This research proposal aims to understand the condition of women education in Iraq and the role of socio-political development in influencing it. It explores the international factors responsible for the decline in women education rate in Iraq.
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Running Head: RESEARCH PROPOSAL RESEARCH PROPOSAL Name of the Student: Name of University: Author Note:
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1RESEARCH PROPOSAL Executive summary In the aftermath of the Operational Iraqi Freedom in 2003 the educational practice has been deteriorated drastically in the region and the women are identified as the most vulnerable groups amidst the political turmoil. In this context, this research is going to find out the exact scenario of the women education in Iraq and the role of the socio-political development in influencing the women education. As a matter of fact, the purpose of this research is resembled with the development of women education in Iraq despite of facing series of threats both domestically and internationally. The literature review, methodology and research analysis further support the objective of the research and help to get success.
2RESEARCH PROPOSAL Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction................................................................................................................................4 1.1 Problem statement.................................................................................................................4 1.2 Research question..................................................................................................................4 1.3 General expectations..............................................................................................................4 1.4 Social and scientific relevance...............................................................................................5 1.5 Originality and/or innovative elements of the topic..............................................................5 2.0 Theory........................................................................................................................................5 2.1 Review of the relevant literature............................................................................................5 2.2 Current status of the topic......................................................................................................7 2.3 Relationship between the literature and problem statement..................................................7 2.4 Specific expectations/hypotheses..........................................................................................8 3.0 Method.......................................................................................................................................8 3.1 Research design/data collection plans...................................................................................8 3.2 Justification of research design..............................................................................................8 3.3 Description of population and sample...................................................................................9 3.4 Description of main variables/questions................................................................................9 3.5 Proposed analysis of the data.................................................................................................9 3.6 Originality and/or innovative elements of the research design...........................................10 4.0. Implications and Limitations..................................................................................................10
4RESEARCH PROPOSAL 1.0 Introduction Education is considered to be one of the mainstays of development for a country and also identified as the driving factor in order to bring the social equality based on gender. In Iraq, during theregimeof Saddam Husseintheeducationratefor the womenwasincreased significantly. Many modern schools were founded for spreading education across the country. Women were also got the opportunity to educate themselves. However, the intervention of the US troops in 2003 and the aftermath cost deathblow for the Iraqi women. The fatigue rate of women education has been worsened after ISIS took the control over the region. From that point of view, this research is going to understand the condition of women education in Iraq and illustrate some possible measures that can be useful to make the situation better. 1.1 Problem statement The education of the Iraqi women has been declined in a rapid pace since the US intervention in 2003. 1.2 Research question What are the international factors responsible for the decline of women education rate in Iraq? 1.3 General expectations The general expectation and motive of this research is to figure out the international responses and the global impact on women education on Iraq. There are subtle elements that are directly responsible for the decline in women education. Moreover, it is also to be expected that the research will get success.
5RESEARCH PROPOSAL 1.4 Social and scientific relevance In this context, this research topic has close affinity with the social and scientific relevance. From the social perspective women are the target samples where as throughout the research the scientific and logical analysis are also taking into consideration in order to understand the theme of the research. 1.5 Originality and/or innovative elements of the topic The previous literatures have done a lot of discussion on the war between Iraq and US. There is abundant literature also that argued about the emergence of ISIS in the Middle East soil. Pointing towards an impact towards Iraqi culture and society no such researches ever covered the impact on the decline of women education in Iraq. From that point of view, this research is unique and relevant. 2.0 Theory 2.1 Review of the relevant literature According toPfiffner(2018) the impact of the US operation on Iraqi soil in 2003 has long term and short term impact. From the vision of optimism, it can be argued that the Operation Iraqi Freedom successfully ended the autocratic regime of Saddam Hussein and at the same time the US military was able to stop the inhuman practices that the autocratic regime in Iraq was alleged with. However, despite of all those efforts and achievementsGreen and Ward (2017) asked a pertinent question about the long term impact on the Iraqi occupation of US military. In other words, it can be stated that the long term impact of the war devastated the socio-cultural nexus that was profoundly established during the reign of Saddam Hussein. In his
6RESEARCH PROPOSAL report,Tønnessen(2015) showed that the Iraq war ushered a new paradigm in the modern warfare where cultural subordination played a significant role. The research also stated that after the end of war, US troops still presented into different regions of Iraq and in the name of maintainingpeaceandprosperityacrossthecountrytheUSgovernmentintentionally demolished mosques and schools by bombing randomly. For an example, bombing on the Al- Askari mosque and Shrine complex in February 22, 2006 was purely an act of attack on religion and culture (Barzilai, Klieman and Shidlo 2016). Moreover, it can be asserted that the impression on the social strata of Iraq was also damaged quite heavily in the aftermath of the 2003 war. After the decline of the Saddam regime there was a power vacuum in the country and no one was there to guide the country on the right track. As a result of that sectarian and separatist groups emerged and endangered the peace and tranquillity that once established in some extent (Haines and Fox 2014). Health and food condition was so disastrous that the country had to sign an agreement with United Nations in the name of UN’s Oil for Food Program (Kanat 2014). According toPatel(2015) cholera and epidemic spread the Basra are due to lack of clean water. Itseemedthattheentirehealthsectorturnedintozeroduetopoliticalturmoil.Acute malnutrition among the children was a chief concern for the interim government but there was no support in terms of infrastructure or financial support from the concerned countriesand international organisations (Shaver and Shapiro 2015). In an article,Guoet al.(2015) opined that during the Saddam regime there was certainly a number of political crimes and human rights violations. People feared to counter the oppression of Saddam. However, the international intervention did nothing but creating more war and sectarian discords. In the words ofDodge(2017) the Operation Iraqi Freedom was a political irony that might ended the authoritarian regime of Saddam Hussein but in place sowed the never
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7RESEARCH PROPOSAL ending fragmentation and oil politics. On the other hand,Kriner and Shen(2014) pointed towards the growing decline in the educational sector. The Saddam regime and the decade of 1980s was the best part for the education in this region where nearly 100% of the population had access to the local schools (Mhamdi 2017). However, after the intervention of the allied forces and the emergence of sectarian groups like ISIS most of the schools were closed and issues like brain drain also cost a lot for developing a better educational facility in Iraq. 2.2 Current status of the topic From that point of view, it can be argued that there are high needs to change the decaying practice in the educational sector. Putting an emphasis on the women population in Iraq and their educational qualification will facilitate better understanding on the process of condition of the education in the region. The purpose of choosing the women is that they are the most vulnerable groups and had become a subject of deprivation. From that point of view, it is pertinent to make some in-depth investigation on the women education in Iraq and compare it with the post-war scenario for a clear depiction of progress. 2.3 Relationship between the literature and problem statement The literature review tries to pinpoint the post-war shock in both cultural and social fabrication of the Iraqi society. In course of the discussion, both the political and economic exploitation after the war was clearly chalked out in order to investigate the background in decaying women education in Iraq. Moreover, the literature review also tries to pursue a comparative study on both the pre-war and post–war scenario and thus supplemented a support for further research into the educational sector in Iraq. It can be argued that the literature review successfully creates a background for further research and understand the condition of the women education in the post-war scenario.
8RESEARCH PROPOSAL 2.4 Specific expectations/hypotheses The research underlines a serious threat for the development of Iraqi women. It is relevant in the context of the development of the country both economically and socially. Putting more emphasis on the human resources irrespective of gender will formulate a clear perception regarding the women empowerment and international responsibilities to safeguard the process. 3.0 Method 3.1 Research design/data collection plans The research will be followed a hybrid method of both primary and secondary sources. According toCrano, Brewer and Lac(2014) the hybrid research is very helpful for the social themes. It can deal with both primary and secondary research so that the researcher gets enough details and information related to the topic (Pluye and Hong 2014). In this context, the primary sources of this research are identified as the government and international organisations’ reports and the survey on the Iraqi women whereas the secondary research will be comprised of relevant literatures and empirical information. Moreover, the survey will be based on quantitative research with close ended questionnaire. 3.2 Justification of research design The intention behind choosing the hybrid or mixed method of research is to access as resources as the research deserves (Fox and Alldred 2015). As a matter of fact,Palinkaset al. (2015) mentioned that for a research the mixed method helps to analyse and evaluate the outcome very easily as the secondary resources provide enough background of the research. Moreover, using the survey with quantitative framework will foster better understanding of the
9RESEARCH PROPOSAL entire scenario of women education in Iraq. In addition to this, there are also the government reports that can facilitate preliminary depiction of the situation of entire educational framework. 3.3 Description of population and sample The sample size will be not more than 100. It is comprised of both the urban and rural population. However, for the rural women the questionnaire will be more discrete and easy to understand. The purpose of putting some extra care for the rural sector is to get clear insights of the conditionof women and proper educational environment.Moreover, there will be a segregation of age. So that the survey can differentiate between the age barriers and properly evaluate the psychology of the Iraqi women. 3.4 Description of main variables/questions The questions will not be limited to the education related questions. There are some questions related to the politics, society and the economy of the country. It will foster an in-depth analysis of the general IQ and the adaptability of the Iraqi women. 3.5 Proposed analysis of the data It can be argued that the extracting data will be segregated as per the age. For an example, the first segment will be based on the 5-12 with a preliminary education. Next will be identified as the 13- 19 which was the end of teenage. After that, the third section will be identified as 20-35 with middle aged women who are expected to have enough understanding of this survey. Then the women of above 35 ages considered being the part of the fourth segment. Through the survey it is very important to put some emphasis on preparing the question and those questions should not hurt the sentiments of the people.
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10RESEARCH PROPOSAL 3.6 Originality and/or innovative elements of the research design The research incorporates both the primary and secondary sources in such a way that can help to enrich each other. Moreover, creating age based segregation will help the primary research to develop effective research outcome. 4.0. Implications and Limitations 4.1 Research impact The research has a great impact in understanding the educational policy of the Iraqi government and compares it with the previous practice so that the gaps and drawbacks in the existing system can be highlighted. However, the research is not limited itself in the educational sector but it can cast some light on the lifestyle and the social status of the Iraqi women in the aftermath of the war. Moreover, the role of economy and politics will also be identified indirectly so that the vitality and vulnerability of the present Iraqi society can be depicted. 4.2 Future implementations There are some future implementations regarding this research such as the drawbacks in the present educational policy of the Iraqi government and the research outcome pave the way for further investigation and formulating some additional model educational framework that can help to make the women education possible. In addition to this, the social cohesion in the present situation of Iraq is also considered to be a subject of further research that can facilitate more accurate picture of the post-war Iraqi society.
11RESEARCH PROPOSAL 5.0 Conclusion The above research tries to point out the condition of women education in Iraq after the Operation of Iraqi Freedom by US. In course of the discussion, the research intends to make a comparative study between the pre-war scenario and the educational policy after the war. The literature review helps to deal with this comparative analysis. Moreover, mixed method of research is also followed in order to gather more information regarding the women education in Iraq. The survey questionnairesegregatesnot only the demographic differencesbut also encapsulate a great deal of perception based on age differences. From that point of view, this research is relevant and effective enough to justify its theme and objectives.
12RESEARCH PROPOSAL 6.0 References Barzilai, G., Klieman, A. and Shidlo, G., 2016.The Gulf crisis and its global aftermath. Routledge. Crano, W.D., Brewer, M.B. and Lac, A., 2014.Principles and methods of social research. Routledge. Dodge, T., 2017.Iraq–from war to a new authoritarianism. Routledge. Fox, N.J. and Alldred, P., 2015. New materialist social inquiry: Designs, methods and the research-assemblage.International Journal of Social Research Methodology,18(4), pp.399-414. Green, P. and Ward, T., 2017. The transformation of violence in Iraq. InThe Criminology of War(pp. 123-141). Routledge. Guo, L., Chen, Y.N.K., Vu, H., Wang, Q., Aksamit, R., Guzek, D., Jachimowski, M. and McCombs, M., 2015. Coverage of the Iraq War in the United States, Mainland China, Taiwan and Poland: A transnational network agenda-setting study.Journalism Studies,16(3), pp.343- 362. Haines, D.D. and Fox, S.C., 2014. Acute and long-term impact of chemical weapons: lessons from the Iran-Iraq war.Forensic Sci Rev,26(2), pp.97-114. Kanat, K.B., 2014. Diversionary Foreign Policy in Authoritarian States: The Use of Multiple DiversionaryStrategiesbySaddamHusseinduringtheGulfWar.JournalofStrategic Security,7(1), p.3.
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13RESEARCH PROPOSAL Kriner, D. and Shen, F., 2014. Responding to war on Capitol Hill: Battlefield casualties, congressional response, and public support for the war in Iraq.American Journal of Political Science,58(1), pp.157-174. Mhamdi, C., 2017. Framing “the Other” in Times of Conflicts: CNN’s Coverage of the 2003 Iraq War.Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences,8(2), pp.147-153. Palinkas, L.A., Horwitz, S.M., Green, C.A., Wisdom, J.P., Duan, N. and Hoagwood, K., 2015. Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research.AdministrationandPolicyinMentalHealthandMentalHealthServices Research,42(5), pp.533-544. Patel, D.S., 2015. ISIS in Iraq: What we get wrong and why 2015 is not 2007 redux.Middle East Brief,87, pp.1-8. Pfiffner, J.P., 2018. Did President Bush mislead the country in his arguments for war with Iraq?. InIntelligence and national security policymaking on Iraq. Manchester University Press. Pluye, P. and Hong, Q.N., 2014. Combining the power of stories and the power of numbers: mixed methods research and mixed studies reviews.Annual review of public health,35, pp.29- 45. Shaver, A. and Shapiro, J., 2015. The effect of civilian casualties on wartime informing: Evidence from the Iraq war.Journal of Conflict Resolution. Tønnessen, T.H., 2015. Heirs of Zarqawi or Saddam? The relationship between al-Qaida in Iraq and the Islamic State.Perspectives on Terrorism,9(4), pp.48-60.