Research Paper on Screw Piles

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RESEARCH PAPER ON SCREW PILES
A Research Paper on Screw Piles By
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TABLE OF CONTENT
Item Page
INTRODUCTION................................................................................4
Description................................................................................5
Invention ..................................................................................6
Applications and Uses of Screw Piles..........................................................7
Environmental sustainability.....................................................................10
Types of Screw Piles......................................................................................................11
Configuration of Different Screw Piles..........................................................................12
Parameters Influencing the Capacity of Piles.................................................17
Pile anchor length.......................................................................17
Pile installation torque or minimum capacity.......................................17
Geotechnical factors....................................................................18
The usage of Screw Piles in different types of soil..........................................25
How Screw Pile Improve the Capacity of different Types of Soil........................29
Potential advantages of using the crew piles and helical anchors..........................37
Disadvantages of using the screw piles.......................................................41
Conclusion and Recommendation.............................................................43
Bibliography......................................................................................47

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INTRODUCTION
With the growing demand for the energy in the world of today, the companies of the energy are
looking for a cheap, reliable and new system of the foundation. Nowadays many wind turbines
of the offshore have been supported on the foundation of the monopile with the structures of the
jacket being the alternative. Because of the large sizes of foundation and the equipment of the
specialist needed to piles of large diameter gives the cheap and the solution of environmental
friendliness where the piles of high capacity can be installed without difficulty from smaller
vessels hence removing issues around window weathers ad transportation. The screw piles can
also be removed after they have reached the life of service, the can be removed from the site and
deployed through the action of the simple crew. Since they have a large resistance of pulling
capacity and vertical bearing, they might be the best solution for the structures that floats for
projects of as and deepwater oil. They are commonly used for the structure of onshore as the
towers for transmission and the pipeline anchor.
Many of the piles that are used in the offshore are driven open-ended and the steel tubes and their
sizes range from the conductors' standards, diameter of 0.76m to above diameter of 6m like the
ones in the turbines of the winds. Developments in the offshore renewable have produced more
concern about the effect of the noises of underwear on different species of fish and mammals of
marine species for the driving pile for the wind turbine. The noise that is being produced when
the pile is driven should be measured and it is known that the noise of underwater is up to a
distance of 70km. it is true that the noise is audible to the mammals of the marine over the entire
range.
Many methods have been invented to mitigate the produced noise by the driving of the pile such
as the screen of noise mitigation and curtain bubbles. Screw piles are the long shaft of tubular

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diameter and small with single helix near many plates arranged at the interval on the shaft.
Helical plates enable the pile to be screwed to the placed by the application of the torque to the
shaft of the pile and this reduced the vibration and noise when fitting and reduces the
disturbances to the life of a marine. Screw piles have raised the capacity of the axial compression
when compared to the foundation of the conventional piles. The main benefit of using the screw
piles is the increase in the capacity of the uplift because of the effects of anchoring of the plates.
Also, they don’t release wastes soil, they don’t require the slurry of grout, can be used as the
piles of battered and are resistance to earthquakes and deformation.
Factors that influence the torque of installation of the pile are: the pressure of downward applied,
rate of soil advancement, level of the torque applied, installation depth, installation angle and the
type of the soil. Because of the action of push-pull, the mechanism failure covering the limit of
ultimate state response of the offshore turbines of the winds. Factors that affect the screw piles in
the uplift are geometrical properties of the screw piles, the ratio of the helix to the shaft, the
capacity of the structural type of the connection type of the helix plate. A significant aspect of
the geometry of the screw pile that has been subjected to investigations is the diameter of the
helical and the ratio between the diameter of the pile shaft and the diameter of the plate. The
torque for the installation increases with the increases in diameter of the plate, the thickness of
the plate, and plate numbers.
Screw piles are sometimes known as helical piles, screw anchor or helical anchor and are steel
crew in anchoring ground and piling systems used for constructing deep foundations. They are
valuable components in the belt of geotechnical too and can be improved to maintain many
dissimilar configurations with the more challenging condition of the subsurface. Their frequent
installation is easy and can lead to saving costs capacity and can be proved to the great point of

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certainty. The pile shaft structure’s load into the pile and screw pile plates are soldered to the
shaft pile in accordance with the condition of the ground intended. They can be designed to a
specific pitch or comprise of the flat plates welded at the identified pitches to the shaft of the
pile. Current use of the screw piles is foundations for residential and commercial building, light
standards, restoration of the failed foundations, retaining tieback walls, supports and bridge
abutments.
Description of Screw Piles
Screw piles are synthetic foundations of steel rotated to the ground to maintain the structures.
The constituents of screw piles comprise extension, lead, pile cap and plates of the helical
bearing. The first segment to the ground is the lead section, its pilot point is tapered and normally
have one or many plates of the helical bearing. The extension section advances the section of
lead deeper into the grounds till the required stratum of the bearing is attained. Extension section
may possess extra helical bearing plates but mostly are encompassed of the coupling and
dominant shaft (Abdelghany, 2012).
Screw piles have been used throughout the world in the projects and its uses such as foundations
for buildings, houses, bridges of the pedestrians, light poles and sound walls. Screw piles are also
used in the supporting essentials for the renovation of the unsuccessful foundations or to
supplement the present foundations for the support of the original load. They can be fitted at any
position or horizontally and compressive loads and tensile can be supported and are used for
retaining the systems of the walls, system of membrane roof, control of the pipeline buoyancy
and towers for transmission. The screw piles is a steel shaft with more or one helical plates
joined around (Ahmed, 2016). They are known as the deep foundation and are used to support
any type of load. The central shaft is contrived with grade tubing steel giving it high strength

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than the competition. They give many types of shaft sizes and at any type of application.
figure 1 above illustrates the screw pile (Bowles, 2013, p. 187)
Invention
The primary utilization of the screw piles was recorded in 1836 by the civil engineer called
Alexander Mitchell and blind brick maker. Being blind limited the career options of Mitchell and
took brick making and studied building construction, science, mathematics and mechanics in his
free time and his problem was how to better-fund constructions of the marine on the weak soil
like mudflats, reefs of sand and banks of river estuaries. He devised the solution to these
problems at the age of 52, the screw pile. In the beginning of 1830s, storms were frequent and
during November and October, the ranging storms cause more deaths to mariners and many
thoughts occurred to him concerning grounds of the lighthouse on the sandy beds but they
demonstrated to be unproductive in practice (Aoki, 2014).

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One day in 1832, when testing with the sail that makes the boat to navigate in the wind teeth by
using wide screw pile that is flanged in water and painting screw concealed in the air. He placed
water screw on the unlimited blast of wind and ground, aggressively thrusting the crews of the
aerial canvas, entrenched the screw definitely in the ground. In 1833, he patented his discovery
in London and named the machine screw pile and its initial use was for ship anchorage. The pile
was rotated to the ground by animals and human power by the huge handled wood wheel called a
captain. In 1838, the utilization the helical piles for the groundwork of the lighthouse of Maplin
sands on the bank close to the river entry in the UK that was not stable (Aydin, 2012).
In 1858, Eugenius birch used the technology of screw pile of Mitchell to support the seaside
piers in England, every bridge pier had interconnected columns supported by the screw pile. The
piles sustained the weight of the carts, pedestrian, the ancillary structures and building. The
foundation had to support wind loads, tidal forces and frequent flows of ice. During the
expansion of the empire of the British, the helical piles were employed to sustain fresh bridges in
numerous continents and states (Bowles, 2013).
Between the 1850s and 1890s, more than one hundred lighthouses were built on the screw piles
foundations along the Gulf of Mexico and the coast of US. From 1900 to 1950, the use of the
screw piles reduced because there were many developments in the drilling equipment and
mechanical pile driving. Deep foundations like foundations of the Raymond drilled, Franki piles,
and belled piers were established. With the establishment of the current hydraulic torque, motors
improved the manufacturing and new methods of galvanization. Hydraulic torque was present in
the 1960s which enabled easy installation of the screw piles and they became the favoured
products for resisting tensile forces. Companies of electric utilities started using the screw pile

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for tie-down piles on the towers for transmission on the utility pole for the guy wire (Budhu,
2014).
Applications and Uses of Screw Piles
Screw piles have more current applications, in the market for the electrical effectiveness, screw
piles are utilized as the guy wire anchor and foundation for the transmission towers. A solitary
screw pile has the ability to sustain the tensile load usually on the order of 25 tons and anchors
and helical piles can minimize The screw piles can also be removed after they have reached the
life of service, the can be removed from the site and deployed through the action of the simple
crew. Since they have a large resistance of pulling capacity and vertical bearing, they might be
the best solution for the structures that floats for projects of as and deepwater oil. They are
commonly used for the structure of onshore as the towers for transmission and the pipeline
anchor e the quantity of the needed concrete and hence result in the saving cost more so in the
isolated places (Canadian Geotechnical Society, 2013).
In building a house, screw piles are used in the foundation's decks, additions, and shelters to
renovate the present foundation. They are installed for the addition of the single-story mountain
home. Controllable fitting apparatus and low cost of mobilization make the screw piles ideal for
places with small access to the backyard and narrow lots. These aspects joined with the
installation speed makes the screw piles cost-effective. They are used for the decks because of
the depth and pervasiveness of the frost and one of the features of screw piles its explosive soil
and resistance to the heave of the frost (Clemence, 2014).