense of personal control (Knight,
2017). Nevertheless, they find it challenging to gain autonomy that enables them to control the
functions of their body (Cherry, 2018). These may include minor and major motor skills, and
they should be more apparent to the parents. Talking, dressing, walking, feeding, and learning
how to take control of the functions of the bowel, comprise the functions a child learns during
this stage of development.
Furthermore, children at this stage have an increasing urge to be lonely and do their
things alone. Adults, however, often feel impatient with such children because they are unable to
do things on their own. Such instances often create conflicts between children and parents.
Children want to be independent in doing their things, yet they are unable to create meaningful
situations from their efforts. For instance, a child would feel ashamed of sitting on a potty trying
to control their bowel functions. The lack of patient and public ridicule by caregivers and parents
increases the child's shame. Therefore, doubt and shame create a natural opposite of a child's
autonomy.
Caregivers and parents are the primary influencers of a child's development at this stage,
especially pertaining to the way they handle conflicts. Bowly’s theory confirms that children will