Environmental Problem: Factory Air Pollution

This report discusses the environmental problem of factory air pollution, its physical, natural, and social environmental damages, regulations and economic instruments needed to minimize the level of damages, and the main barriers of implementing these regulations and instruments. It also provides recommendations for the government of Fiji.

Research Question-
Resource and
Environmental
Economics

Contents
Aims and objective-.....................................................................................................................................3
INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................3
(a) Environmental problem:..............................................................................................................3
(b) Physical, natural and social environmental damages this problem causes..........................................4
(c) Regulation needed to minimize the level of damages.........................................................................5
(d) Economic instrument(s) needed to minimize the level of damages....................................................6
(e) The main barriers of implementing the new regulation/economic instruments..................................7
Conclusion and recommendation:...............................................................................................................7
REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................9

Aims and objective-
For any kinds of project or research, aims & objectives need to be clear and specific. This
is so because on the basis of it readers can aware about research or project. Herein, below key
aims and objectives of a research is mentioned in such manner:
 Analyzing key environmental problem in Fiji.
 Determining regulation and economic instruments to reduce levels.
 Key barriers of applying above mentioned regulations and instruments.
INTRODUCTION
Environmental economics is a sub-sector of the economy concerned with environmental
problems. It's become an intensively researched subject due to increased environmental issues in
the 21st century (Heck, Farrauto and Gulati, 2016). The project report is based on an
environmental problem that is factory air pollution. In further part of report, regulation and
economic instruments are mentioned which needs to be applied in the Fiji or already applied. As
well as barriers are also mentioned that can occur in applying these regulations.
(a) Environmental problem:
Factory air pollution- Factory pollution is also considered to be the most noticeable and smelly
smokestack pollutants. The most popular industrial pollution emissions are greenhouse gasses
from fossil fuel combustion (Straif, Cohen,and Samet, 2017). Factories lead to water and soil
contamination by acidifying climate, industrial emissions and hazardous waste disposal. Air
pollution occurs when harmful or excessive amounts of drugs are tried to introduce into the
upper orbit. Air emission causes contain gasses (such as gasoline, carbon monoxide, sulfur
dioxide, nitrous oxides, methane and chlorofluorocarbons), dioxide (organic and inorganic) and
natural entities. It may carry illness, allergic reactions or even result in death; it may damage
other life forms, such as animals and plant products, and may damage the natural or built
environment. Both human influence and geological cycles can cause air pollution.

In Fiji's urban areas, diesel vehicles is one of the most frequent and aggressive
forms of pollution. There are large and growing quantities of private enterprises,
especially motor vehicles, adding to the context levels of air pollution. “Smoke is
the visible portion of particulate pollution. There are numerous causes of air
pollution in Fiji that include (in order of the seriousness of the problem): Vehicle
emissions Accessible Burn – going to burn of landfill sites and Garden burn or
trying to burn of solid waste and many more.
(b) Physical, natural and social environmental damages this problem causes.
Physical damage- A wide range of pollutants have recognized or accused negative
impacts on health and the environment of human beings (Seinfeld and Pandis, 2016). In most
parts of Fiji, these pollutants are primarily the components of oxidation from heat pumps,
electricity production or from motor traffic. Pollutants from these sources may not only prove a
problem in the immediate vicinity of these sources but can travel long distances.
Natural damage-As well as due to factory air pollution, natural damages also occur such
as poor air quality, unclear weather and many more. Like in Fiji, because of factory air pollution
a lot of issues regards to natural aspect occur.
Environmental damage- due to factory air pollution various kinds of environmental
damages incurs such as:
 Global warming- According to forecasts, at the present pace of rise, the maximum global
temperature rises by 3 ° C to 8 ° C over the next 100 years (Kurt, Zhang and Pinkerton,
2016). This would impact the ecology of various countries, distribution of plants and

animals, disruption in cultivation and food processing, removal of snow caps and
subsequent rise in sea levels. In the Fiji, temperature is increasing.
 Formation of acid rain- Sulfur and nitrogen acids react with gases in the air generating
acid and nitric acid. These enzymes come back down together with the bad weather ().
This occurrence is named acid rain. The pH of acid rain differs from 3-6. The source of
acid rain is hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid and heavy carbonic acid. Such as in the Fiji,
acid rain may occur if factories will continue produce harmful gases.
Suggestion:
(c) Regulation needed to minimize the level of damages.
This is essential for each nation’s government to apply effective regulations to reduce air
pollution due to many causes. In the aspect of Fiji, they apply below mentioned regulation that is
as follows such as:
 National Ambient air quality standards- National Ambient Air Quality Standards
(NAAQS), in the Fiji, permissible concentrations of toxic emissions established by the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in order to comply with the Clean Air Act
(CAA). The CAA developed two types of requirements for air quality (About regulation
applied in Fiji, 2020). Primary requirements include the acceptable amount of air quality
required to prevent individuals from being sick and thus are directed at maintaining
public safety.
Other regulations that need to be apply in Fiji:

 Shut down those factories which produce higher pollution- The government of Fiji needs
to formulate a regulation according to which those factories which are producing higher
pollution and exceeds the criteria than these factories need to be closed. It is so because
due to these factories, this country is facing lot of issues such as negative impact on
environment, on people health and many more. In addition, government of above nation
should make this regulation compulsory for all factories.
(d) Economic instrument(s) needed to minimize the level of damages.
Along with the regulations, economic instruments also need to be applied by government
of a country. In the aspect of above Fiji, they apply economic instrument that is as follows:
 Enforcement incentive policy- These instruments are punishments intended to prompt
polluters to conform to natural principles and guidelines (About economic instrument
applied in Fiji, 2020). They incorporate resistance expenses (for example fines) charged
to polluters when their releases surpass acknowledged levels, execution bonds
(installments made to administrative specialists before a conceivably dirtying movement
is attempted, and afterward returned when the natural execution is demonstrated to be
worthy), and obligation task, which gives impetuses to genuine or on the other hand
potential polluters to ensure the earth by making them obligated for any harm they cause.
This section just tends to fines since they are the most regularly utilized requirement
motivating forces, especially in the region of water contamination control. In the aspect
of Fiji, this economic instrument has been applied in order to reduce overall pollution.
Other economic instruments that need to be apply in Fiji:
 Pollution charges- A contamination charge or duty can be characterized as a "cost" to be
paid on the utilization of the environment. The four primary sorts of charges utilized for
controlling contamination are: (I) profluent charges, for example charges which depend
on the amount as well as nature of the released toxins, (ii) client charges, for example
charges paid for the utilization of group treatment offices, (greetings) item charges, for

example charges exacted on items that are hurtful to the earth when utilized as a
contribution to the creation procedure, devoured, or discarded, and (iv) managerial
charges, for example charges paid to experts for such purposes as compound enlistment
or financing permitting and contamination control exercises. This economic regulation
needs to apply in the Fiji so that level of pollution can be reduced.
(e) The main barriers of implementing the new regulation/economic instruments.
Though, above mentioned regulations and economic instruments are beneficial for reducing
level of pollution. But in every nation, there are some barriers which can affect or ruin to
apply different regulations. Herein, below key barriers are mentioned that may occur in
implementing above mentioned new regulations and instruments:
Barriers in applying regulations:
 Negative impact on labors- As per the above regulation that all those companies which
produce higher pollution must be shut down. Due to which labors may face issue of
unemployment as they will not have any jobs if companies will be shut down.
Barriers in applying economic instrument:
 Lack of support from factories- In the suggested economic instrument, there is a barrier
which is that factories may not support to government. As well as factories may hide
actual data from government this may lead to failure of this instrument.
Conclusion and recommendation:
On the basis of above project report this can be concluded that it is essential for nation
that they should focus on controlling environmental issues. Under the report, factory air pollution
in Fiji is explained in a detailed manner. The report concludes that they are facing numerous
issues due to factory air pollution such as acid rain and many more. For this purpose they are

applying different types of regulations and instrument to overcome from these issues. In
addition, under further part of report possible regulations and instrument are suggested which can
be applied by above government. Though, this implementation can face some barriers.
Recommendation:
 The government of Fiji should focus on countering possible barriers in applying
suggested regulations and economic instruments.
 The government should promote people to protect their environment so that environment
can be protected.
 As well as government should concentrate on those factors that is resulting in higher
pollution.
 Government of Fiji needs to make evaluation of pollution levels after an equal time
period so that possible solutions can be applied.

REFERENCES
Books and journal:
Heck, R.M., Farrauto, R.J. and Gulati, S.T., 2016. Catalytic air pollution control: commercial
technology. John Wiley & Sons.
Seinfeld, J.H. and Pandis, S.N., 2016. Atmospheric chemistry and physics: from air pollution to
climate change. John Wiley & Sons.
Straif, K., Cohen, A. and Samet, S., 2017. Air Pollution and c? ncer.
Kurt, O.K., Zhang, J. and Pinkerton, K.E., 2016. Pulmonary health effects of air
pollution. Current opinion in pulmonary medicine, 22(2), p.138.
Online:
About regulation applied in Fiji, 2020 [Online] available through:<
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308881010_Managing_air_quality_in_Suva_Fij
i >
About economic instrument applied in Fiji, 2020 [Online] available through:<
https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/144570972.pdf>