Ethics and Governance in Decision Making

This essay discusses the importance of ethics and governance in decision making. It explores different ethical approaches and theories such as deontology and teleology. The articles critiqued in this essay provide insights into the role of ethics in organizations and the impact of ethical decision making. The essay also highlights the significance of normative and non-normative approaches in ethics.

Ethics and Governance 1 Template.
Research Skills
Development

Ethics and Governance 1 Template.
Contents
INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................3
BODY.....................................................................................................................................................3
Section 1................................................................................................................................................3
SECTION 2..............................................................................................................................................6
CONCLUSION.........................................................................................................................................6
REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................................7

Ethics and Governance 1 Template.
INTRODUCTION
Every company is required to follow certain ethics and norms which allow them to take
decision in moral and ethical way. There are various ethical principles which need to be followed.
Also, different ethical theories and approaches that are applied such as deontology, teleology,
etc. as well. This essay will discuss about 4 articles which will be critiqued.
BODY
Section 1
The normative likely approach of each deontology which state that actions are good and bad that
are as per set rules.
Gupta R. 2019, Ethics and ethical dilemmas–a practical approach. Vinimaya. 2019; Vol: 40
No 1, pp. 5–19.
Ethics needs to be practiced……… professional life. ( Gupta, 2019, page 6 para 2)
The paragraph is significant as it shows how decision take effect on organisation. This shows
outcomes of decision on business. Also, the paragraph is selected as it shows role of manager in
decision making.
This paragraph shows that manager need to take decisions which is in interest of business. They
need to follow ethics to safeguard individual and groups. It is analysed that paragraph reflects on
normative ethics perspective. The manager need to follow ethics. The paragraph shows normative
ethics. This means manager need to act in moral sense. It set moral standards of right and wrong.
Hence, good governance need to be maintained. The people expect good from public servant.
First, banks must …….. society. ( Gupta, 2019, page 6 para 6)
The para is important as it shows why banks should follow rules and regulations. It indicate that in
banks ethics is based on 4 pillars that is fairness, trust, behaviour and laws. The perspective of ethics
in this indicate that banks need to be truthful towards society. They follow moral rules that impact
on society. Bank must do good in favour of society. The para follows normative approach of study
as bank follow standards of what is right and wrong. They do to other what they expect stakeholder
and society to do for them. For example- if they gain confidence of society then society also trust
them.
An ethical approach should ensure that the actions are not harmful to others and not undertaken in
self-interest. ( Gupta, 2019, page 8 para 1)
This para state that ethical actions must not be harmful for others. It indicate that that action must
not be taken which can cause harm to other and benefit ourselves. It is critiqued that Kantian ethics
is applied here. There are moral principles applied at universal level. So it means that no action is to
be taken which cause harm to others. It follows non normative approach as action may impact
differently to everyone. It means impact of harm is different as it depends on self interest of person.
The aim is to sensitise employees to ethical norms and minimise the chances of unethical behaviour
occurring in the organisation. ( Gupta, 2019, page 9 para 4)

Ethics and Governance 1 Template.
The para shows that employees must behave ethically in company. Thus, it also state ethics followed
in business. It state ethical behaviour of employees in organisation. It is critiqued that normative as
following unethical behaviour will affect everyone in organisation at same time. It followed
normative approach of ethics as if employee behave in unethical way in organisation then it affect all
other in same way.
Hiekkataipale, M. and Lämsä, A.-M. (2017), “(A)moral agents in organisations? The
significance of ethical organisational culture for middle managers’ exercise of moral
agency in ethical
problems”, Journal of Business Ethics Vol. 155, No. 1, 147–161
This corporate ethical virtues model …..behave (Hiekkataipale and Lämsä 2017, page 149 para 5)
This para provide overview of ethical model which is followed by business to work in ethical way.
It allows them to create an ethical culture in it. The para is chosen as it links culture with ethics.
Also, it indicate staff to work in ethical way. It is critiqued that as per ethics perspective non
normative ethics is followed. Here, having 8 virtue of model will led to behave in more ethical
way. It follow non normative approach of ethics as following of concept will result to behave in
ethical way. So, it is fact that virtue led to behave ethically by staff and creating a good culture.
There are several……… over time. (Hiekkataipale and Lämsä 2017, page 151 para 7)
This para show relationship between ethical virtue and moral agency. It indicate that moral and
ethics work together. The individual moral increases when he works in ethical way. The people
monitor their behaviour and guide actions. So, on basis of it changes are made by them. It can
be critiqued behaviour is related to ethics. It shapes moral of individual. So, as per deontological
ethics virtue is reward of ethics. There need to be act morally for human welfare. Here, normative
approach of ethics is followed. This state developing of virtue by organisation led to doing good.
It is concerned with doing right which have a direct impact on human behaviour
In our data……… managers. (Hiekkataipale and Lämsä 2017, page 155 para 11)
The para state that unethical decision led to lack of transparency. It also result in moral conflicts
as well. It indicate that low transparency led to ethical issues in middle managers. And it is
accepted by upper manager. It is evaluated that deontological ethics is applied which state some
acts are morally wrong in spite of its result. Hence, manager unethical behaviour led to
malpractices and other issues. The normative approach is followed that means middle manager
should do what upper manager has done. They need to maintain transparency level and solve
ethical issues. Any manager should not act in wrong way in middle level.
In the first place……… disengaged reasoning. (Hiekkataipale and Lämsä 2017, page 158 para 2)
It is important it shows what type of behaviour is observed from peers, managers, etc. also, there
is need to maintain high transparency in it. Moral standards strengthen self efficacy of manager.
It indicate that transparency, moral standards, etc. motivate ethical behaviour. It also led to
ignoring issues by manager. It is analysed ethical perspective is that Unitarianism ethics is
follows that show right from wrong. This means solving ethical issues will led to positive results.
Here, normative approach of study is applied as doing both right and wrong will have implication
on outcomes. If high manager behave unethical then middle will also behave in unethical way.
Reddy Y.R.K., 2009, The ethics of corporate governance An Asian
perspective, International Journal of Law and Management, Vol. 51 No. 1,
pp. 17-26
Though the OCED…..codes and guidelines. (Reddy 2009, page 18, para 3)

Ethics and Governance 1 Template.
Here, it state that principle of corporate governance is taken from various markets.
Thus, laws are established as per rights of stakeholder and agreement done. The
para indicate that stakeholder can support in increasing value of firm. Thus, they can
violate their rights for it but only to cover legal risks in it. It is critiqued that
corporate principle taken focus on rights of stakeholder. They can violate their rights
to solve legal dispute. Thus, here Kantian ethics perspective is taken. So, these
corporate rights apply to all companies. Thus, normative approach is applied as it is
concerned with stakeholder rights. Here, right is that stakeholder cover legal risks
but wrong is that they violate their rights in it.
In essence……….as ‘‘expansive’’. (Reddy 2009, page 21, para 2).
The significance of para is that it shows what CSR structure, management
techniques, etc. is followed by companies. Besides, how social interaction is
maintained. It indicates that stakeholder and shareholder is not having trade. Now
firms are using new and modern techniques and ways. The duties to be performed
are changed. Thus, it is critiqued that ethics followed by companies is towards
society. They are meeting needs of society, customer, employees, etc. by working in
ethical way. So, as per normative perspective firm is doing what they want
stakeholder to do. The normative study approach is applied as it set moral standards
to regulate right and wrong. So, corporate structure, CSR bench mark, duties, etc.
are some standard which regulate ethical behaviour of companies.
Further, as was…… maximisation goals. (Reddy 2009, page 22, para 4).
Its importance is that some government firm forcefully interfere. The SOE’s has led
to development but markets are undeveloped. SOE’s works for society. There are
many privatization occurring. It indicate that SOE’s are working ethically due to
which they exist in society. But use of rights or power y shareholder to capture SOE
is wrong. Thus, a new structure is formed for it. It can be critiqued that use of rights
by stakeholder is wrong. This is unethical way of interfere in SOE. Hence, OCED
guideline allow them to do so.
Here, non normative approach is applied. Here, stakeholder believe what they have
to do. They can interfere as per OCED guidelines. It focus on accountability of SOE
rather than social welfare.
Christensen, SL. and Kohls J, 2003, Ethical Decision Making in Times of
Organizational Crisis A Framework for Analysis, Business & Society, Vol. 42
No. 3, 328-358.
The focus of article….. defensible (Christensen and Kohls 2003, page 332, para 2).
It shows importance of ethical decision making in crisis. Also, it state that decision making
process must be evaluated to find out ethics followed. This para indicate definition of ethical
decision making and process to be followed in it. Also, ethics should be focused rather than
decisions made. As per Kantian ethics the moral principles need to be applied in crisis. So, in
decision making moral principle of ethics is applied in it. Here, non normative approach is
followed which does not mean that whether decision taken is ethically right or wrong. Also,
process followed is as per ethics or not.
It is also generally agreed…….recognised. (Christensen and Kohls 2003, page 334, para 2).

Ethics and Governance 1 Template.
The para shows that in cognitive ability limit groups to follow ethics but stakeholder take
advantage of it and influence power of decision maker. This para indicate that in crisis
stakeholder do not follow ethics and take decision. But they do not have power there is no
influence of them. So, as per ethical perspective stakeholder does not follow ethics when they
are having power. The ethics in decision making are not followed because stakeholder power
remain salient. It follows non normative approach as stakeholder may act as what they believe.
They might not follow ethics in decision making so that crisis is overcome.
The literature on ………ethical decision making (Christensen and Kohls 2003, page
348, para 2).
This para is significant as it shows characteristics or factors which led to unethical decision
making. So, a model is proposed by Jones for it. It indicate that 4 stage model of decision making
is followed. This helps in behaving as per moral ethics. It can be stated that no ethics are applied
in decision making. Even the model applied is not effective when legal and moral principles are
followed in it. Thus, here normative approach is followed that is what is right and wrong.
Therefore, Jones model is followed that is right way of moral decision making.
One additional source
Khomba, J.K. and Vermaak, F.N., 2012. Business ethics and corporate governance: An African
socio-cultural framework.
In this the business ethics foundations are mentioned. Ethics refers to a set of rules that
define right and wrong conduct and that help individuals distinguish between fact and belief, right
and wrong. Stakeholder involvement in the value creation activities in terms of profit. Companies
in Africa are premised on an inclusive stakeholder-centred approach of business ethics and
corporate governance rather than on an exclusive shareholder-centred approach in business
ethics and corporate governance. They follow normative ethics theory which that is what is right
and wrong.
SECTION 2
Moral standards strengthen self efficacy of manager. It indicate that transparency, moral
standards, etc. motivate ethical behaviour. It also led to ignoring issues by manager. It is
analysed ethical perspective is that Unitarianism ethics is follows that show right from wrong.
This means solving ethical issues will led to positive results. The normative approach is followed
that means middle manager should do what upper manager has done. They need to maintain
transparency level and solve ethical issues. Any manager should not act in wrong way in middle
level.
CONCLUSION
Hereby, it is summarised that business is required to follow ethics in decision making. The
most common ethical approach followed is deontology. It has enabled organisation and stakeholder
to take decisions in ethical way. Besides normative and non normative are common two basic
approach followed.

Ethics and Governance 1 Template.
REFERENCES
Books and journals
Christensen, SL. and Kohls J, 2003, Ethical Decision Making in Times of Organizational Crisis A
Framework for Analysis, Business & Society, Vol. 42 No. 3, 328-358.
Gupta R. 2019, Ethics and ethical dilemmas–a practical approach. Vinimaya. 2019; Vol: 40 No 1,
pp. 5–19.
Hiekkataipale, M. and Lämsä, A.-M. (2017), “(A)moral agents in organisations? The significance
of ethical organisational culture for middle managers’ exercise of moral agency in ethical
problems”, Journal of Business Ethics Vol. 155, No. 1, 147–161
Reddy Y.R.K., 2009, The ethics of corporate governance An Asian perspective, International
Journal of Law and Management, Vol. 51 No. 1, pp. 17-26
Khomba, J.K. and Vermaak, F.N., 2012. Business ethics and corporate governance: An African
socio-cultural framework.