Research Report Presentation

This presentation discusses the understanding of false beliefs in 15-month-old infants and its implications in child psychology. It explores the theory of representation mind and the role of familiarization and belief induction in the formation of false beliefs. The research findings suggest that children are born with an abstract computational system that guides their interpretation of others' behavior. The presentation also discusses the methodology used in the research and presents the conclusions and discussions based on the empirical data collected. The findings of this research can have significant implications in developing pedagogy for infants and supporting autistic children.

Research Report Presentation
Research Question:
Do 15-Month-Old Infants Understand False Beliefs?

Introduction
The theory of representation mind says that “ kids start responding to
false beliefs at the age of three when they start determining the behaviors
of the other, should we sustain this theory or we need an amendment ?
• Does this hold true for fifteen-month-old infants as well?
• Can we find an answer to this question with the help of “Violation of the
expression method.” ?
• What is the role of familiarization and belief induction , in the process of
the formation of a false belief. How it is different in the case of infants.
• What type of strategies infants can apply in order to form a belief or a
false belief?

Introduction
The importance of the research
This research can act as a milestone in the field of understanding child psychology.
The recommendations obtained through this research can help experts in developing
a pedagogy for the infants. The findings of this research can also support autistic
children as well.
The research findings forming the base of the study
Many two-year-old kids performed standard false belief talk stem and modified false
belief task stem successfully. This success indicates the presence of some low-level
strategies and sophisticated strategy to complete this task. In the current research,
the researchers want to identify these strategies and come up with an evidence-
based finding.
Hypothesis
As an adult we are aware of the holding and formation of false beliefs, with the help
of a kid researchers wish to understand more about the origins of this ability in the
terms of neuronal correlates and social competence.

Methods and Procedures
The method of the
“violation of the
expectation” was
implemented over a child.
The number of the infants
participated = 15
The ration of the successful
search based on the “false
belief”= 100 percent

Methods and Procedures
The method of Belief Induction
Trials Single belief induction,
multiple belief induction trials were
conducted over 56 healthy infants
were divided into seven groups,
were subjected to two false beliefs
and two true beliefs. The criteria to
judge their affinity with the false
beliefs was based upon the
attention span of the kids during
each activity.

Methods and Procedures
Single test trial were
conducted over 56
healthy infants were
divided into seven groups.
27 among them were
females and 29 among
them were males. They
were subjected to three
experimental fields. While
the researchers check
their span of attention
towards the act.

Methods and Procedures
• While collecting the samples under
the given three procedures,
fourteen kids were disqualified
because they failed in maintaining
certain pre-conditions such as
• Inattentiveness
• Parenteral interference
• Fussiness
• Observational errors.
However, the number of such kids
was in minority this is why it can be
considered as a negotiable variable
under the research.

Results
Based on the conclusions drawn from the empirical data collection
Based on the findings from the empirical data collection
The following conclusions can be made
• Children are born with an abstract computational system that guides their
interpretation of others’ behavior to appeal to other mental states like
the goals, beliefs, and perceptions.
• Children infer to misleading or useful clues related to certain objects.The
formation of superficial expectations is present and it allows a linking of
diverse perception that can support false beliefs.
• The behavior of the kids can challenge prevailing notions associated with
the behavior of pre-schoolers where most of the experts believe that kids
at this juncture undergo a fundamental change from a
nonrepresentational to a representational theory of mind.

Results
The success or the failure of the hypothesis in
accordance with the results
• The findings confirms the presence of a
superficial perception
• The findings confirms the ability to differentiate
the perceptions
• The findings confirms the presence of an abstract
computational system

Discussions
Author’s Conclusion
The utility of the empirical findings
for some direct and tangent issues
• Utilization in the field of the
diagnosis of Autism at an early
age
• Opens a gateway for future
research in a relatively dark area.
• Evidences supporting the
presence of a Computational
system that allows them to
predict about the behavior of
the others

Discussions
Achievement levels with the
Hypothesis of the research
What is the right time when a
representational brain makes an
entry in the life of an infant, the
previous researches in this
direction were indicating towards a
time period in the age group of
three and four respectively? The
hypothesis of the current research
was aimed to discover the same
tendencies at the age of 15
months.

Limitations, future directions and room for
improvement
14 out of 56 subjects
showed no interest in
the exercise by declining
all the three tests. The
performance of the
failure in all the three
tests is consistent and it
cannot be ignored while
going for the exercise of
the generalization of the
results.

Limitations, future directions and room for
improvement
The failure of a huge
chunk of the sample to
perform the exercise
also decreases its
spectrum for the future
researches based on the
success of the
hypothesis in this
research.

Multiple Choice Questions
For more than two decades, researchers have
argued that young children do not understand
mental states such as beliefs. The evidence that
they presented to prove this hypothesis was an
experiment conducted with…
A) Infants B)
B) New Born Babies C)
C) Pre-schoolers

Multiple Choice Questions
As a precursor to this research many researchers
experimented with modified false belief tasks
with the kids. What was the minimum age of
success in these previous attempts?
A)One month
B)Three years
C)Two years

Multiple Choice Question
While conducting the violation of the belief
tests, the ratio of failure was
A)Consistence
B)Inconsistent
C)Zero

Multiple Choice Question
14 samples failed because of four reasons during
the test. Mark one of the reasons which was not
present in the list of the researchers ?
A) Parental interference
B) Fussy Behaviour of the infant
C) Infant was sick

References
• Baillargeon, R. paper presented at Munich Encounters in Cognition and
Action, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences; Munich,
Germany. 5 November 2004;
• Baron-Cohen, S. Mindblindness: An Essay on Autism and Theory of Mind. MIT
Press; Cambridge, MA: 1997
• Gopnik, A.; Wellman, HM. Domain Specificity in Cognition and Culture.
Hirschfeld, L.; Gelman, S., editors. Cambridge Univ. Press; New York: 1994. p.
257-293.
• Perner, J. Understanding the Representational Mind. MIT Press; Cambridge,
MA: 1991
• Premack, D.; Premack, AJ. The Cognitive Neurosciences. Gazzaniga, MS.,
editor. MIT Press; Cambridge, MA: 1995. p. 205-218.
• Onishi, KH.; Baillargeon, R. paper presented at the International Conference
on Infant Studies; Chicago, IL. 6 to 10 May 2004

Multiple Choice Question
During the course of the research a sample
population of 56 healthy infants participated,
how many among them were females?
A)27
B)29
C) 28