Using Blockchain to Combat Food Waste and Ensure Food Security in the UK

This research aims to understand the problem of food wastage in the UK and develop strategies to combat it using blockchain technology. It also aims to ensure food security by implementing innovative solutions.

Running head: RESEARCH PROJECT
Research Project
Topic: Using Blockchain to Combat Food Waste and Ensure Food Security in the UK
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

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Abstract
The world is at such a place where a part of the people residing in the world in enjoying all
sorts of amenities available where the other part of the world is not at receiving the basic
necessities of life. This is also being translated to the availability of food. The basic
requirement of food is thought to be equally distributed amongst all the people within the
organizations but at the same time, the occurrences of the phenomenon about the wastage of
food is affecting the world in a much more gruesome way. Such is the amount of food
wastage found in the entire world, that is has become a huge issue that needs to be solved at
any cost. In the United Kingdom alone, the amount of food that is wasted does not only
consist of the disposable food. It has also been found that there are various occurrences in UK
alone that has resulted in alarming rates of food wastage. For this reason, the government of
United Kingdom has been looking forward to the utilization of the technological
advancement to find out a way for fighting against the wastage of food in the United
Kingdom. This is why, the blockchain technology is thought for considering as a mechanism
to be considered for fighting the wastage of food in United Kingdom. The study is thus
concerned for the development of the thesis below to consider all the constraints of battling
the wastage of food. The study also is conducted for considering all the aspects of the
alignment of blockchain technology for fighting the food wastage in UK and how is the
feasible as a technology considering the studies conducted and data collected through primary
and secondary sources.

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Acknowledgements
This research and its conduction process have been one of the most inspiring experiences I
have had. This research has been one of the most influential ways by which I have enhanced
by analytical skills and knowledge base. I could say that it has reached a level of paramount.
However, this could not have been possible without the valuable guidance of my professors,
my peers and everybody who have provided guidance throughout my research. Without the
guidance, I could not have been able to finish or even begin my research. On this occasion, I
would like to thank my supervisor ___________________________ for providing me with
the constant support and guidance throughout. It would like to be acknowledging enough to
thank my academic guides for their important and valuable assistance and encouragement
throughout the research process. I would also like to thank my friends who had provided me
with help and encouragement for collecting primary data and valuable resources.
Heartfelt thanks and regard,
Yours sincerely,

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Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction..............................................................................................................5
Background of the study........................................................................................................5
Research Aims and Objectives...............................................................................................6
Research Questions................................................................................................................7
Problem Statement.................................................................................................................7
The rationale of the study.......................................................................................................7
Research Hypothesis..............................................................................................................8
Structure of the study.............................................................................................................8
Chapter 2: Literature Review...................................................................................................10
Introduction..........................................................................................................................10
Conceptual Framework............................................................................................................11
Findings of the Study...........................................................................................................11
Gap in the Literature............................................................................................................20
Chapter Summary.................................................................................................................20
Chapter 3: Research Methodology...........................................................................................21
Introduction..........................................................................................................................21
Method Outline....................................................................................................................22
Research Philosophy............................................................................................................23
Research Approach..............................................................................................................24
Research Design...................................................................................................................25
Data Collection Process.......................................................................................................25
Ethical Consideration...........................................................................................................26
Limitations of the study.......................................................................................................26
Chapter Summary.................................................................................................................28
Chapter 4: Data Analysis and Results......................................................................................28
Introduction..........................................................................................................................28
Empirical Results.................................................................................................................29
1. Distribution of Gender.................................................................................................31
2. Distribution of age group.............................................................................................31
Descriptive study..................................................................................................................32
Summary..............................................................................................................................39
Chapter 6: Conclusions and Recommendations.......................................................................40
Conclusion............................................................................................................................40
Linking with Objectives.......................................................................................................42
Recommendations................................................................................................................43
Limitations of research.........................................................................................................44

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Future scope of the study.....................................................................................................45
Bibliography.............................................................................................................................46
Table 1: Distribution of Gender............................................................................................31
Table 2: Distribution of age group.......................................................................................31
Table 3: Do you believe that the wastage of food in the United Kingdom is rising at an
alarming rate?........................................................................................................................32
Table 4: Do you think that the government has been responsible for not controlling the
wastage of food?.....................................................................................................................33
Table 5: Do you believe that both the food-based organizations and the population in
UK are responsible for the situation?...................................................................................34
Table 6: Do you believe that the food stamping and tracking facilities will ensure
reduction in food wastage?....................................................................................................36
Table 7: Do you believe that the framework of implementing legislative measures
against food wastage would reduce the random throwing of food?..................................37
Table 8: Do you believe that blockchain technology used for tracking food wastage is
the appropriate measure to fight food wastage in UK?......................................................38
Table 1: Distribution of Gender............................................................................................31
Table 2: Distribution of age group.......................................................................................31
Table 3: Do you believe that the wastage of food in the United Kingdom is rising at an
alarming rate?........................................................................................................................32
Table 4: Do you think that the government has been responsible for not controlling the
wastage of food?.....................................................................................................................33
Table 5: Do you believe that both the food-based organizations and the population in
UK are responsible for the situation?...................................................................................34
Table 6: Do you believe that the food stamping and tracking facilities will ensure
reduction in food wastage?....................................................................................................36
Table 7: Do you believe that the framework of implementing legislative measures
against food wastage would reduce the random throwing of food?..................................37
Table 8: Do you believe that blockchain technology used for tracking food wastage is
the appropriate measure to fight food wastage in UK?......................................................38

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Chapter 1: Introduction
Background of the study
The amount of waste in United Kingdom has been extremely staggering and the
estimated annual amount is also very problematic to listen to. It has been estimated that about
7.3 million tonnes food is wasted on an average every year by the households of United
Kingdom. It has been also found that the combination of all the food wastages taken from the
supply chains of the foods having combine to have an estimation of the protein food
wastages. it was found that the entire combination had an estimated value of about 15.5
million tonnes of food to be wasted at an annual rate. All these food items would almost cost
about 25 billion GBP every year. The households have a total estimated cost of wasted food
to be about 13 billion GBP. Contrasting into some different parts of the world people have
nothing to eat at all and it has also been found that the first world countries are wasting food
in this way. For ensuring that at least United Kingdom as a security measure of ensuring no
food or minimum food wastage and also enable food security, it has to be e taken into
consideration that some sort of benefits and Solutions need to be imbibed for combating all
the problems that possibly can be put together with the help of blockchain technology. it has
been found that if food security is not ensured by the year 2020, there can be a whole lot of
food waste presenting challenges to the Global visions for food security as well. This would
ensure that the imbalance that is caused due to the huge inadequate statistics found for
enabling the magnitude of a problem. since it has been found that the chances that food
security will reduce the amount of food wastage, it should be made sure that this food
security measure is implemented at the earliest so that food security and its Global goal can
be reached by the time it has been already 2020. The uses of the blockchain technology has

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been shining an unfazed light on all the food wastage problems and also reveals that there has
been a permission to mitigate the problem since humans have right now initiated and
persistently enable the wasteful attitude of food in them. Blockchain Technology or BCT has
also its wide popular past has been implemented by various organisations for having the
analysis and researchers done on the business information systems. it has also found its
application following all the social, financial and industrial sectors. The technology that has
been set in are still at the early stages of its development for food security system but it is still
usable for the real-life applications. blockchain Technology has its own architecture and
setting up several innovations within these architectures enables innovative structure that has
been the brainchild behind reaching the idea of using blockchain Technology for fighting
food security problems. However, blockchain Technology was previously done by different
organisations, including that banks as it begins to recognise the cryptocurrencies being
decentralized and forming unit of money. Where was the reason that blockchain Technology
has the ability to grow for more period bitcoin and this is what begin the disintermediation of
analysing the non-financial activities as well. the application of blockchain Technology does
got much more wide and other financial activities, company still adopted blockchain
Technology for various other industry and organisations as well. The blockchain technology
being used in other companies focusing other than financial sectors included healthcare,
logistics, manufacturing, energy and telecommunications. The acceptance of blockchain has
been increased in various organisations while forming its base with the analysis of
cryptocurrencies enamelling the technology with huge number of systems and platforms. this
technology is being used by various start-up organisations as well for exploring the
opportunities provided by blockchain technology in the logistics, food business and
agriculture as well. Since the demand of food in the entire world has been increasing
exponentially every day, there is a need of transparency that needs to be set in with the food

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industry. It has been found that people do not just blindly believe all the activities of the food
industry and therefore they have a little trust on the quality of food. This is why it has been
found that they are always checking the labelling and ensuring any potential frauds and
adulteration for taking measures against it. There are various other problems that could be
arising in the food industry including the faulty records, frauds and errors is well. Therefore,
these problems automatically pose numerous problems in the food distribution and food
consumption sector in the United Kingdom. Thus, there is research process going on to make
sure that blockchain Technology would most probably provide security to the wastage of
food especially in United Kingdom.
Research Aims and Objectives
Aim: The aim of this research is to understand the problem of food wastage in the UK
and to identify or develop strategies to combat it using blockchain technology. Also, the
research will aim at finding strategies and solutions for ensuring food security for the
organizations to ensure total food security all around the world by the year 2020.
Objectives:
 To find out the reasons behind food wastage in UK.
 To identify the problems and fight them using blockchain technology.
 To find out strategies to ensure further food security.
Research Questions
The research question can be framed as
 How the examination of strategies for waste management can be identified to
be used in the countries, especially the United Kingdom for managing

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household food waste with blockchain technology and prevent further food
wastage?
Problem Statement
It needs to be understood how the food supply chain in the entire United Kingdom is
working for conducting the analysis on the food supply industry within the entire country.
this is needed to be analysed for investigating all the possibilities that blockchain Technology
can address to for securing all the food wastage issues and have organisation in enabling a
better solution for managing all the wastage of food in the country. This should also be
dependent on the distribution of food in different communities that are in dire necessity of
preventing the food wastage to ensure that every person around in the entire world is not
getting food when in need. Therefore the investigation of the blockchain technology and to
enable it to address to the food security problems and provide particular and better solutions
would be e for understanding the potential of the technology in changing the entire process
and procedures that would be adopted for making it easier to supply all the food without
being wasted to the disaster zones in not just United Kingdom but the entire world and
implement distribution system that would be so transparent that communities will find it
much easier to enable supply of this food for homeless, refugees and the needy. Therefore,
this is the problem that the research process is going to solve to achieve the target of ensuring
total food security all around the world.
The rationale of the study
Blockchain technology, as an online ledger which records all transactions and which
shares data among registered users, is ideal for tracking and distributing surplus food.
Businesses and restaurants can be connected to local charities using blockchain technology

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and the organizations can communicate their needs at any time through the online ledger. In
United Kingdom alone, 133 billion pounds of food is wasted every year. The extra food can
potentially feed hundreds of families who struggle with hunger. With the help of blockchain
technology, organizations like Walmart gains the ability of providing any information to the
customer at any point of time within 2.2 seconds on an average. In case of any kind of natural
calamities, like for an epidemic, the company would have the ability to provide the customers
with a support of over six days and save lives with the utilization of the blockchain
technology.
Blockchain also helps in allowing the ability of food products being traced at any
place provided any possible time. The probability of this technology to trace the food
products reduces the chances of food getting waste. This also ensures that all the continental
food products can also be traced with this technology in a quicker and easier way. This will
allow only the safe foods to remain in the organisations, shops and other outlets so that they
cannot be send to the people in need when the time comes. Therefore, this study is necessary
to make sure that the complete understanding of the blockchain technology to prevent food
wastage is absolutely necessary in understanding to make sure that there isn’t any wastage of
food identified in the future.
Research Hypothesis
The research hypothesis can be figured out in the following way:
H0: Blockchain technology has no impact on the food wastage detection technique.
H1: Blockchain technology has an effective impact on the food wastage detection
technique.

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Structure of the study
The entire research paper has been disintegrated into various smaller units for having
a proper observation of research express in a detailed way. There would be a total of five
significant chapter within the study, which would be described as follows:
Chapter 1: Introduction:
This is the primary chapter and it would be mostly used for defining the undertaking
topic including the reason behind the topic to be chosen for this particular research paper.
Next, it would describe the reason that blockchain technology and food wastage detection is
synchronised together. This would be used for identification of the aims of the research,
objectives of the research, discussing the research questions that also includes the research
hypothesis, which is being utilised for directing the complete study. It would be used for
explaining all the work of research that has been going on for this particular dissertation.
Chapter 2: Literature Review:
This is the second chapter of the research paper. It would comprise of the literature
review that is being conducted with the help of the past concepts and theories developed by
different researchers who have researched about the same topic previously. This would also
be used to identify any barriers that the previous researchers have faced during the
progression of this research based on blockchain technology used for the analysis of food
wastage in United Kingdom. This chapter would also critically analyse the various barriers
that the researchers are faced before and this would determine the food production and food
manufacturing industry within the United Kingdom.

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Chapter 3: Research Methodology:
This is the third chapter in this dissertation would be comprised of the research
methodology that will enhance a detailed procedure and technique with a detailed idea about
the methodology that has been used for the conduction of this particular study. this should
also be identified for the appropriate process utilised in the research methods and if they have
been justified for gathering all the relevant information for collection of data and analysing
them.
Chapter 4: Data Analysis and Interpretation:
This is the fourth chapter in the dissertation and normally analyses all the information
that has been gathered from conducting the collection of data from primary and secondary
sources over the various sources and presenting them by making use of statistical tools. The
process performed by data analysis and their discussion in this chapter would help the person
going to this research to have a detailed analysis conducted over the topic of research and
thus provide a clear idea about the statistical tools that has been utilised along with the data
representation. This chapter would also validate the utilisation of the hypothesis and how it
has been determined within the analysis of the gathered data.
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations:
This chapter is based on the discussion over conclusion and recommendations over
the interdigitation, which would help in forming a linkage in all the analysis and defined
objective that had been previously done in the introduction chapter. This would help the
analyst to perform a brief conclusion over the entire area of study and thus taking full support
of the data that would be obtained from the portion of analysis and also from the previous
chapters. Based on concluding, it can be discussed that there would be some kind of

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recommendation that would determine if the research has been conducted in a successful way
or not. This would also determine the utilisation and the implication of the entire study that
has been conducted throughout and the entire research process would also analyse the effect
made by blockchain technology for reducing food wastage and its future applications.
Chapter 2: Literature Review
Introduction
This section forms the second chapter of the dissertation that mostly focuses on all the
gathered data about the chosen research which is done through the process of collecting
literary works of other researchers and analysing those researches based on the subject, which
has been chosen for conducting the research. The concerned research is focused on the
subject based on food wastage in UK and how it can be tackled by the blockchain
methodologies that have been used for combatting the wastage of food in the country. This is
the step that has been considered to become the part of the entire process for analysing the
research done before and finding out all the implications that the project has in the particular
process by which the researchers have completed these researchers based on the topic that has
been chosen for the dissertation. The gathering of the information would help in analysing
how the research has been conducted in the papers. all the gathered information would lead to
the phases where all the consideration should be made on the research that has been
conducted before. This process can be considered as the process of data collection made
through secondary sources as the research process has already been done by other researchers
and analysts in the previous times. In addition to that, this literature review portion chapter
would also make sure that the different kind of findings that have been gathered from the
existing work of research would help in finding out what the people could not obtain through

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the researches. it would also include all the areas of the research that has been previously
conducted but they have filled acknowledging the research works. The first part of this
chapter would begin with a conceptual framework as developed especially for conducting this
particular research to describe the way in which the papers would be following up step by
step to conduct the findings. The next phase of the report would be based on describing and
performing analysis over the information gathered from the conducted study. The next
chapter would discuss about the various kind of gaps that would be identified within the
papers that have been researched. This kind of research would also include a summary of the
chapters for the purpose of summarizing each of the possible outcomes that would be
gathered from the particular kind of outcomes of the particular form of data collection
method.
Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework developed in this particular case helps in identifying the
step by step procedure by which the literature review process should go on. This provides a
clear picture of how the entire task for collection of secondary data should be completed to
make sure that the information is collected in in a consecutive and theoretical manner to have
a proper insight over the subject that is under study. In this particular case the conceptual
Framework would elaborate the findings on the study with the following stages. The first
stage to find out about the scenario of food wastage within the United Kingdom, next it
would find out about the combat strategy against food wastage implemented by United
Kingdom, next it would have the blockchain technology or Blockchain Technology describe
in details and then the different ways in which the blockchain technology could be used for
finding the ways of combating against the problem of food wastage within United Kingdom.

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Findings of the Study
The findings gathered from the study will incorporate the information that has been
gathered from all the articles that have been gathered for the purpose of conducting the
literature review. This is characterized by going as per the conceptual framework towards the
research process with the help of the gathered article one step after another. Following would
be the articles presented in this regard that would help in the finding of the information that
would be required for the research process. Moving step by step through the process is
required to go through the entire process of research in the best feasible way.
The food wastage scenario in the UK
According to Heasman and Morley (2017), it has been found that in the entire United
Kingdom, the evaluation of food wastage has been found to be about 13 billion GBP worth
alone in the year 2015 which was not meant to be wasted at all. These new figures discovered
in the year 2015 has suggested that the progress that the United Kingdom was thinking about
implementing was put on a stall since the evaluated food wastage has become so high. There
have been several attempts of reducing the wastage of food that otherwise could have been
eaten throughout the entire supply chain. The article also elaborates that the amount of
wasted food, if it were weighed, would have amounted to a total of 7.3 million tonnes alone
for the household wastes. This amount is even increased from the estimated amount found in
2012, which is a total of 7 million tonnes.
According to the authors Marshall and Rossman, (2014), amongst the amount of
wasted food, there are several amounts of the wasted food that could have been avoided. This
means that before they were practically discarded into the garbage bin, they were not at the
condition that they could have been thrown off. These can be considered as the unavoidable

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wastage. The total amount of the unavoidable wastage of food was amounted to be 4.4
million tonnes. This particular amount had resulted to be increased from the 4.2 million
tonnes as found in 2012. The total valuation of the amount of food that has been found to be
wasted as per the household divisions amounted to be about 470 GBP on an average in each
of the houses. The amount of the greenhouse gases generated in this particular case was about
19 million tonnes over its lifetime. Therefore, the articles reviewed in this regard were
considered since the papers have exerted information on the plight of United Kingdom and its
latest stature. This elaborates the scenario over food sector. The author Tse et al., (2019),
stated that the food wastage in this particular scenario had raised an environmental effect over
the total amount of food wasted and that has also affected the economy of the United
Kingdom as well.
The combat strategy against food wastage by the United Kingdom
The government of United Kingdom are right now alarmed by the problems that the
country was facing in the latest times due to the excessive amounts of food wastage.
According to the author Kuylenstierna et al., (2019), the amount of food that was wasted not
only affected the United Kingdom by impacting negatively upon the environment but this has
also affected the economy of the country as well. The amount of wasted food had increased
in the next two years as well, and it was reported that the amount of food wasted in 2017 was
amounted to 13 billion GBP. The total weight of the wasted food also increased to be at 7.3
million tonnes. This was such an alarming rate that the government of United Kingdom
wanted to implement various formidable measures that would help in solving the issues about
the implications that food wastage and would help in combatting the food wastage and at the
same time would help in the saving of the economy and the environment both at the same
time. The organization of WRAP, which is a premiere organization working with the

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government and the local and commercial authorities and consumers as food experts,
initialized the operations for reduction in food wastage that was focusing on making the
people in the United Kingdom be aware of the situation and needed the help from the
government.
According to the author Tse et al., (2017), the implications that the food chain
technology has impacted upon the entire United Kingdom is a major peril that the country
needs to combat against to let the country fight the food wastage and implement technologies
to further save the wastages of food. The combat strategy using the blockchain technology is
considered to be one of the major factors or strategies that the government of United
Kingdom have utilized to find out the major solutions to the problem regarding food wastage
in the country.
The Blockchain Technology or BCT
Blockchain technology or Blockchain Technology is not just a single technology but
it utilizes an enormous the current situation, it can be considered that the compliance and all
the information gathered has already been added with the utilisation of a third party which is
trusted. In addition to that, the gathered data is stored in a piece of paper or has been utilised
through centralised database. It is found that the process has various problems regarding the
information gathering resulting into high cost of the project and also in efficiency of the
technology based on paper-based products and other problems can keep up like fraud, error
and correction within an IT system.
Therefore, researchers have tried to find out the proper relationship between the
technical blockchain technology and the food industry. The lack of trust that has already has
been established with the people in the country and therefore, the government has to
implement an idea that would function in the best way possible to track the consumable,

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especially the edible products that need to be tracked down. In the the current situation, it can
be considered that the compliance and all the information gathered has already been added
with the utilisation of a third party which is trusted. In addition to that, the gathered data is
stored in a piece of paper or has been utilised through centralised database. It is found that the
process has various problems regarding the information gathering resulting into high cost of
the project and also in efficiency of the technology based on paper-based products and other
problems can keep up like fraud, error and correction within an IT system.
Blockchain Technology to combat Food Wastage
In the recent last years, it has been seen that there has been a huge explosion of
different forms of interest based on the topic of Blockchain technology. The use of
Blockchain technology could be used by different companies and various research
institutions that have the potential for implicating the technology across the different sectors
such as industrial, social and financial. However, the blockchain technology have also been
surrounded with great form of hype and overestimation based on misunderstandings and
misplaced form of expectations.
The new technology of Blockchain can be defined to be in their primary stages of
development. There is also a considerable form of potential for performing and putting an
impact over the real-life commercial applications. There is a fast pace growth based on
bringing innovation in the technical architectures of blockchain, the concepts of business and
the various forms of applications. These kind of applications could be characterised as open
source development and decentralised. This would be perceived as a disruptive form of
technology that could be defined within traditional players within the many industries. The
rapid and unpredictable forms of decisions based on bringing innovation in blockchain
technology would make it hard for different kind of commercial organisations and

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government organisations. The forming of strategic decisions based on Blockchain
Technology by the different organisations would be difficult. In an addition manner, the
technology based on Blockchain could be defined as borderless and thus it would be difficult
for maintaining at the national level.
Traceability of a project is extremely necessary and this is formulated with the help of
the food industry. Blockchain technology, as an online ledger which records all transactions
and which shares data among registered users, is ideal for tracking and distributing surplus
food. Businesses and restaurants can be connected to local charities using blockchain
technology and the organizations can communicate their needs at any time through the online
ledger. The Blockchain Technology helps in forming an immutable and decentralized ledger,
which could be accessed by any operating party within the supply chain. Whenever a product
changes hands, that transaction is permanently recorded on a shared database that cannot be
edited or deleted. The various organisations that help in sourcing of products from different
suppliers located over different geographic locations, would be mostly helped by the impact
of Blockchain technology. This technology would help in providing clarity from the entire
process of harvest till retail. However, as demand increases, supply chains have also had to
increase in size and scale, making it difficult to ensure consistency in product quality. In
order to combat the growing trend, the various companies have been in the process of
introducing supply chains that could be controlled with the help of temperature. It’s certainly
been a breakthrough in the industry, but with one enormous contingency: Each vendor has to
have the resources necessary to uphold the cold chain, or they risk temperature fluctuations
that result in wasted food and negative consumer impact. It’s not just the producer that stands
to benefit from these advancements. Consumers, especially those in developing countries, can
use blockchain to become better informed about the quality of products they purchase, before
they buy them. An individual in a remote village in Thailand, for example, can access up-to-

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the-minute details on how many times a given product has fallen below acceptable storage
temperatures. In addition, the internal algorithms for blockchain can be used to calculate a
revised expiration date based on those measurements. In the fight against world hunger,
providing developing communities with the ability to make informed decisions will pay in
dividends in ensuring the longevity of food storage. Based on using of blockchain
technology, it can be discussed that the technology would be able to meet with each of the
growing needs of the consumers and at all times. During any form of occurrence of
contamination or disease, the six days could be defined as an eternity. The only possibility to
solve all the problems also had some of its limitations. The traceability systems needed a lot
of improvement for the blockchain technology. The current architecture on which the
organizations used to depend upon were to offer the affordable solutions to the SMEs, that is,
the small to medium and even the large organizations. The limitations are ho9wever,
extremely subtle. The amount of information that is about to be entailed to be processed is
very limited in number. The level of security also needs to be maintained since the
information is publicly accessible and it also contains the information sharing between
designated contacts. The balance between confidentiality needed to be transparent for
working with the blockchain technology but at the same time the communication also needed
to be secures. The agricultural arena on the other hand is very much secretive and
problematic. Therefore, it is even more important to have a solution where the problems
could be controlled. The perspective behind blockchain technology has thus refrained itself
from any other service like a solution looking for a problem rather than having the
technology being used for helping the companies in having a traceability report for the supply
chains.
The blockchain technology also allows different kind of specific products that could
be traced within any specific period of time. This technology would help in the reduction of

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the concern of food wastage. For instance, the different contaminated products could be
easily traced in a quick and safe manner. The safe foods would remain within the shelves and
thus would not be sent to the landfills. Blockchain technology ensures the implementation of
the traceability principle for products, linking raw materials, their origin, processing,
distribution and location after marketing, facilitating the design and implementation of ISO
requirements. Traceability is particularly important today, as food ingredients come from all
over the world. The dairy factories could be defined as an ideal sector for the implication of
blockchain technology due to the huge amount of data that would be collected from each
point of the supply chain. This kind of data could start from the herd level. Dairy factories
must be able to trace the products of origin through traceability systems, tracking, for
example, the milk used in a dairy to the cow farm. Knowing these things, factories can
instantly identify and solve problems in each phase, traceability systems based on the process
of recording information.
In the educational system, Blockchain can be involved in the case of an educational
transfer based on credits, respectively the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation
System (ECTS). In this way it is enhanced a globally ubiquitous virtual environment that
breaks the language and the administrative obstacles. Inside a market consisting of sellers,
buyers, shippers, banks and other participants, offers can be published by the sellers at a
certain price for a specific buyer, while the others to buy at the standard price. The details of
the proposed deals are confidential. If the participants are not part of the deal, then the
transaction does not appear on their ledger. The identity is found from the membership
service and sends the transactions only to specific peers. Each peer triggers a result, the
transaction being validated if both peers provide the same result. The consumers making use
of the blockchain technology could scan the QR code present within the packaging of food
products. Based on using such kind of technology, it would be helpful for gaining access to

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each of the information stored within the blockchain blocks. In order to ensure maximum
transparency, customers can also check data about the used blockchain technology. The
proposed system uses Blockchain which implemented based on the Hyperledger Fabric open
source platform and the CouchDB database due to its REST API done over a secure HTTP.
The advantages of Blockchain use are the speed of operation and automatic transmission of
data to computers, precision due to the fact that the system provides a very low error rate, the
system can provide complete, accurate and current data at any time, and eliminates the
sources of errors which lead to additional costs to fix the errors. The use of this technique
offers the possibility of using data automatically in industrial circuits. As a certain result, the
storing of raw food materials or different forms of finished products could be done in an
efficient manner. By applying this system will save time and staff. Over time, due to accurate
inventory monitoring, their level of safety can be reduced, which is especially important for
perishable products requiring special storage conditions.
Combatting food wastage in future
The blockchain technology helps in making a certain level of transparency within the
supply chain at a new kind of level. It also helps in empowering the entire chain and thus
would make it much responsible to sustain any kind of disasters occurring to the safety of
food. There are massive organisations such as Unilever and Nestle that are focusing on the
implementation of different versions of blockchain technology. Walmart, which is considered
as one of the one of the largest food seller in the UK as well as US have been in the recent
process of completing two pilot projects on blockchain technology. Prior to the
implementation of blockchain technology, Walmart had also conducted a trackback test based
on mangoes within their major stores. The entire process took nearly six days, 18 hours and
26 minutes for tracing the mangoes that returned to their original farms.

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Based on using of blockchain technology, Walmart would be able to provide the
necessary information that are needed by the customers in a minimum time frame. Due to any
cases of contamination of disease, the maintaining of six days would be considered as
eternity. A company would be able to save many lives by making an efficient use of
blockchain technologies. However, the technology would only work in certain points at
which the data source would be accurate as these are considered to be the current trends that
are practised within the industry. The compliance data is primarily audited with the help of
third parties and thus is stored within a centralized database. The technology operates in an
anonymous manner and hence any form of mistakes would be easily traceable and the
individual culprits could be easily identified. The blockchain technology helps in supporting
a method in which the records would be stored in a permanent form. The blockchain
technology helps in supporting a data sharing method between the actors present in the value
chain. In the past, many retailers had sold deceitful products in an unknowing manner. Hence,
with the implication of such kind of technology, the days would end soon.
Gap in the Literature
Blockchain technology makes it possible to identify the farms from where the cow
milk was used in production, as well as the medical treatments or food rations that were used
inside the farm. Using the RFID tags, it can be tracked the entire path travelled by the raw
material. The dynamic QR code is then printed on the packaging. This QR code contains all
the information issued by the RFID tags together with information that is gradually enriched
with the help of several participants present within the supply chain. This includes any
treatment to which the milk was subjected and the specific characteristics of the product.
These data, which cannot be modified, continue to be placed in blocks until the product
reaches the store.

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The only gap in the literature that is understood by the proper and thorough learning
of all the literature provided for this particular chapter was the outcomes of the solution that
has been gathered by the proposed frameworks for solving the problem of food wastage that
is existing within the United Kingdom and for the prepare a stage where there would be no
chances of wasting food in the future. How these technological processes are avoiding the
legislative structure of a country is not mention clearly in the papers. Implementing any new
technology within the business maintains appropriate legislative structure of implementation,
which is found to be missing in the articles that have been review so far.
Chapter Summary
This particular chapter serves the purpose of collecting the data in a secondary
manner with the help of the researchers that has been conducted through their presented
articles. All these articles are brought together to help exerting a proper way of collecting
data through the researches that they have already conducted before. The studies about the
topic thus finds out the various ways through which the process of research would follow a
proper pattern to carry out the research about blockchain technology and its impact on food
wastage in United Kingdom further. What has been gathered from the study above can be
summarised in the following way.
The blockchain technology could be used for putting together in a certain kind of
mechanism that would safeguard the training procedures. This technology has further
attracted the stakeholders as they have shown major interests present over a broad span of
industries. Such industries include: finance, utilities, public sector, real estates and healthcare.
The primary reason for the explosion of blockchain technology is that with the proper
placement of the technology, it would help in supporting the different applications that were
only run with a trusted intermediary. These applications could also work in a decentralised

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fashion without any kind of need for a central authority. These applications could also apply
the same kind of functionality with the similar form of certainty. The technology could also
be defined as a P2P form of distributed ledger, which would further enable the trading of
food that would be executed within a transparent, decentralised and secure form of
environment within the market. There are several kind of existing applications that combine
the food and blockchain technology based on making use of the primary method based on
solving the issues based on food safety. Many of the corporations such as IBM, Nestle and
Walmart are in the process of forming an alliance based on maintaining the global method of
food safety. The motivation of such kind of corporation is to monitor the supply chain that
also involves the storing of the data within the supply chain within the blockchain.
Chapter 3: Research Methodology
Introduction
Bulat et al. (2018) have illustrated the fact that there are various research
methodologies that can be applied to an undertaken study, however, it is extremely necessary
that the appropriate methodology is identified and applied to the study or else there would not
be an obtaining of all the information in details about the underlying facts in the study that
has been undertaken. According to Barslund and Busse (2017), when the entire content of the
research methodology and the process along with the description of the process and
methodology to make sure that the readers, potential researchers and the analysts who would
further be conducting researches on the said topic in a lot more details. There have been
various other authors like Page-Tickell (2018), who had presented this kind of idea that the
application of the appropriate research methodology paves the ways for systematic
approaches towards the collection of data and the process of analysis. In addition to that, the

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way by which a particular analysis is followed through an appropriate research methodology
it helps in the elimination of every possible errors that were previously committed by humans
and all the other frequently arising errors. Therefore, this chapter in the research focuses on
the specific aims that provide the description as well as the proper reasoning behind the
rationale for making a choice between the particular techniques that have been further used
for the evaluating the usage of blockchain technology to fight out the food waste and ensure
food security in the United Kingdom.
Method Outline
The analysts have applied the process and techniques for performing the research
methodology based on the analysis and evaluating the usage of blockchain technology to
fight out the food waste and ensure food security in the United Kingdom. In context of this
research, the entire analysis is entirely focused on the Positivism theory as this is a research
methodology based on gaining a complete idea and information about the entire topic of the
evaluation of the usage of blockchain technology to fight out the food waste and ensure food
security in the United Kingdom. The research approach focused over the current case has
been approached to be the Deductive Approach based on developing the analysis and the
study based mostly on the data source that has been taken as a secondary source. The next
step involves the undertaking of the Descriptive Design which makes sure that the researcher
who would be going through the research paper would be able to extract the hidden
information as well as the raw data while going through the data analysis process. This kind
of analysis has therefore, made use of both the primary and secondary data. This helps in the
detailed analysis of the evaluation of the usage of blockchain technology to fight out the food
waste and ensure food security in the United Kingdom. Furthermore, this successfully makes
a reader gain the inside data available within the research process where the data analysis

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process puts together the raw data. The data analysis process includes the techniques like
quantitative, qualitative and regression for the process.
Research Philosophy
The most common methods that are being utilized within the research philosophy
have a major impact for accommodating the detailed and descriptive information in relation
to the research topic. The authors Rolfe (2017), has presented the ideas that when a specific
topic is selected as the research topic and when a specific philosophy happens to form the
base of the philosophy to help in having a practical outlook or perspective on the entire
research. When a specific theory or philosophy is applied on the research topic, the entire
process within the technology would be helpful in providing an easy definition to the
assumptions undertaken to conduct the study. According to the views of another author
Mayhew (2017), the research methodology applied in due for this particular context, can be
divided into four chief divisions, namely, Positivism, Pragmatism, Interpretivism and
Realism.
Justification for the Selection of the above-mentioned Research Philosophy:
According to the conducted research, the research philosophy based on Positivism has
primarily been selected as it can be deemed as an appropriate philosophy for the process. This
is because, Positivism has been considered as an appropriate theory for identifying the hidden
kind of information. This information would also be excavated at the same time. Thus
different barriers could be removed based on the implementation of blockchain technology.
Research Approach
The application performed by the research approach mainly reveals the exact format
based on evaluating of the study. Lepp, Barkely and Karpinski (2014) have this identified the

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approach for conducting the research as the various broad assumptions would be useful for
collecting the data, presenting the data analysis and interpreting them. Scharwz (2014) has
also shown that the approach for the research could be again divided into different sections
that could be named as abductive research approach, deductive research approach and
inductive research approach.
Justification of Selecting the Particular Approach:
In presenting the current research approach, the author has mainly chosen the
Deductive Approach based on presenting the idea of study. The application based on
deductive approach has mainly helped in revealing the path based on the chosen research. It
also includes the development of aspects based on defining the hypothesis and also analysing
the objectives for the research. The deductive approach has also ensured that authenticity
present within the hypothesis is based on examining the primary criteria for selection and
rejection. Since no innovative concept has been proposed for the study, hence the selecting if
abductive and inductive research would be need to have eliminated.
Research Design
According to the research h conducted by Creswell (2013), the most proper design
present within the research methodology have been helpful for framing the collection and
presenting analysis over the data. With the application of any kind of particular method
within the design, it would also be helpful in discussing about the detailed form of
explanation over the topic. According to Padgett (2016), the design for the research have
mainly been characterised into two kind of divisions that includes Exploratory Research
Design and Conclusive Research Design.

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Justification of Selecting the Particular Design:
Conclusive Research Design has been approximately chosen based ion conducting
the study. With the application of conclusive research design, it has mainly been helpful for
assisting and specifying the various process based on performing analysis over data and
collecting them. Additionally, with the application of this research design, it would also be
helpful for assisting and imitating the entire application based on certain form of generalized
assumptions based on providing of quantitative information.
Data Collection Process
The process of data collection for this particular area of research is done in two
processes. One is characterized as the quantitative data collection process which is the
collection of data through the primary data source and the secondary data source. The
collection of raw data is regarded as the primary data collection which would be absolutely
reliable and valid according to the research process given the source is primary. It is not
derived or acquired through review of researchers done by other people. The evaluation of
the impact of compensation on the productivity of employees would be collected through the
primary sources by conducting survey among the people working for specific organisations to
find out through several questionnaires about what they feel for the undertaken topic. The
questionnaire would be created through the introduction of the method of secondary data
collection, which is the literature review conducted previously. The information gathered thus
are formed into several questionnaires that would be conducted through the survey
comprising of 50 people taken as total. The analysis would thus be completed with the
answers that these people would provide.

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Ethical Consideration
The conduction of the study would be following few ethical considerations that are
required for completing the entire research in the proper and ethical way. For this it is to be
validated that both the data collection process has been following extensive ethicality and is
conducted entirely according to the laws and regulations regarding conduction of researches.
The secondary data source for the literatures that are reviewed and the original creators would
be given proper credibility. In addition to that, during the collection of data through the
questionnaires and the survey, the participants would not be pressurized for their answers and
they would be absolutely according to their own free will. Again, the participants would be
made absolutely comfortable before conducting the service and it should be mentioned to
them with proper paperwork that all the information that they providing to this questionnaire
would be absolutely discrete in nature and none of them would be revealed under any
circumstances.
Limitations of the study
Different researchers who are performing a detailed analysis mainly form an opinion
based on ‘project limitation’ that mostly refer to certain kind of characteristics based on the
methods for conducting the given area of study. This might have affected the different
findings of results based on the study in a certain negative manner. Such kind of factors have
essentially formed constraints based on meeting with the objectives of the study.
The certain limitations of the study that would be taken into consideration have
majorly been outlined within the following sections of the report.
a. Duration of the study: A limited duration has been allocated based on performing
an analysis over the complete study. Hence, we have been capable for the collecting of data

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in relation to the procedure based on Information Security management system collected
from 3 companies. This would thus restrict the scope of the given study. The data would need
to be collected from different sources in case the time taken for conducting the study was not
short.
b. Budget allocation: The project, which is primarily under discussion in this study
has mainly been academic in nature; but it would also require surveying the general mass and
the people associated with the food industry for and organized survey to analyse the
evaluation over blockchain technology to fight out the food waste and ensure food security in
the United Kingdom. The data collection process requires a monetary investment before it
can be justified to be capable of the open survey.
c. Data collection: The information, which has been included within the phase of
literature review has mainly been collected from scholarly papers and existing kind of literary
papers. Based on the certain form of available information collected from the articles, three
kind of organisations were chosen in which the ISMS systems were implemented already.
The information collected from different reports have majorly been published by
different organisations that have also been considered. This has mainly been conducted for
measuring the use of blockchain technology. This research has also been done for fighting
against the wastage of food and also ensuring food security within the UK. This form of
particular discussion has primarily been included within the various sections of the report.
However, the most ideal case that has been chosen is that the information might had
been collected from such experts who were mainly associated within the use of the chosen
projects. The low budget and short time frame did not allow the project to perform the
discussed scenario.

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Chapter Summary
Based on performing analysis over the use of Blockchain Technology for finding ouyt
food wastage, the analyst has majorly applied detailed form of techniques and procedures
within the methodology of the research. The researcher has also selected the Positivism
theory based on gaining an in-depth analysis over the topic that has been undertaken. In the
case for the approach chosen for the research, the researcher has mainly chosen the Deductive
Approach based on developing the study for the secondary data source. The Descriptive
Design has also permitted the researcher for finding different kind of hidden information and
raw data through the process of data analysis. The analyst has also made use of primary and
secondary data based on performing a brief analysis over the technological impacts. Based on
processing over the data analysis, the quantitative, qualitative and regression based technique
has been mainly utilized.
Chapter 4: Data Analysis and Results
Introduction
Before beginning the writing of every dissertation, a person has to collect a data that
would be gathering information about the research. These data can be used either for the
process of collection through data gathering techniques or using the existing data presented
by somebody else. The process can be entirely designated to what the research works and
how it serves the purpose of the research. Before beginning with the data collection process
and its analysis it is important that the dissertation is able to provide all the accumulated ideas
behind the collection of data and its analysis consisting of the concepts, theories, frameworks
and all the methods that have been used. Any person going through the research process

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would find it easy to analyse the process eventually and understand what the data collection
process are and analysis means to provide proper justification to the hypothesis.
This process is generally used for modelling data and transforming it for reaching a
certain conclusion with cleaning and inspection of the data under a given situation. In this
case the impact of blockchain technology in identifying and curbing the wastage of food in
the United Kingdom would that be analysed to data collected in primary and secondary
processes. Before moving on the data analytics process, it is important that the process of
collection of data is thoroughly analysed in this particular dissertation. All the qualitative data
that has been gathered is formulated through the literature review and is considered as a
secondary data collection process. The primary data collection is formulated with the
quantitative primary data collection process conducted through questionnaire gathered. The
process of performing questionnaire would mainly comprise of asking and also measuring the
collected data. This process could be helpful to be performed with the help of regression
method. Several people would be asking for their insights on the entire undertaking topic that
would reveal the conclusion of the dissertation in the latter part of the study.
Empirical Results
Empirical results deduced for this particular study would be presented in two forms of
questions. The collection of data process in this regard is presented as two forms of primary
and secondary quantitative data collection. The questionnaire is prepared as per the studies
and information gathered from the literature review. The sampling mixture of the people
taken as participants for this questionnaire belongs to the marketing mix of a number of
people. This would mostly a mixture of people from academy into the supply chain manager
and even subject matter experts. The respondents as for the class third would also be
considered from the food industry, consisting of peoples preparing dairy products, frozen

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products, fruits and vegetables, packaged food products and others. They would be
represented demographic to show how these people are segregated among their primary
information, and then would be the collection of the survey questions presented as per the
answer and the analysis of the collected data through regression method.

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Demographic study and Frequency Distribution
1. Distribution of Gender
Table 1: Distribution of Gender
2. Distribution of age group
Table 2: Distribution of age group

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Figure 1: Distribution of age group
With performing of analysis over the factor of demographics, it could be considered
that most of the people presented with questionnaires, a certain mixture of people were
distributed in the form of chart. Most of the people were in the age range of 18 to 39. Hence,
the selection was mainly done with the help of people who were mostly accustomed for using
different online applications and web portal.
Descriptive study
Survey Questionnaires and Analysis
1. Do you believe that the wastage of food in the United Kingdom is rising at an
alarming rate?
Table 3: Do you believe that the wastage of food in the United Kingdom is rising at an
alarming rate?

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Figure 2: Do you believe that the wastage of food in the United Kingdom is rising at an
alarming rate?
when the people participating within the questionnaire first ask for their views against
the wastage of food in the entire United Kingdom, most of the people within the question and
answer that they do believe that the wastage of food in the United Kingdom has been rising
and such an alarming rate that it would become much difficult for the people in UK to
ultimately cope up with the loss of food. The rate at which food, even the consumable ones, is
being wasted at random erasing a huge observed in the country and the continent as well.
2. Do you think that the government has been responsible for not controlling the
wastage of food?
Table 4: Do you think that the government has been responsible for not controlling the
wastage of food?

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Figure 3: Do you think that the government has been responsible for not controlling the
wastage of food?
The next question that was asked to the survey questionnaire group was if they
believe that the wastage of food in United Kingdom has been the responsibility of
government for not being contemplated with. To this question, the people have answered that
they do believe that this is the responsibility of the government to take care of the food
wastage. They also believe that the government is not taking appropriate measures to curb the
wastage of food within the United Kingdom.
3. Do you believe that both the food-based organizations and the population in
UK are responsible for the situation?
Table 5: Do you believe that both the food-based organizations and the population in
UK are responsible for the situation?

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Figure 4: Do you believe that both the food-based organizations and the population in
UK are responsible for the situation?
The next set of questions that were asked to the people are the participants in the
question as if the belief that the food-based organisations and the population in UK
responsible for the situation. This question more than 40% to 50% of the participants of
answered that they do believe that is not the organisations and the government but also the
population that are responsible for the situation. The way by which everyday food is being
wasted at random does not seem to be focusing that the population is aware of the situation in
which tons and tons of food are being wasted and many people are not having the chance of
getting two square meals per day.

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4. Do you believe that the food stamping and tracking facilities will ensure
reduction in food wastage?
Table 6: Do you believe that the food stamping and tracking facilities will ensure
reduction in food wastage?
Figure 5: Do you believe that the food stamping and tracking facilities will ensure
reduction in food wastage?
The next question that was asked to the participants that if they believed that food
stamping in cracking facilities will ensure reduction in food wastage. To this almost 70% of
the people have answered that the do believe that tracking of food before they are being

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wasted or dumped in a dustbin is necessary so that the people would understand the rate of
food wastage including the organisations and the government. The way by which it can be
done should be enlisted by the organisations backed up by the government and this is what
the participants believe.
5. Do you believe that the framework of implementing legislative measures
against food wastage would reduce the random throwing of food?
Table 7: Do you believe that the framework of implementing legislative measures
against food wastage would reduce the random throwing of food?
Figure 6: Do you believe that the framework of implementing legislative measures
against food wastage would reduce the random throwing of food?

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The next set of questions that were asked to the participants was if they believe that
the Framework that implemented the legislative measures against food wastage would reduce
the random throwing of food. The people within the survey questionnaire and agreed to the
fact that if there was a chance that there was properly legislative measures against the
wastage of food, and people would be held responsible for wasting food at random that were
still be consumable, it would reduce the rate of randomly throwing out and wasting food.
6. Do you believe that blockchain technology used for tracking food wastage is
the appropriate measure to fight food wastage in UK?
Table 8: Do you believe that blockchain technology used for tracking food wastage is
the appropriate measure to fight food wastage in UK?

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Figure 7: Do you believe that blockchain technology used for tracking food wastage is
the appropriate measure to fight food wastage in UK?
The last question of the questionnaire was formulated by asking the participants about
the blockchain technology and its utility for tracking the wastage of food and if this was an
appropriate measure to fight the food wastage in UK. Many people within the organisation
and associated with the food wastage situation, consisting of the survey questionnaire
participant group, agree to the flag that blockchain technology is appropriate measure for
measuring food wastage and fighting it at the same time. The tracking facility and legislative
Framework associated with the blockchain technology would make sure that the wastage of
food is tracked down to understand which part of was legitimately to be thrown down and
which part was still consumable. Legislative measures should be taken against according to
this technology implementation. The people within the server questionnaire wholeheartedly
agreed to the fact.
Summary
The summary of the entire chapter suggests that, this chapter is formulated to define
the analysis of the gathered data taken to analyse the entire scenario behind the formulation
of the idea behind blockchain technology and its ability to fight the food wastage in the UK.
It has been previously seen that there are various problems due to which the food problems in
UK has raised at such an alarming rate that people would not analyse how they have been
wasting food at random. It was even found that people have been throwing around even
consumable food that they would otherwise could have eaten and saved from being wasted.
To analyse how the people associated with the food industry and other experts think about the
situation and the curbing measures is analysed in this particular chapter. The analysis process
is conducted through information gathered through the literature review process as a

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secondary data collection method and through survey questionnaires taken to analyse the
mind set of people from primary sources. The survey questionnaire consisted of total sample
size of 50 participants for the data analysis. The answers that all the 50 participants presented
on their questionnaire survey sheets have been then taken as a gather data and analysed
through regression method. The survey has been completed with the analysis process and also
helped us finding what the people realised about the blockchain technology and its ability to
fight the wastage of food in United Kingdom.
Chapter 6: Conclusions and Recommendations
Conclusion
Therefore, from the above discussions, it is clearly visible that the blockchain
technology is considered to be one of the most trusted sources in technology that has the
ability to fight the wastage of food. The technology was previously not considered as it was
previously utilized for the cryptocurrencies and the Bitcoins. As per the public opinions, it
was found that few were of the opinion that the utilization of cryptocurrencies is a mean to
fraud people, however, few other considered the cryptocurrencies to be of about one of the
biggest economic and technological revolutions in the world. The utilization of Bitcoins,
however, brought about the focus to the blockchain technologies that also has been found to
have a huge potential in the safety of the food materials throughout the world as well as has
the potential of providing safety and verification in the food agricultural sector. Although, the
technology is just about in its initial stages and does not have a huge prospect so far, but still
is learned from the above study that the technology can provide a huge range of safety and
verification for the food industry and sector. From the study conducted above, it has been
found that this is a better way in which the sharing and storage of the information is possible

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to be established through an open virtual space where the technology allows the users to
consider all the network users across a chosen place or area.
It allows people to look forward to look about at all kinds of transactions in a
simultaneous way, such that the information becomes available at the most convenient way,
being available in real time. In this case, that is the food industry, with the help of the
implementation of the blockchain technology, the retailer would be able to track the dealers
through which the suppliers had their deal with. The transactions do not store any kind of
information about the deals made over a single location, and this is why it is impossible to
barge into the security network of the blockchain technology. Therefore, it is also very easy
to understand that the technology is very secure by nature. As per the survey conducted to
extract out the data regarding the blockchain technology, it is also understandable that the
ability of the blockchain technology has the ability to make sure that the consumers are
hugely benefitted by this technology and this is why it is considered to be one of the most
important technologies. The consumers are able to consider all the information about the food
considering the factors of the constituents of the food and also the with the help of the smart
devices like smartphones and mobile laptops. It helps in the cleansing of the supply chain to
make it more transparent for the new levels. The entire supply chain becomes much more
transparent at all the levels of the providing safety throughout the entire supply chain and
saving food disasters like wastage of food.
Thus, as per the conducted study, it has been clearly identified that the utilization of
the blockchain technology is not only feasible as a way to fight the food wastage in the
United Kingdom, and this is actually considered as a technology that is extremely important
for the fighting of the food wastage and this is why the research has considered to follow all
the surveys that has been conducted and the studies that have been made.

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Linking with Objectives
The conclusion of the entire study would be presented to find out the feasibility of the
study. This would be useful to find out the feasibility of the study by linking of the entire
conducted study to find out if there has been any link of the conducted study to the objectives
of the entire study right at the initial planning stages of the study. This way, it would be much
easier to understand how much of the objectives have been actually reached or specified to
make sure that the study has been conducted in the most feasible way possible. Therefore,
following would be the explanation of the linking of the study with the study aspects
objectives for finding out the feasibility of the study:
To find out the reasons behind food wastage in UK: The study conducted and the
results obtained in the entire study for the utilization of the blockchain technology to fight the
food wastage in the United Kingdom is first made to find out the feasible ideas behind the
causes by which the food wastage occurs in UK in the first place. It has been found that
people are not at all aware of the factors behind the amount of food they have been wasting
and yet no idea about how the amount is increasing at an alarming rate creating a huge
amount of problems for the wastage of still consumable food. The people do not have any
idea about the amount of food they have been wasting and even do not have nay idea about
how much of the consumable amount of food they have been throwing out as wasted food.
The ignorance of the people and the inability of the authorities to track the system becomes
another one of the reasons behind the food wastage in the United Kingdom.
To identify the problems and fight them using blockchain technology: The
problems were clearly identified due to the studies that have been conducted and this is why
it is important to find out why it has been extremely important for finding out the reasons
why it has been creating such a problem for enabling various utility of the blockchain

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technology for fighting the food wastage problem in the United Kingdom. The problems that
has been created because of the throwing out of still consumable food has become one of the
biggest problems that has resulted to the fallout of the biggest problems like shortage of food,
and even scarcity of food. This is why it has become extremely important to enable a
technology that would help the food industry in tracking down the food items and its
constituents such that they would be tracked down right from the supply chain to the
consuming by a customer to make sure that the supply chain becomes much responsive to
track all the possible wastages of the food that would still be consumable.
To find out strategies to ensure further food security: The strategy of the
utilization of the food security system is identified to be the utilization of the blockchain
technology, not just the wastage of food can be identified but it would also prevent the
fraudulences that occur in the food industry which needs to be tracked down. All the
information about the food is the strategy for finding the ways in which customers could be
provided with the appropriate information about the food items. This would not only make
the customer be aware of the consumable percentage of the food they are purchasing, but
would also provide them with valuable information during the confirmation about any kind of
outbreak of diseases.
Recommendations
Since, the blockchain technology is found to be having a much more transparent
aspect of the supply chain management behind the food supply and the food consumption
needs to be justified to find out the reason behind the wastage of food. The empowerment of
the food chain is justified as per the responsiveness of the food system and the blockchain
technology to understand the system. Therefore, the organizations in the food industry in the
United Kingdom are mostly recommended to make sure that the customers of the

47RESEARCH PROJECT
organization are absolutely sanguine about the information they would require about their
food products and how they would be receiving them. This would make the consumers track
their food consumption and wastage percentage and they would no longer be unaware of the
situations like the amount of food wasted per year. In addition, the organizations can also
adapt to these to understand how much of the supply chain had been transparent, and how
much of the customer percentage is still keen on wasting the food even after they are aware
of the food wastage situation. The tracking system would thus provide these ideas to help the
food industry in tracking of the food supply and management including the findings
regarding the wastage of consumable food by the customer.
Limitations of research
The research conducted was completed but not before experiencing the limitations
that has been faced during the conduction of the research. First and foremost, the problems
and the limitation that were faced encircled the two procedures of data collection methods.
Firstly, during the primary data collection method, the people that would be required to
conduct the survey were not available due to various reasons. Since, they cannot be coaxed
into appearing for the survey, the conduction was completed with the people who willingly
wanted to appear for the survey questionnaires. On the other hand, many people were of the
opinion that they would not like to answer all the questions in the survey questionnaire. This
made it even more difficult for the research to be conducted having all the completed set of
questionnaires. Due to this, amongst the set of answers found of the questionnaires, only 50
were selected to find out the analysis for the conduction of the research. In addition, the
people who were willing to answer the questionnaire, not all were available to appear for a
face to face meeting. For them, the survey had to be conducted over phone and there was no

48RESEARCH PROJECT
way that the answers were to be recorded. This is why, the answers were only relied on to the
memory of the analyser.
For the secondary form of data collection as well, the analysis was based upon the
collection of literatures was difficult to contain since the subjects chosen had to be exact and
not all the collected papers contained the respective amount of collected papers. Only the
papers with the correct data was selected and the process was time consuming.
Future scope of the study
Analysing the entire study behind the ability of the blockchain technology to fight the
food wastage problem in the entire United Kingdom, it can be said that the process or the
technology can be regarded as one of the chief constrains by which a transparent way and a
decentralized way of recording a list of food items, both consumable and non-consumable
can be deciphered. This is a growing invention with a chain of block contemplating the
situation behind the food wastage in UK. More focus can be provided to the delivery of the
security on the recording of the digital ledger, the involvement of the distributed database to
absorb the information collected from the non-financial transaction could be made much
better in this technology to let the people in United kingdom have a much better service than
what is thought about if further study is done on this subject.

49RESEARCH PROJECT
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