Use of Recycled Aggregate Concrete from Construction & Demolition Waste

This research proposal explores the use of recycled aggregate concrete from construction and demolition waste. It discusses the environmental impact of construction waste, the need for recycling, and the potential benefits of using recycled concrete in construction projects. The proposal also includes research questions, objectives, and a literature review on the topic.

Research Proposal 1
USE OF RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE FROM CONSTRUCTION &
DEMOLITION WASTE
Name of the Student
Name of Class
Name of Professor
Name of School
Name of City/State
Date

Research Proposal 2
Introduction
C&D materials are any matter, substance or thing which is produced because of
construction operations and deserted whether it accumulated before being relinquished.
Construction and demolition waste is comprised of different materials that emerge from
unearthing, site clearance, development, repair, redesign, decimation and road works. Over 80
percent of C&D materials are inactive and are known as Land fill (Behera et al. 2014, p.503).
Land fill incorporates garbage, rubble, earth, as well as concrete which is reasonable for land
recovery and can be utilized as filling material for site development. When appropriately
arranged, materials, for example, concrete and black-top can be reused for use in construction.
The remaining non-dormant substances are known as C&D squanders which incorporate timber,
bamboo, pressing waste, vegetation, pressing waste and other natural materials. As opposed to
land fill, non-idle waste is not reasonable for land recovery and is subject to the recuperation of
reusable or recyclable product isdiscarded at landfills.
Figure 1 showing the composition of construction and demolition materials
Sources (Yadav and Pathak 2009)

Research Proposal 3
Construction, as well as demolition waste (C&D), is the most voluminous and heaviest waste
stream within the European Union (EU). As per the European Commission, C&D created
measurement is estimated at 25 to 30 percent of the absolute waste in the EU. It incorporates
distinctive kinds of waste such as glass, gypsum, metals, wood, plastics, concrete and asbestos
which are frequently mixed. As stated by the insights from the United Kingdom Department of
Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), 55 million tons of non-risky C&D in 2014
excluding unearthing waste was created by the UK. The environmental effect caused by
construction waste is predominantly related with land occupation and sullying, asset shortage
and biodiversity annihilation, however for the construction business, it is additionally a major
issue to tackle as it should be overseen appropriately with expanding taxes and costs (Ucol-
Ganiron 2012, p.725).
In the construction industry, concrete account for 40 percent, ceramic 30 percent, plastic
5 percent, wood 10 percent, metal 5 percent, and 10 percent consist of different components. As
indicated by worldwide knowledge, there is an estimated rise in construction spending of up to
4800 billion throughout the world. These figures demonstrate a huge development in the
construction industry at an average of 1.5 growths in 5 years. For concrete generation, 70 to 75
percent aggregates are needed. Out of this, coarse aggregate composes of 60 to 67 percent and
fine aggregate makes up 33 to 40 percent (Bhandari and Kanawade 2019, p.23). According to
ongoing examination by the Fredonia gathering, it is estimated that interest of concrete aggregate
will surpass 26 billion tons by 2012. The countries that have increased this demand include
China 25 percent, Europe 12 percent, and USA 10 percent, India is among the main top 10
clients.

Research Proposal 4
Recycling as a major aspect of environmental contemplations has turned into a typical
element in the industry of construction. Construction, as well as demolition (C&D) waste can be
referred to as the material which comes as a result of redesigning, construction or demolition of
whichever structure such as roads, buildings, and bridges. This debris has of late gained concerns
about the environmental effect it has created. One of the things builders, contractors, and
engineers should put into consideration during construction, demolition, and renovation is waste
disposal. Various investigations, studies, and analysis are being done to find the most proficient
method to find a solution where to dispose these construction wastes and reduce its transfer to
landfills. This is as a result of the expanding environmental issue with respect to the waste
transfer to landfills. It is important to consider conceivable ways on the best way to maintain a
strategic distance from these issues and in the meantime safeguard safety and convenience
through recycling.
To completely comprehend the effects of the waste that is from environment construction
and demolition, it is critical to have a better understanding of the extent of the construction and
demolition stream of garbage. In the United States, the amount that is generated from
construction and demolition is not definite. Numerous states in the US do not follow the measure
of C&D waste discarded or reused. A few states in the United States do gather this necessary
information from recycling and landfills’ offices; however, a few offices do not have scales and
report that are changed over volume gauges (Ganiron 2013, p.14). Strategies have been created
to gauge the quantity construction and demolition waste produces. This includes applying normal
debris age for each unit area amounting to the total area of the construction, demolition, and
renovation. Scarcely, any different kinds of nationwide C&D garbage estimations have been
done either in locating a superior technique or differentiate it alongside estimations that are

Research Proposal 5
present. In order to appraise nationwide Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) age, a materials stream
investigation is frequently utilized. However, the above mentioned strategy ought to be tried on
the construction and demolition debris stream (Ackerman and Gallagher, 2012, p. 283).
Recycling is regularly regarded as the most ideal strategy in the environment that is used
to oversee C&D waste. Getting a business opportunity for the waste that has been recycled is the
most significant advance in setting up a program of recycling. C&D debris in various regions in
the United States is not recycled because of different reasons. One purpose behind recycling
absence could be that the market for the material that is recycled is not available. A market limit
examination is expected to decide whether there is adequate interest for the material that is
recycled to warrant construction and demolition waste recycling programs. C&D flotsam and
jetsam is commonly discarded, reused, or burned (Ganiron 2014, p. 31).Since the states
fundamentally control the waste that come in and has its distinctive laws, in lined and unlined
landfills are discarded relying upon wherever it is arranged.
In the case of a lined landfill, leachate from the landfill is assembled by the directors and
can be sent to a wastewater treatment plant or reuse it in the landfill. In an instance of unlined
landfills, the leachate finds its way into the soil direct underneath the landfill, inflowing the
earth. Construction and demolition waste might be reused at a recycling office, where it stands in
the characteristic asset or other focused material in another market. Construction and demolition
flotsam and jetsam can be straightforwardly reused from the building site (Shahidan et al 2017,
p.1029). Because of the expanding interest for the cutting design structures cost, as well as the
issue of securing landfill spaces, this examination has made ready to recognize the utilization of
pounded concrete as a substitute to the fine total of mortar blend.
Research Questions

Research Proposal 6
Tam, Wang and Tam (2018, p. 712) view research questions as an instrumental tool in presenting
a theme to be adhered to in the whole research process without many interruptions that may
occur during such processes compromising it. The research questions will offer assistance to the
researcher to focus on the problem and objectives under study. The research questions in this
study that need to be answered include;
 Can recycled concrete produce good quality construction products?
 How does a recycled debris design mixture make mortar mix?
 How to reduce barriers of RAC and increase its use in the industry?
Specific Objectives
 To determine if recycled concrete aggregate can produce good quality construction
products.
 To establish recycled debris design structure can make mortar mix.
Research purpose
The outcome of this investigation will give the researchers and learners extra information and the
will to continue learning and finding better approaches to make solutions for issues particularly
in the construction on the most proficient method to oversee solid waste. This will likewise give
information to the contractual workers and engineers on the most proficient method to improve
the systems of the construction industry and organizations by using reused concrete waste in a
mortar mix where they can accomplish great item execution and meet recycling objectives.
Literature Review

Research Proposal 7
Concrete Recycling of waste is conducted to reutilize the concrete rubble like aggregates
in cement (Kumar 2017, p.253). The recycled concrete particles have impact resistance, less
smashing quality, explicit gravity and have more absorption value when contrasted with new
aggregates. huge amounts of waste cement are produced each year around the globe because of
the accompanying reasons that include demolition of the old structure, destruction of structures
and structures amid tremors and wars, elimination of futile cement from structures, structures,
street asphalt, waste cement created because of solid shape and barrel testing, ruinous techniques
for testing of existing structures. Products are fantastic total, handled in time and exertion
associated with crushing, pre-estimating, arranging, screening and contaminant products. The
most important thing is to start with quality rubble which is clean and that meets the criteria set
aside by the design effectively as well as further produce a quality item which will proceed to
end use.
Production of recycled concrete aggregate
Recycled concrete aggregate is the concrete obtained from at least 95 percent of crushed
concrete. There is a common scheme that commonly followed for the production of concrete
aggregate that is already recycled from concrete rubble as illustrated in Figure 2 below. Firstly,
contaminants for example wood, plastic, metals, and glass waste are done away with because of
detrimental effects in the new concrete. These contaminants are removed at the site through a
sorting or done during the process of deconstruction.
Figure 2 showing production of RCA

Research Proposal 8
Source (Tempest 2010)
Crushing as well as screening frameworks begin with essential cones or potentially vast
impactors taken rubble from 30 crawls to 4 feet (Mueller, Schnell and Rübner 2015, p 379). An
optional cone or impactor could conceivably be run, and the essential as well as auxiliary screens
might be utilized depending on the task, hardware utilized and the end product needed. The
mixture will then be passed through a scalping screen to get rid of soil and other particles. A fine
harp deck screen will expel a material which is fine from coarse aggregates (Silva, De Brito and
Dhir 2014, p.216). It is important to thoroughly clean to make certain that the recycled concrete
products does not have with it plastic, wood, soil, and other natural materials. Various ways can
be applied in doing so including hand picking, electromagnetic separators, water floatation, and
air separators. Sometimes fix or black-top overlay is discovered. A mix of dark top and bond is
not proposed, nonetheless, little fixes are not badly designed. The more focus on quality, the
better the results. Having a sound quality control and screening, an individual is able to create
material without washing with virgin aggregates that may be stacked in mud and buildup (Behera
et al. 2014, p.509).

Research Proposal 9
Mirjana Malešev4 et al (2010, p. 1223) insists that the amount of recycled aggregates
differs with river aggregates by 0 percent, 50 percent, 100 percent in this order. The droop test
properties after mixing for 30 minutes are as follows. The bulk density of fresh concrete,
solidified concrete, air content and water absorption, tensile resistance, flexural strength,
modulus of flexibility are all evident by the 28th day. On the other hand, while compressive
strength is evident at the 2nd, 7th and 28th day, drying shrinkage is seen at the 3rd, 4th,7th,14th, 21st
and 28th day respectively. Ninety-nine specimen were created to experiment on the list of the
strengthened concrete (Hani, Rahman and Saman 2015, p.34). It has been discovered that
concrete workability with regular and reused aggregates is almost similar if recycled aggregate
that is dry is applied on the water-saturated surface.
Properties of Recycled Concrete Aggregate.
Water absorption and Specific Gravity
The range in which the specific gravity of recycled concrete aggregate lies is between 2.35 to
2.58 which is lesser as compared with characteristic aggregate. Given that the recycled concrete
aggregate as a result of destroyed solid comprises of the squashed stone aggregates, the
absorption rate of water will range from 3.05 percent to 7.40 percent. This water absorption rate
will be moderately higher than that of the normal aggregates. Before the mixing activities begin,
it is prudent to keep up the surface which is immersed dry states of the aggregate, as the water
retention attributes of reused aggregates are elevated.

Research Proposal 10
Bulk Density
The concrete bulk density is always lesser as compared to the characteristic aggregate. With
regard to bulk density, the recycled concrete is passed through a 4.75mm strainer to ascertain the
porosity of the concrete. The reduced estimation of free bulk density will be ascribed to high
recycled aggregate porosity as compared to common aggregate.
Crushing and Impact Values
Crushing is done faster to the recycled aggregate as compared to the normal aggregate when
subjected to mechanical activities. The devastating effects of concrete surface wear ought to be
less than 45 percent and 50 percent respectively. The devastating and effect estimations of reused
total fulfill the BIS particulars with the exception of RCA2 kind of reused total for effect an
incentive as initially, it is poor quality rubbles.
Compressive Strength
The compressive quality of RAC is lesser as compared to the traditional concrete produced using
comparative mixtures (Parekh and Modhera 2011, p.7). The reduction in strength between the
RAC and NAC is the ratio of 1: 7 and comprise of 7.5 to 16 percent for M-20 andM-25 concrete
in that order. The measure of the decrease in quality relies upon parameters such as evaluation of
wrecked solid, w/c proportion, substitution proportion and preparation of recycled aggregate.
Table 2 compressive strength

Research Proposal 11
Splitting Tensile & Flexural Strength
On average, flexural of recycled aggregate and splitting tensile are resolved at the age 1,
3, 7, 14, and 28 days. As a result, it creates shifts from 0.30 - 3.1 MPa and 0.95-7.2 MPa
respectively. The contrast between decrease in part and flexural quality of RAC and NAC, is
arranged by 5 to 12 percent and 4 to 15 percent respectively.
Table 3. Flexural Strength
Likewise, similar workability can achieved if the recycled aggregate is utilized and extra
water amount is included in the mix after an endorsed time. The mass thickness of new concrete
is marginally diminished with an expansion in the amount of recycled aggregate. For concrete,
compressive quality predominantly relies upon the nature of recycled aggregate. On the other
hand, quality aggregates is utilized to generate new concrete which have minimal compressive
strength while paying little attention on the substitution proportion of the recycled aggregate.
There is a reduction in the flexibility modulus of concrete with expanding recycled
aggregate substance. This happen as a result of lower flexibility modulus between natural
aggregate and recycled aggregate. Concrete shrinkage relies upon measuring recycled aggregate
grains. In this case, concrete with natural aggregate is has lesser flexibility compared to the

Research Proposal 12
concrete with 50 percent of recycled aggregate. The increase in flexibility comes by as a result of
cement paste and appended in the recycled aggregate grains. Corinaldesi and Moriconi (2009,
p.87) suggest that the utilization of recycled aggregate in cement is both monetarily practical and
in fact plausible. Notwithstanding destruction squanders sources. However, the abundant
concrete materials which came back to the plant can be used to make RA.
Generally crushed cement was moved to landfills for disposal. However, because of more
noteworthy awareness in the environment, the solid is being reused for use in solid works. There
are varieties of favorable circumstances in reusing concrete instead of discarding it or covering it
in a landfill. Ensuring that solid waste is nowhere near landfills spares space in them. The other
advantages of reusing of cement include local item – neighborhood sources, minimizes truck
traffic, option to a non-sustainable assets, saves costs and better trucking use (decreased
expenses).
Utilizing reused material like gravel decreases the gravel mining requirement. There are
likewise monetary advantages associated with this process. Essentially, there is no need for
people to pay for reused concrete because it is a construction material. In addition, the people
who delivered the solid waste pay a cost to have it reused (Hoffmann et al. 2012, p.704). The
quality of reused total cement is around 10 to 15 percent less as compared with cement with new
aggregates. Anyway, appropriate mixture plans might be prepared and results that are
dependable acquired. The blend needs somewhat elevated amount of concrete or utilizing
admixtures to diminish water prerequisite. There can be secure utilization of recycled total
cement as plain concrete. Moreover, appropriate amendments in blend design tend to be utilized
for R.C.C. works.

Research Proposal 13
The C-2000 Green Building Standards centers on impacting recyclable equal to 75
percent of the present shell and structure in Canada. Even though, this program requires any
handling of cement apart from partition from other pulverization garbage (Solo-Gabriele and
Townsend 2008, p. 385 and British Standard Institution 2016). The draft standard for usage of
concrete which is reused was circulated in 1977 in Japan. As shown by Etxeberria, Vázquez and
Mari (2006, p.687), Florida Statutes (F.S.), development and devastation trash is at by and by
seen as not being able to dissolve in water as well as having a non-perilous nature, including yet
not compelled pipe, solid, glass, timber and roofing materials from the development or
decimation of a structure as a segment of an advancement or pounding adventure or as a result of
the structure redesigning, and with trees, soils, rocks, tree remains, and other vegetative issue
which conventionally is as a result of land improvement or land clearing exercises for an
advancement adventure, involving such junk from structures advancement at a site which is
remote from the advancement or destruction adventure site.
Reused concrete has been able to be used by The Federal Highway Administration and
the U.S. Equipped Force Corps of Engineers in their tasks (Khalaf and DeVenny 2014, p. 334).
Gathering and arranging of development garbage is turning into a standard practice required by
numerous states and Waste Management Guide, which calls for the usage of reused cement and
develops plans and practices for regulating waste materials. There is management and frequent
authorization of solid recycling in Japan, Europe, and Canada. Specifically, Germany proclaimed
the national setting the rules for reused solid substance in concrete aggregates (Jin, Meyer and
Baxter 2010, p.207). German specialists showed that recycled concrete aggregate does not
influence most execution attributes of cement but it increases drying shrinkage and creep, and
decrease modulus of flexibility.

Research Proposal 14
In 2000, about 63 percent of materials were recycled and the remaining 37 percent were
discarded in landfill as well as exempt sites in Scotland. The government is working around the
clock to develop recycling specifications as well as code of practice (Gupta 2009, p.17). Several
attempts are being made to build a connection with the planning framework to computerize the
transfer note system to foster data analysis as well as foster dialogue between agencies to adopt
secondary aggregates by contractors and consultants. In 2003, 30 percent of the absolute waste
created by the construction and demolition waste was produced in Turkey (Poon et al 2014,
p.33).
According to DEPA, around 70 to 75 percent of waste is produced from obliteration
activity, 20 to 25 percent from remodel and the rest of the 5 to 10 percent from new structure
improvements. Because of the limitations of limited space at different landfill, recycling has
become is a paramount issue in Turkey. Statutory requests, voluntary agreements and activity
plan have been done, for instance, recycling of black-top (1985), arranging of Construction and
Demolition squander (1995). In Netherland, an estimate of 40 million tons of construction has
been created and 80 percent of this waste comprises of bricks and concrete. Since 1993, various
activities have taken around recycling material such as avoidance of waste, animate reusing,
advancing structure materials that have a more extended life(Tojo and Fischer 2011, p.56). In the
USA, construction and destruction squander represents an estimate of 22 percent of the total
waste produced in the USA.
Recycle and reusing of demolition and construction is one the sector that encompasses
green building practice. The green building practice may incorporate utilizing recovered
aggregates from squashed solid, pounding drywall scraps and utilizing soil alteration at the site.
Much of the construction and demolition is centered on materials which are able to endure

Research Proposal 15
earthquake and construction in Japan. In this case, an estimate of 85 million tons of waste has
been created since 2000 (Levy and Helene 1997, p.12). Out of this waste, 95 percent of concrete
is pounded and recycled as roadbed and inlaying material, 98 percent of black-top and concrete
and 35 percent of sludge is recycled. Construction and decimation squander are independently
gathered and recycled. A privately owned business has assembled a mechanized office with 3,
00,000 ton for every annum limit.
The North Carolina Solid Waste Management Act of 1989 calls for isolation in
development as well as demolition garbage as a result of the waste stream and isolated at sterile
landfills, and (Tam, Wang and Tam 2018, p. 712). To empower recycling and reuse, the Act
guidelines the partition of the waste stream into four classes that include land-clearing wastes,
construction or decimation wastes, yard trash and inert wastes. To begin with, the C&D garbage
ought to be isolated into recyclable and non-recyclable material followed by recycling and
reusing inert flotsam and jetsam characterized by the state as solid, block, Solid Square,
uncontaminated soil, shake, and rock as perfect fill material and finally reducing yard waste and
land-clearing as mulch or manure (Lawson et al. 2011, p.150).
Research methodology
The design of this examination will incorporates accumulation of concrete waste,
pounding, reviewing, blending, relieving, testing, and evaluation. The accumulated bits of solid
rubbish will be smashed and restored by the ASTM’s size of sand necessary for block work
mortar having 100 percent going through the number four strainer and 10 percent passing the
number 200 strainer (Rao, Jha and Misra 2007, p.77). Bond and water thereafter mixes with it in
the extent 1: 2¾: 6¼ of water, concrete, and sand or pounded solid refuse separately. However

Research Proposal 16
much blend for mortar has no requirement, there is communication made on the extent of the
materials mixed, by what is decided by the tests.
The arrangements and particulars utilized will be based on the ASTM, which will be
utilized as the premise of discoveries and the proposals of this exploration. The specimen will be
restored for 7, 14, 21, and 28 days until hydration is completed in a modest way and striven for
weight. For the tests that will be attempted as for the ball invasion and hang tests, reestablishing
is not essential. The results will at that point be evaluated subject to the tests associated with the
specimen. This is if the results passed or failed the proportions of the ASTM for mortar (ASTM
2009, p.135)
Research Approach
Qualitative or Quantitative Approach
According to Kumar (20017), a quantitative research focuses on structured data
collection and interpretation of results despite dealing with numeric figures. Qualitative research
is appropriate when investigating qualitative aspects. The most preferred approach in this study
is qualitative approach with respect to social factors and interpretation of results. The advantage
of using qualitative data is that information can be depicted by deciphering last outcomes. The
outcome may include how the acquiring conduct of clients is influenced by showcasing
correspondence blends which makes subjective information reasonable for this investigation.
Data collection techniques
Numerous researches use two types of data collection method. They include primary data
collection and secondary data collection. Primary data collection method is used to collect raw
materials while secondary data collection method collects prearranged data. The primary data
collection has not been used because it is costly and time consuming. Secondary data of this

Research Proposal 17
research were obtained from website articles, newspaper articles, literatures and magazines. The
data will then analyzed by qualitative discussions. The findings are compared and evaluated to
conclude on how to reduce barriers of recycled aggregate concrete and promote its use in the
construction industry.
Analysis
According to the various literature reviews, it has been noted recycled concrete
aggregates can be made of use in numerous concrete mixes as much as its compression reduces
with time. In this case, there is need to test samples that have less recycled concrete aggregates
replacement (de Oliveira, and Vazquez 2016, p. 116). The quantities more than 50 percent ought
to be tested although other scholars suggest that these standards should not exceed 20 percent.
The dispersion of the concrete need to be investigated to determine the range of results that occur
in recycled aggregate properties. Numerous samples need to be taken to get a better correlation
of the results. Zakaria, M. and Cabrera (2015, p. 149) also claim that important properties of the
recycled concrete such as absorption, composition, fines content, porosity, chlorides content,
density, clay content, abrasion and sulphates content.
RCA are isolated to different sizes throughout the sieving and pulverizing process. Fine
particles measurement is below 4.75 mm subsequent to recycling is in the order of 20 to 44
percent relying upon the initial nature of obliterated concrete.
Figure 3 showing Particle size distribution of RCA specimens after crushing.

Research Proposal 18
Source (Hansen, 2014)
In light of the various observation made by different scholars, it has been concluded that
the extents of the squashed solid squanders impact cement and water such that it retains by far
most of the water in the blend. Moreover, the solid refuse mix got a great hang and small
compressive quality on its 7th day of reestablishing and the water proportion in the mix impacts
the mortar mix’s consistency. The solid waste blend with 1:3 extent of bond to squashed solid
trash with broad hang and passage contains satisfactory portability as the standard mortar blend
of a similar concrete to sand proportion (Etxeberria et al. 2007, p.746;
Concrete Block Association 2013).
The concrete waste having 1:2¾ bond to pounded solid trash proportion of 2-in shapes is
smaller just like the standard mortar blend of similar cement to sand proportion and the mixture
extent influences the steadiness or functionality of a mortar blend containing 1:2¾ bond to
smashed solid garbage proportion. Recycled total quality of concrete can be expanded. Taking a
gander at real arrangement, first procedure of contaminant detachment ought to be built up, that

Research Proposal 19
is to dispose of the amount of gypsum, glass, wood and black-top, or possibly diminish it to not
exceed one percent. Pounding and sieving would help get proper degree for cement decrease. At
last, a wash procedure would help dispense the amount of dirt and fines in the recycled totals or
decrease it to least. Substitution of concrete totals is fitting, despite the fact that it is not the main
probability. Different examinations are being created working about the substitution of sand by
fine recycled totals on account of mortar and self-compacting concrete.
Conclusion
The shortage and demand for construction material is drastically expanding on the planet.
As seen in the research, the rapid development of the construction and demolition exercises
create more C&D squander such as concrete or stonework rubble. Low usage of C&D squander
shows that material that has been wasted has an incentive in the local market. Recycling or
upcycling of concrete rubble into the profitable structure is required. In reviewing the pulverized
aggregates, it demonstrated that the aggregates can be utilized for the generation of the structural
concrete component. The continuous study is examining the chance to reuse from construction
and demolition structures, the aggregate that has already been crushed, in order to deliver the
heap bearing blocks for building development for practical development as well as regular asset
preservation. Concrete is the principal material that does not confront a potential test from other
reused materials. It is vital opponent is smashed stone, which is sufficient. Thusly, there is a
satisfactory capacity to reuse most of the solid created. Ecologically, recycling concrete is the
favored technique for the board in many parts of the world.

Research Proposal 20
References
Ackerman, F. and Gallagher, K., 2012. Mixed signals: market incentives, recycling, and the price
spike of 2013. Resources, Conservation and recycling, 35(4), pp.275-295.
ASTM C 136 – 95a. 2009. Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse
Aggregate, Annual Book of ASTM, International Standard Worldwide.
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aggregate from C&D waste & its use in concrete–A breakthrough towards sustainability
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Aggregates.
British Standard Institution. 2016. BS 8500-2:2015+A1:2016 Concrete – Complementary British
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Concrete Block Association, 2013. Aggregate Concrete Blocks. Aggregate Block Sustinability,
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Corinaldesi, V. and Moriconi, G., 2009. Influence of mineral additions on the performance of
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2876.
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recycling on the properties of new hardened concrete. Waste management, 16(1-3),
pp.113-117.
Etxeberria, M., Vázquez, E. and Mari, A., 2006. Microstructure analysis of hardened recycled
aggregate concrete. Magazine of Concrete Research, 58(10), pp.683-690.

Research Proposal 21
Etxeberria, M., Vázquez, E., Marí, A. and Barra, M., 2007. Influence of amount of recycled
coarse aggregates and production process on properties of recycled aggregate
concrete. Cement and concrete research, 37(5), pp.735-742.
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aggregate concrete using micronized biomass silica. In InCIEC 2014 (pp. 65-77).
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Hoffmann, C., Schubert, S., Leemann, A. and Motavalli, M., 2012. Recycled concrete and mixed
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Khaloo, A.R., 2004. Properties of concrete using crushed clinker brick as coarse
aggregate. Materials Journal, 91(4), pp.401-407.

Research Proposal 22
Khalaf, F.M. and DeVenny, A.S., 2014. Recycling of demolished masonry rubble as coarse
aggregate in concrete. Journal of materials in civil engineering, 16(4), pp.331-340.
Kumar, R., 2017. Influence of recycled coarse aggregate derived from construction and
demolition waste (CDW) on abrasion resistance of pavement concrete. Construction and
Building Materials, 142, pp.248-255.
Lawson, N., Douglas, I., Garvin, S., McGrath, C., Manning, D. and Vetterlein, J., 2011.
Recycling construction and demolition wastes–a UK perspective. Environmental
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como agregado de argamassas e concretos.
Malešev, M., Radonjanin, V. and Marinković, S., 2010. Recycled concrete as aggregate for
structural concrete production. Sustainability, 2(5), pp.1204-1225.
Mueller, A., Schnell, A. and Rübner, K., 2015. The manufacture of lightweight aggregates from
recycled masonry rubble. Construction and Building Materials, 98, pp.376-387.
Parekh, D.N. and Modhera, C.D., 2011. Assessment of recycled aggregate concrete. Journal of
Engineering Research and Studies, 2(1), pp.1-9.
Poon, C.S., Shui, Z.H., Lam, L., Fok, H. and Kou, S.C., 2004. Influence of moisture states of
natural and recycled aggregates on the slump and compressive strength of
concrete. Cement and concrete research, 34(1), pp.31-36.
Rao, A., Jha, K.N. and Misra, S., 2007. Use of aggregates from recycled construction and
demolition waste in concrete. Resources, conservation and Recycling, 50(1), pp.71-81.

Research Proposal 23
Shahidan, S., Azmi, M.A.M., Kupusamy, K., Zuki, S.S.M. and Ali, N., 2017. Utilizing
construction and demolition (C&D) waste as recycled aggregates (RA) in
concrete. Procedia engineering, 174, pp.1028-1035.
Silva, R.V., De Brito, J. and Dhir, R.K., 2014. Properties and composition of recycled aggregates
from construction and demolition waste suitable for concrete production. Construction
and Building Materials, 65, pp.201-217.
Solo-Gabriele, H. and Townsend, T., 2008. Disposal practices and management alternatives for
CCA-treated wood waste. Waste Management & Research, 17(5), pp.378-389.
Tam, V.W., Wang, K. and Tam, C.M., 2018. Assessing relationships among properties of
demolished concrete, recycled aggregate and recycled aggregate concrete using
regression analysis. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 152(2), pp.703-714.
Tempest, B., Cavalline, T., Gergely, J. and Weggel, D., 2010, April. Construction and demolition
waste used as recycled aggregates in concrete: Solutions for increasing the marketability
of recycled aggregate concrete. In Proceedings of the Concrete Sustainability
Conference, Tempe, AZ, USA(Vol. 1315).
Tojo, N. and Fischer, C., 2011. Europe as a Recycling Society. European Recycling Policies in
relation to the actual. ETC/SCP working paper, (ETC/SCP working paper 2/2011).
Ucol-Ganiron Jr, T., 2012. Recycled window glass for non-load bearing walls. International
Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, 3(6), p.725.
Yadav, S.R. and Pathak, S.R., 2009, August. Use of recycled concrete aggregate in making
concrete–an overview. In 34th Conference on our world in concrete & structures (Vol.
16, p. 18).

Research Proposal 24
Zakaria, M. and Cabrera, J.G., 2015. Performance and durability of concrete made with
demolition waste and artificial fly ash-clay aggregates. Waste Management, 16(1-3),
pp.151-158.