Understanding Teachers' Role in the Development of Underprivileged Malay Children

This research proposal aims to explore the understanding of early educators about the development of underprivileged Malay infants and toddlers. It discusses the role of educators in facilitating brain growth and the challenges they face in reaching out to underprivileged families. The research will focus on the interaction between teachers and underprivileged Malay children to promote their development.

Running head: RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Research Proposal
Investigating teachers understanding with unprivileged Malay children
Name of the student
Name of the university
Author Note:

1RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Abstract
Purpose- The purpose of this paper is to explore the early educators understanding about the
development of the brain and explain the role of early educators when teaching under privileged
Malay infant and toddlers (UPMIT). For the purpose of this paper UPMIT describes Malay
infants and toddlers between the age of 2 months to 30 months from low income group. This
issue is considered to be a pertinent issue because brain development among the UPMIT are
discovered to be susceptible to more stress in relation to the other income grouped children.
Introduction- According to a research by Harvard University, early experiences affect the
development of brain architecture, which provides the foundation for all future learning,
behaviour and health. In the first few years of life, more than 1 million new neural connections
form every second thus it is particularly imperative that educators working with UPMIT are
providing meaningful experiences and interactions to facilitate brain growth. This, issue is to be
considered because it is a problem that arises from the communication gap that early teachers
face while reaching out to these families.
Table of Contents

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1.1 Background............................................................................................................................4
1.2 Problem statement.................................................................................................................4
1.3 Research rationale..................................................................................................................5
1.4 Aim and objectives of the research........................................................................................5
1.5 Theoretical framework...........................................................................................................6
1.6 Structure of the study.............................................................................................................6
1.7 Research question..................................................................................................................6
2. Literature Review........................................................................................................................7
2.1 Development in the starting years.............................................................................................7
2.2 Development in the initial year education and the roles of early educators..........................8
2.3Development in the starting years............................................................................................11
2.4The issue with the children of the Malay community in Singapore.........................................11
2.5 Cause of Absenteeism among underprivileged students.........................................................13
2.6 Role of the Teachers in educating the Underprivileged..........................................................13
2.7 Analysis of the gap of the development process and the Malay children in Singapore......14
3. Methodology..............................................................................................................................15
3.1. Philosophy of Research......................................................................................................15
3.2. Design of Research.............................................................................................................16
3.3. Method of Data Collection.................................................................................................17
3.4. Method of sampling as well as the size of the sample........................................................18

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3.5. Analysis Technique for the Acquired Data........................................................................19
3.6 Ethical consideration in research.........................................................................................19
3.7 Study limitations..................................................................................................................20
3.8 Expected outcomes..............................................................................................................21
References......................................................................................................................................23
Appendix........................................................................................................................................29
Appendix 1.....................................................................................................................................29
Questionnaire.................................................................................................................................29

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1.1 Background
According to Berk (2017), early teaching and the role of the main caregiver has a positive
impact on the brain development of the child. Moreover, development occurs at the age of 1 or 2,
and it continues till the adult age (Berk, 2017). The tender age is the most crucial part of the
development of the brain (Bruer, 2011). The development of cognitive capacity and memory are
the two most important factors of the childhood where the impact of the early educators is
important. According to Collins (2016), the condition of the children especially from the lower
income groups is severe compared to the rest of the children of the higher income group. It is
further argued by the author that there are a few other issues for consideration like the socio-
economic growth, extreme poverty or unequal employment are also important for the present
state of these groups (Collins, 2016).. It is therefore important to consider that the issue does not
reside with the elderly population rather it is there within the foundation and the basic
elementary education where the issue resides.
1.2 Problem statement
According to Conkbayir (2015), the ability of cognition of the child develops at the
tender age of brain development, and this is not an isolated process rather there are other
influences of socialization, types of parenting, schooling of the children and most importantly the
impact of a good teacher. Since the ability of cognition of the children are higher at the tender
age, the impact of the educator is long-standing. It is found that the ramifications of the
inefficient educators are severe for a child as it might restrict the potentials which can impact the
scope of the child from realizing their potentials (Duchesne et al., 2018). In addition, an
ineffective educator can impact the child’s growth in a severe way than any other issue of
childhood (Eve Siu et al., 2018). The issue is even severe for the children of lower income group

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because they already have lesser opportunities in life than the rest of the population and this is
one of the reasons for their undergrowth persistently (Collins, 2016). Hence, it is crucial to study
the educators understanding their impact on shaping the brain development of the infant and
toddlers.
1.3 Research rationale
According to Collins (2016), it is estimated that a maximum number of under
development among the Malay children are because of the underachievement and
underdevelopment of their brain architecture during childhood. Hence, the purpose of the
research will be focused on the issue of the possible impact of early educators for the overall
development of the group of the UPMit in order to plan better experiences to improve brain
development.
1.4 Aim and objectives of the research
The aim of the research is to understand the interaction of the promotion between the
teachers and the underprivileged Malay students that leads to their development.
The objectives of the research are as follows;
 To understand about interaction between infant and toddler teachers to promote
development To understand how teachers interact to promote development of under privilege Malay
children

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1.5 Theoretical framework
A theoretical framework is the blueprint of the research in a methodological way for
conducting the research (Choy, 2014). The inductive research method is adopted as the
framework here because inductive method helps to derive the knowledge to substantiate the
conclusion on the basis of derived data (Choy, 2014).There are researches which focus on the
inductive method because it helps to derive conclusions based on the premises undertaken in the
research. It will also help to infer data from different perspectives and general information
(Choy, 2014). The research will follow this framework as this approach provides enough scope
for exploring each issue with greater detail. This inductive research reasoning is taken as the
theoretical framework since it helps to derive knowledge from the observations and it also leave
scope for using multiple theories within the body of research.
1.6 Structure of the study
The research will be conducted by pointing out the broad issue of the topic and further
breaking it into smaller parts to highlight each issue for analysis of the issue. This will be helpful
to provide equal weight to each issue of the broader concept. The next part of the research will
be focused on the observation and finally the derivation base conclusions. The structure of the
research is centered on the collection of data and their analysis to arrive at a conclusion, and it is
presented in the form of the expected outcome. The aim of the research to follow this particular
structure is to analyze the issue systematically and to find the nuances of the same.
1.7 Research question
Research Questions are more or less based on the objectives of the research. It helps to
understand the objectives of the research in a proper and effective manner.

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RQ1. What do infant and toddler teachers understand about interaction to promote development?
RQ2. How do infant and toddler teachers interact to promote development of underprivileged
Malay children?
2. Literature Review
Education is one of the most important areas that need to be implemented to a child in
order to develop them and make them culturally and socially acceptable. However each and
every child is not able to receive the benefits of education. There are a large number of children
especially the underprivileged ones who are unable to get any kind of formal education. Since
2000, the preschool landscape in the South East Asian countries of Singapore and Malaysia has
been gradually evolving and changing more rapidly than before. The rising interest of raising the
quality of pre-school education is evident in the introduction of different kind of policies and the
implementation of the new initiatives in the last few years especially in the last five years. The
developments of this policy have resulted in different kind of changes in different type of the
aspects of the quality standards. The government has also taken special care for the
underprivileged children and has made special arrangements for their development.
2.1 Development in the starting years
The early years of childhood is considered to be the most crucial stage of the life of an
individual. The following period is extremely important as because most of the brain
development activities tends to occur during this particular time. The thinking mechanism in
individuals and the nature of behavior is determined and modified in the adolescent period. The
individual’s ability to memorize and the control over cognition is developed at this point in the

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person’s life. The family and schooling of the child is one of the crucial factors in determining
the education and effective development of the child. The main problem lies in the family role as
most of the families of these children are underprivileged and thus are unable to show a positive
interest in the development of a child. The inability of the family to support their children thus
leads to different kinds of problems. Such problems are harmful for the society and the other
individuals who reside in the society. Therefore it is highly important for these children to get a
formal education from the beginning of their childhood.
2.2 Development in the initial year education and the roles of early educators
The early years of childhood formulate the most critical phase in the life of an individual
(Hawley et al., 2015). The childhood period of the individual is highly important since most of
the brain development takes place during this phase. The thinking mechanism in individuals and
the nature of behavior is determined and modified in the adolescent period (Hawley et al., 2015).
The individual’s ability to memorize and the control over cognition is developed at this point in
the person’s life (Hodges et al., 2018).
It can be said the family and schooling of the individual also determines the
abovementioned factors. One of the most crucial roles is played by the educators. This along
with components such as hereditary factors and genome along with psychological factors has
influence on learning to fulfill crucial roles of brain development in children (Hodges et al.,
2018). Thus, it can be said that the above-mentioned factors play a crucial role in the upbringing
and development of a child and also influence and determines their growth in the future. The
teacher’s understanding determines the development in a person during the early days of their
life (Klingberg, 2013). The role that they play can be considered crucial because they hold the
ability to influence, modify and restructure the cognitive ability of the individuals.

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Understanding regarding the method used by teachers to restructure the cognitive ability
of individuals can be used productively in developing effective teaching and learning abilities
(Fleer, 2018). The capability of the brain to adapt and change with time with experiences can be
termed as neuro-plasticity. Neuro-plasticity is also known as the concept of brain plasticity. It is
the ability of the brain of an individual to adapt and change through varied experiences the
individual had over their lifetime (Hodges et al., 2018). The role that is played by a person’s
teachers cannot be compared to any other individual within the mental proximity of the
individuals.
As educators act as the primary source through which children develop new skill sets, the
method of training that is used by them determine how they behave and react to certain situations
(Soon, 2016). It has been discoursed through empirical research (Soon,2016), that a child’s
behavior and reactions in conjunction to certain scenarios determined the right wiring of the
circuits that exists within their brain. At the early stages of development of a child the
importance of the role of an educator cannot be stressed enough. Educators are the individuals
that the children look up to, they are the source of motivation and inspiration of the children.
Educators are the examples of perfect role models. They are the individuals who are responsible
for the children and they fulfill many roles together along with the most important roles of
teaching while watching over the children and communicating to them about what is right and
what is not right (Zhao et al., 2018). It is the role of the educator that determines the ability of a
child to be engaged to think and rethink situations over and again. It is the role they play that
determines a person’s ability to retrain their thinking and learning mechanism. The educator is
said to be engaged in a phenomenon that is known as “whole brain teaching” (Soon, 2016). The
prefrontal and the motor cortex of the brain are modified by the activities of an educator. The

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work of an educatoris more complex than one might think it to be. Their work involves
techniques through which the children become adept in using body lingual gestures that are
characterized by subtle hand-arm movements and the teaching also shape up the ability of person
to produce attention seeking statements and other recognizable and differentiating factors. As
discoursed by the international mind, brain and education society, the role played by educators at
early ages in the life of a child determines the process of cognition within them along with social
and cultural factors (Sharpe et al., 2019). It has been also argued that a child cannot achieve to
their full potential when they are under the influence of a bad teacher. Thus, it can be understood
that the role played by teachers during adulthood is much negligible as compared to the role that
they play in an individual’s childhood.
Fig: Brain Development during early childhood
Source: (Graham Scharf, 2019)

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2.3Development in the starting years
The early years of childhood is considered to be the most crucial stage of the life of an
individual. The following period is extremely important as because most of the brain
development activities tends to occur during this particular time. The thinking mechanism in
individuals and the nature of behavior is determined and modified in the adolescent period. The
individual’s ability to memorize and the control over cognition is developed at this point in the
person’s life. The family and schooling of the child is one of the crucial factors in determining
the education and effective development of the child. The main problem lies in the family role as
most of the families of these children are underprivileged and thus are unable to show a positive
interest in the development of a child. The inability of the family to support their children thus
leads to different kinds of problems. Such problems are harmful for the society and the other
individuals who reside in the society. Therefore it is highly important for these children to get a
formal education from the beginning of their childhood.
2.4The issue with the children of the Malay community in Singapore
There has been a lot of debate regarding the problems face by the Malay children in
Singapore (Mendaki.org.sg,2019) However, one should understand the actual issue that exists is
much more complex than topics that are being debated. According to Li, (2018) the problem that
is evident through the above -mentioned problem can be compiled into two terms. They are said
to be in transit from a state that can be considered as “organic solidarity” to the state of
“mechanic solidarity” (Mukhopadhaya, 2017). It has been discovered by the studies in the past
(Mukhopadhaya, 2017) that the achievement of the Malay people was considered negligible as
compared to the remaining part of the total Singapore population. The community of Malay

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people and particularly the children find themselves behind from their peers in terms of
education and achievement. Lagging behind in business and other forms of activities that are
considered to be commercial irrespective of the degree of knowledge or competence.
In addition, it was found that only 56% of the Malay people living in Singapore were
influenced by the changes caused by modernization recently, the rate which can be considered to
be rather slow if compared to the rest of the population (Sebastián, 2016). The current position of
the people of the Malay community is being questioned by the government and it is evident that
the scenario is a result of the poverty that exists in the roots of their community (Sebastián,
2016). People belonging to groups that are characterized by under privileged often argue that the
students of those communities have lower drive to achieve high educational degrees if compared
to the remainder of the Singapore population (Ren et al., 2018). It has been discoursed that the
children belonging to the under privileged groups are far behind as they have discovered that the
forms of secondary and primary education piled along with the abiotic and the psychological
determinants (Sabapathy et al., 2014). One can argue that the adolescent period in a person is the
most crucial time in the life of a person and the same is responsible for development of cognitive
processes in the individuals. Stress hindrances development that the children from the backward
communities suffer can lead up to form risks such as abuse, uncertainty regarding educational
opportunities and support along with threats to status (Suratman, 2017). Thus, this research
shows that ill treatment in the early days lead to underachievement in the years of adolescence
and young adulthood.
The government has introduced procedures through which the care giver and caretaker
can indulge in good teaching techniques so that this acts as betterment of the community as a
whole (Mendaki.org.sg, 2019). By doing this they can contribute to the psychological and

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economic growth of the children and the community as a whole (James et al., 2016). Inadequacy
of proper infrastructure and unwell economic conditions hinder the student belonging to such
underprivileged communities to be enrolled in educational institutes and schools.
2.5 Cause of Absenteeism among underprivileged students
There are lots of issues with the underprivileged children for their being absent from
school. In most of the times, the issues relate to family problems as most of the family of the
underprivileged children does not support or cannot support the education of the children due to
a variety of reasons. The major obstacles for these children lie in the lack of food, having to work
with the family, lack of money for transport from house to school and the lack of proper support
from the school. These kinds of problems combined together leads to absenteeism from the
schools. Apart from this the social structure of the society also makes the child both emotionally
and physically depressed.
2.6 Role of the Teachers in educating the Underprivileged
The underprivileged students needs special support from the education system as well as
the teachers in order to ensure that the students gets a proper education and can develop
themselves in a proper and effective way. The Malay students who are underprivileged are
provided special attention from the school and the teachers. The first thing that is considered is
the communication. A friendly and effective communication makes the students comfortable and
reduces their depression levels. On the other hand a personal care and nutriment can help in the
success of the student’s development process.

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2.7 Analysis of the gap of the development process and the Malay children in
Singapore
The major gap in the research is the mindset of the children who will be considered for
the research. Most of the underprivileged students mostly do not have the intention to be
educated and lack the interest to develop them in the society. They mostly have the intention to
follow the steps of their earlier generations and carry on the same old rugged professions and
lead life in the same manner. Apart from this lack of reform in the education system is also a
deep concern for the research. There are hardly any teachers who have the aspiration to spend
time nurturing the young underprivileged child. These teachers are mostly professional and thus
do not cross the line which is fixed by the government. However changes in the education
system and proper policies of education can change the concern.
It is necessary to change the mindset of the children belonging to such communities as
majority of them are found to be having the lack of aspirations as a result of lack of mental
development and growth (Hutton et al., 2015). It was found that the education system of
Singapore is more focused to provide education through which the students can modify and
enrich their cognitive abilities. Generally, the children are taught about basic languages such as
English and their mother tongue at the early ages (Bolton et al., 2017). Also, monetary factors
are considered as one of the main reasons behind the lagging of the minor communities. Thus, it
can be argued that the educational system of the country needs to reform, and it is because of the
same reason that research should be carried out. Research should be carried out in order to
establish the sole causes behind the formation of the gap between individuals belonging to
different communities. The important role that is played by educators in the early lives of a child
life should not be undermined by the Singaporean and they should realize the importance and

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role of the same in developing cognitive abilities and skill of a child (Cohen, 2012). Thus, it
should be a point of main focus of the government of Singapore. Major steps should be taken in
order to cater to the needs of the children belonging to the under privileged groups of the country
(SoJungSeo et al., 2012).
Also, it can be said that parents are the most important teacher of an individual and their
teaching determines the majority of part of cognition and behavioral aspects of individuals
(Nagel et al., 2016). If proper teaching is introduced at the early stage the learning abilities of the
individual are bolstered. Thus, the factors discussed above can be termed as matters of great
significance as the same is responsible for the way the country shapes up. It is known that the
young generation of the community is responsible for the future sustainability of the country and
thus an important degree of attention should be paid to the early teaching as it determines the
identity of the children and country in the long run.
3. Methodology
3.1. Philosophy of Research
Research works are generally dependent on the three kinds of philosophies. The three
kinds are interpretivism, positivism as well as realism (Choy, 2014). The following research will
take into consideration the aspect of interpretivism to conduct proper research. The philosophy
of interpretivism is generally dependent on the idea that the prevalent knowledge related to the
external world depends on notions as well as the coherent sharing amongst ideas as well as
discourses (Choy, 2014). Moreover, the research cannot be conducted depending on mere
external objective facts. This philosophy is chosen and justified because interpretivism allows
the scope for interpretation and does not take into consideration the notion of objectivity. This

16RESEARCH PROPOSAL
form of methodology chiefly focuses on the combination of the factor of the researcher as well as
the subjects (Flick, 2015). Perhaps, this is one of the best forms of qualitative research as it
encompasses the interviews and observations. Here, the ontology will assist in gauging the
existential nature and the reality, which in turn, will help in answering the questions (Flick,
2015).
The following research will focus on the inculcation of epistemology as well as
ontology. While the first one focuses on relativist perspective, the second depends on the emic
approach. The second perspective or emic perspective solely focuses on the conception of the
researcher's particular perception about reality. The following research will take into
consideration the perspective generated by the insider view. Thus, most of the perspectives shall
be employed. This will act as a research philosophy, which in turn, will prove to be helpful to
find the research external of the researcher (Panneerselvam, 2014). While the epistemological
approach depends on the belief of internal reality, the philosophy of interpretivism believes in
the conception that multiple realities exist at the same time and are relative to each other. As
against the positivism research philosophy, interpretivism hardly takes into consideration the
framework of structure and interpretivism adopts certain flexible issues (Gast et al., 2014). The
approach of interpretivism fails to encompass the notion of the inherent relationship shared
between the two constituents. This philosophy considers them to be exclusive from each other
and solely concentrates on acquiring proper knowledge in connection to human instead of
arriving at general statements (Flick, 2015).
3.2. Design of Research
To conduct researches, many design frameworks are available for the disposal of the
researcher. The prominent research designs are explanatory, analytical or descriptive as well as

17RESEARCH PROPOSAL
the exploratory design model (Flick, 2015). The employment of the analytical design assists in
the comprehension of the research in descriptive terms. On the other hand, the explanatory
design serves to establish the correlation amongst the variables. Thirdly, the exploratory design
serves to implement the concepts at the early stages (Smith, 2015). For this research, the
exploratory model will be employed as it assists in exploring the innumerable concepts at the
very beginning. In addition to this, the exploratory design will also assist in the scrutiny of the
ideas as well as concepts (Smith, 2015). The model of exploratory research assists in the
development of hypothesis and in the identification of proper courses of actions (Simonsohn et
al., 2017). Once the problem associated with the research gets identified, the employment of
exploratory design can help in gauging the concepts. In addition to this, this model is selected so
as to enable the researcher to highlight the variables and to build arenas for further research
(Smith, 2015).
3.3. Method of Data Collection
In order to conduct elaborative and justified research, both primary, as well as secondary
data, should be employed. The primary method of collection of data rests on the collection of
information through survey sheets. For this research it will be collected using the on-line google
survey form. The collection of primary data rests on the collection of data through the rigorous
processes of interviews (Smith, 2015) . For this study 25 infant toddler teachers with at least two
years of experience will be interviewed. The secondary data will be generated through the
academic journals, papers, book and peer reviewed journals. In addition to this, it can be
mentioned that the process of interviews assists in the procurement of coherent information as
well as personal perspectives on the chosen topic. It can be said that interviews guarantee the
accentuated response rate of the participants (Smith, 2015). The method of interview is selected

18RESEARCH PROPOSAL
because it enables to capture the direct and undiluted response of the interviewers as well, the
interviewees and has proved to be better than most other methods. Certain limitations such as
time constraint and other difficulties act as limitations. Nevertheless, the method of interviews
assists in garnering the views of the persons who have been directly or indirectly affected by the
various nuances of the topic. In addition to this, interviews also assist in generating
comprehensive views about the processes related to research.
3.4. Method of sampling as well as the size of the sample
In order to arrive at concrete results, the following research will take into consideration
the non-probability as well as the probability sampling methods (Smith, 2015). In addition to
this, researchers need to take into consideration the factor of selecting proper as well as concrete
sample size as this can determine the proper determination of concrete results. Choosing a
sample point towards the practice of selecting from a population to ease the process of arrive at
results (Smith, 2015). The benefit of choosing probability as well as non-probability sampling
method is that it will permit the employment of probability sampling and assist in the proper
selection of the sample size for arriving at the results. The probability sampling technique will
help in the collection of random samples, which in turn, will assist in the process of selecting
random choices that are dependent on the myriad automated processes. In addition to this, it
helps the researcher in exercising the autonomy of conducting the research depending on the
basic requirements of the following research (Smith, 2015). The technique of random sampling
also assists in the further segregation of the chosen population depending upon the innumerable
criteria such as the sex, gender or race (Smith, 2015). This method will prove to be extremely
useful because it can be said that each member of each criterion is different from each other and

19RESEARCH PROPOSAL
their perceptions vary. The interviews conducted upon the three to five infant and toddler
teachers will be conducted keeping in mind data from the survey groups.
3.5. Analysis Technique for the Acquired Data
One of the most important sections related to research is the technique that needs to be
adopted for the analysis of the acquired data. Proper analysis technique will assist in the
conversion of the acquired data into concrete numbers and numeric (Gast et al., 2014). Without
the availability of proper measures to convert the acquired data into visual representations, the
facts, as well as the figures, are nothing but futile. After the acquired data is gathered, this
research will try to plunge into a conversion of the acquired data into graphical presentations.
This will enable as well as ease the process of reading and decoding the available data. The data
that is acquired will then be analyze to resolve the questions and to reach conclusions. Thematic
approach shall be employed by the research to decode and analyze the qualitative data (Gast et
al., 2014). Based on the themes of the research, the acquired data shall be analyzed. The
employment of the thematic approach will assist in the rigorous analysis of the prevalent
thematic pattern and will also assist in arriving at the hypothesis in relation to the specific
phenomenon (Gast et al., 2014). Every research bound on themes and the employment of this
theme can assist in distributing attention on each theme. The semantic, deductive, latent and
inductive approaches can be clubbed under the thematic approach (Gast et al., 2014). Focusing
on the deductive approach, the following research will endeavor to infuse the prevalent and
relevant theories and literature, which shall be justified by the acquired data from the surveys as
well as the interviews.

20RESEARCH PROPOSAL
3.6 Ethical consideration in research
Maintaining an ethical standard throughout the research is the most crucial part of a
research. According to Gast et al., (2014), there are certain values like honesty, objectivity,
integrity and objectivity required for conducting any kind of research (Gast et al., 2014). Hence,
it will be considered that while collecting the primary data from interview and surveys, no
participants are forced to give a certain opinion or give consent without their permission.
Moreover, it would be considered that the use of a particular logo is restricted as that might be
showcasing any form of advertisement (Gast et al., 2014). There would be no use of logo even in
the survey paper. In addition, it is to be kept in mind that the protection of all the members from
these communities will be ensured and enough measures would be taken to protect their interest
while conducting the research. It is important to consider that research is entirely for the
academic purpose, and any form of un-ethical and non-academic behavior will not be showcased
during the research process. Throughout the interview, it will be assured that prior consent has
been taken from the participants and the respective authorities and for that, an authorization letter
is to be ensured before conducting the research. It would be ensured that there is zero pressure
from anyone in any part of the research.
3.7 Study limitations
Situations arise where there is less control of the researcher, and it is purely external in
nature (Gast et al., 2014). As there are certain limitations for every research, it is to note that
these limitations put the major restriction on the researchers while conducting the research. The
primary restriction here is the lack of available data for the research. No matter how well it is
planned, there are bound to be certain limitations (Gast et al., 2014). In this situation, the amount
of time allotted for the research may be restricted, and this might limit the scope of the research.

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It is also to be considered that the availability of certain secondary data. It may also happen that
while collecting the primary data, consent is not given from the desired authority and it restricts
the scope of the research. Moreover, there are issues like cultural biases that can restrict the
scope of the researchers. This can also lead to a biased understanding of the issues for
consideration which may result in a shallow and parochial understanding of the issues. Hence,
these limitations are problematic for the researchers conducting the research.
3.8 Expected outcomes
This research is supposed to arrive at these possible conclusions:
1. Role that infant and toddler teachers play for the effective development among the
UPMIT in Singapore.
2. The lacking in the desired level of teaching to facilitate effective support for UPMIT in
Singapore.

22RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Fig: Gantt chart
Source: As created by the author
Activities 1st
month
1st to 10th
day
11th
to 15th
day
16th to
20th day
20th to
30th
month
Topic selection 
Collection of data both
primary and secondary
 
Layout formation 
Literature review 
Analysis and
interpretation of
collected data
  
Findings   
Concluding remarks 
Final draft 
Submission 

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References
Berk, L. (2017). Development through the lifespan. Pearson Education India.
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Appendix
Appendix 1
Questionnaire
1. What is your Age?
a. Male
b. Female
2. What is your age?
a. 21-30
b. 31-40
c. 41-50
d. 50 and above
3. Do you think teachers play a major role in development of an unprivileged child?
a. Strongly Agree
b. Agree
c. Disagree
d. Strongly Disagree
4. Do you think the government plays a major role in the development of the education
system (especially for the underprivileged)?
a) Strongly Agree
b) Agree
c) Disagree
d) Strongly Disagree
5. Do you think the family of the underprivileged children has a role in the
development of the future of the children?
a. Strongly Agree
b. Agree

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c. Disagree
d. Strongly Disagree
6. Does poverty play a major role in the absenteeism of the students?
a. Strongly Agree
b. Agree
c. Disagree
d. Strongly Disagree
7. Do you think the underprivileged children have a negative mentality against
education?
a. Strongly Agree
b. Agree
c. Disagree
d. Strongly Disagree
8. Do you think development of the students takes place in the early years of their
education?
a. Strongly Agree
b. Agree
c. Disagree
d. Strongly Disagree
9. Do you think a better education system can change the overall situation?
a. Strongly Agree
b. Agree
c. Disagree
d. Strongly Disagree
10. Do you think education along with a cultural and social knowledge can help change
the future of the underprivileged students?
a. Strongly Agree
b. Agree
c. Disagree
d. Strongly Disagree