Research Methodology, Design and Implementation: TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Added on 2019-12-17
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Project Name TABLE OF CONTENTS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY1 Introduction 1 Research philosophy 1 Research design 1 Research methodology2 Data collection 2 Sampling 3 Data analysis 4 Validity and reliability 4 Ethical considerations 5 Research limitations 6 Limitations to SMEs research 7 The concept of work performance9 Factors contributing to employee satisfaction at workplace 11 Dimensions of psychological ownership of employees 15 CONCLUSION 16 REFERENCES 18 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 1 Introduction Research methodology comprise of the systematic plan that is followed by researcher for carrying out a study. After drafting
Research Methodology, Design and Implementation: TABLE OF CONTENTS
Added on 2019-12-17
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TABLE OF CONTENTSRESEARCH METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................1Introduction..................................................................................................................................1Research philosophy ...................................................................................................................1Research design ..........................................................................................................................1Research methodology.................................................................................................................2Data collection ............................................................................................................................2Sampling .....................................................................................................................................3Data analysis ...............................................................................................................................4Validity and reliability ................................................................................................................4Ethical considerations..................................................................................................................5Research limitations ....................................................................................................................6Accessibility issues......................................................................................................................6LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................6Introduction .................................................................................................................................6Co-relationship between satisfaction level and employee performance......................................7The concept of work performance ..............................................................................................9Factors contributing to employee satisfaction at workplace .....................................................11Dimensions of psychological ownership of employees.............................................................15CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................16REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................18
RESEARCH METHODOLOGYIntroductionResearch methodology comprise of the systematic plan that is followed by researcher forcarrying out a study. It involves several important aspects such as research design, approach,data collection and analysis procedures, sampling, ethical issues etc. (Chenail, 2011) It also takesinto consideration the aspect of validity and reliability of data. After drafting the literaturereview, appropriate methodology was adopted by the researcher for conducting the study oneffects of employee satisfaction in SMEs in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The present chapterprovides details of the research techniques that were employed along with justifications. Thesetechniques provided significant assistance in carrying ot the study to find out the effects ofsatisfaction and psychological ownership on t5heir performance in SMEs in Kuala LumpurMalaysia. Research philosophy This is associated with the development of knowledge and helps in forming thebackground to a study. Research philosophy involves the perception of an individual with whichhe views the world and his belief towards reality (Christopher, 2014). For the present study onSMEs in Kuala Lumpur, a combination of positivism and interpretivism philosophies wereutilized. Interpretivism philosophy was used because it helped in adequately justifying theresearch problem. With the assistance of this philosophy, the research was able to highlight thevarious figures and facts that depicted the research background. Moreover, interpretivismenabled the researcher to understand the views of the sample in detail so that effects on theirperformance can be studied. Positivism philosophy was also used by the researcher because it assisted in providing hisviewpoint for evaluation of the social world (Ihantola and Kihn, 2011). In the present study onSMEs in Kuala Lumpur, the researcher was required to collect information from the respondentsabout the ways in which their performance was affected by satisfaction. Therefore, use ofpositivism philosophy was most suitable as with the researcher could play his role independentfrom the study. This made him concentrate better on facts and analyze them efficiently. Research design Research design depicts the overall strategy that is used for combining the variouscomponents of the study in a coherent manner. It is therefore, an important concept in research.1| P a g e
An appropriate research design is essentially required for ensuring that the researcher will beable to address the research problem efficiently (Harrison and Reilly, 2011). There are variousresearch designs such as exploratory, descriptive, analytical etc. For the present study onemployee satisfaction and psychological ownership, exploratory research design was used. Therewere various reasons for selecting this design. Firstly, exploratory research is conducted for aproblem that has not been defined in a clear manner. the research had knowledge about employeesatisfaction and psychological ownership and wanted to understand more about their impacts onperformance in SMEs. Hence, it required to explore a new angle of viewing an aspect. Therefore,exploratory research was suitable for the present study. The present research on SMEs in KualaLumpur had time and money constraints. This also suggested that exploratory research was thebest suited for it. Further, the purpose of the research was to suggest and provide somerecommendation on specific organizational aspects. This necessitated the utilization ofexploratory research design. Moreover, in the present study, the researcher was required to use astatistical tool for analyzing the data to reach conclusion. Hence, exploratory research was usedas it assisted in successfully implementing the tool.Research methodologyBasically, a research can be carried out by following two methodologies, namely,qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative research aims at gaining an understanding of underlyingmotivations and reasons thereby providing insights into a particular problem. In contrast to this,quantitative research comprises of empirical investigation of a phenomenon with the use ofstatistical techniques (Franklin, 2012). The aim of the present research to analyse the effects ofemployee satisfaction and psychological ownership on employee performance in SMEs in KualaLumpur. In order to achieve the aim, the research required to obtain large volume of data from anumber of respondents. Qualitative research would not have supported this requirementefficiently. It is for this reason that quantitative methodology was adopted for conducting thepresent research on SMEs in Kuala Lumpur. The researcher was required to collect data with thehelp of a questionnaire. Hence, Quantitative research was best suited for this. Data collection Data collection can be done by utilizing two methods, namely, primary and secondarydata collection. Primary data is the first hand information that a researcher specifically collectedfor a particular study. Primary data collection comprises of the various research techniques that2| P a g e
are employed for gathering primary data. These include interviews, focus groups, surveyquestionnaire etc. (Grafton, Lillis and Mahama, 2011). In contrast to this, secondary data refersto information that was already published in studies carried out by other researchers. It is readilyavailable ion other sources such as books, journals, blogs, reports, government factsheets etc. Forthe present study, only primary data collection methods were used. This is because the researcherwanted to explore the effects of employee satisfaction and psychological ownership on theirperformance, which could only be done by obtaining information from employees. Hence,primary data collection was suitable for the present study on SMEs in Kuala Lumpur. For collecting the data, questionnaire was utilized. This is because large amount ofinformation could be collected from a large sample. Hence, with it the researcher could collectdata about the effects of employee satisfaction on their performance from a large sample in orderto achieve the aim of the study. Another reason for using questionnaire was that results could bequickly and easily quantified (McGrath and O'Toole, 2012). As the present research usedquantitative methodology, questionnaire was suitable for it. The development of questionnairewas done with the help of Google Forms tool. The questionnaire was divided into three sections.In the first section, general information about the respondents was collected. The second sectioncomprised of independent variables. The last section of the questionnaire was related todependent variables. Sampling Sampling refers to the method of selecting a subset of individuals from a population.Collecting data from each and every unit of the population does not seem to be a feasible task forthe researcher as it requires a lot of time and money. Therefore, sampling is done to select asample that is capable of representing the entire population. There are two types of samplingmethods, namely, probability and non- probability sampling (Cox and McDonald, 2013). For thepresent study on SMEs in Kuala Lumpur, probability sampling method was used. Sample wasselected by utilizing simple random sampling technique. The reason behind using this techniquewas that it was a fair way of sample selection because every member got an equal chance ofbeing included in the sample. The respondents were selected in a random manner from thepopulation of employees working in SMEs in Kuala Lumpur region of Malaysia. Sample size is another important concept because an appropriate size of sample is to beselected by researcher which is capable of representing the entire population (Ormerod and3| P a g e
Ulrich, 2013). For the present study, sample size was calculated by using Raosoft sample sizecalculator. The allowed error margin was of 5 per cent with 95 per cent confidence level. InMalaysia, 35. 7 percent of all SMEs are in Kuala Lumpur. With the help of Raosoft, thecalculated sample size was 218 from a population of 500. Questionnaire was distributed to 500respondents and only 218 responses were selected through probability sampling. Data analysis Data analysis refers to cleaning and transforming the data by using systematic and logicaltechniques. There are two methods of analyzing the data. These include qualitative andquantitative analysis (Kumar, 2014). For the present research, data was analysed by usingquantitative methods. IBM’s SPSS version 22 software was used for carrying out analysis on thedata collected from the respondents. The data analysis comprised of conducting 3 tests. In orderto ensure the reliability and integrity of data Cronbach’s Alpha test was used. In order todetermine the effects of employee satisfaction on their present, the researcher was required toidentify relationship between dependent and independent variables. For this, Pearson correlationwas employed. Further, linear regression was also performed to identify the independent variablethat has the strongest impact on dependent variable. Validity and reliability Validity refers to the extent to which a research measures what it is intended to measure(Flick, 2011). It is an important concept to be considered while carrying out a research. For thepresent research on SMEs in Kuala Lumpur, validity was maintained by utilizing appropriatetools for collecting and analyzing data. Question used by the researcher was suitable as it assistedin obtaining the responses of a large sample. This helped the researcher in determining theeffects of employee satisfaction and psychological ownership on their performance. Hence, itmeasured the effect that it was intended to measure. This indicates that questionnaire fulfilled thepurpose for which it was used. Reliability is another vital concept and refers to the degree to which a study is capable ofproducing consistent results it is conducted again in future (Fiegen, 2010). The present researchon SMEs in Kuala Lumpur is reliable as authentic sources have been used for collecting the data.Employees could provide the most useful and relevant information about the effects ofsatisfaction on their performance. As the present research collected data from employees, it4| P a g e
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