Terrorism's Effect on Tourism in Egypt

This research examines the impact of terrorism on Egypt's tourism industry, including its effect on revenue and consumer behavior. It also analyzes the steps taken by the government to combat terrorism and revive the industry.

Research Topic
Terrorism’s Effect on Tourism in Egypt
Bachelor Thesis
Geneva Business School
Bachelor in International Management
Submitted by:
Mariam Mounib
Geneva, Switzerland
Approved on the application of:
Dr. Steven Mallon, Global Dean of Geneva Business School
And
Dr. N. Jackman-Lansdowne
Date: XXXXXXXXXXXXX

Declaration of Authorship
“I hereby declare:
● That I have written this work on my own without other people’s help (copy-editing,
translation, etc.) and without the use of any aids other than those indicated;
● That I have mentioned all the sources used and quoted them correctly in accordance
with academic quotation rules;
● That the topic or parts of it are not already the object of any work or examination of
another course unless this has been explicitly agreed on with the faculty member in
advance;
● That my work may be scanned in and electronically checked for plagiarism.”
Date: XXXXXXXX
Name: Mariam Mounib
Signature:

Acknowledgements
"First of all I thank my teachers and advisors for the help they offered me throughout my
research period and throughout my tenure at Geneva Business School. Their constant help in
editing and advising allowed me to complete this very important work in my life. I would also
like to thank Mr. Samih Sawiris for so generously allotting me time from his very busy schedule
and allowing me to interview him and giving me insight into tourism in Egypt from a firsthand
perspective. Finally, I would like to thank my parents for the unceasing support they have
always given me and for the opportunities provided to me by them."

Table of Contents
Declaration of Authorship...............................................................................................................1
Acknowledgements.........................................................................................................................2
Table of Contents.............................................................................................................................3
Chapter 1: Introduction ...................................................................................................................5
Chapter 2: Summary of Literature Review .....................................................................................7
The Growth of the Tourism Industry Across the World.............................................................8
The Connection Between Terrorism and Tourism......................................................................8
The Psychology Behind the Behavior of Tourists.....................................................................13
Economic Impact of Terrorism on the Demand of Tourism.....................................................13
Socio-Economic and Cultural Reasons Tourists are Terrorist Targets.....................................14
Chronology of Attacks on Egyptian Territory...........................................................................15
Tourism Reform Initiatives Taken by the Egyptian Government.............................................16
Administrative Reforms, Capacity Building and Legislative Reforms.....................................16
Rebranding Egyptian Tourism and Partnership with CNN.......................................................17
Literature Gap............................................................................................................................18
Summary....................................................................................................................................19
Chapter 3: body of Thesis .............................................................................................................19
Introduction...............................................................................................................................19
Justification of the research ......................................................................................................20
Implementation of the research strategy as well as the research settings .................................20
Research Philosophy..................................................................................................................20
Research Design........................................................................................................................21
Research approach ...................................................................................................................21
Empirical model of the research................................................................................................21
Data Presentation and Modification Is this section missing or is this a title?..........................24
Data Collection Method.............................................................................................................24
Sampling....................................................................................................................................25
Research Data analysis..............................................................................................................26
Limitations and Strengths of the Research ...............................................................................26
Chapter 4: Findings ......................................................................................................................27

Abstract
The tourism industry of Egypt is currently facing some major difficulties due to terrorism and
other factors. The purpose of this research is to find out the impact of terrorism on the revenue of
the tourism industry of the nation, and to consider the steps that have been already taken by the
government of Egypt in order to suggest and recommend what should be done next to combat
terrorism in order to empower the tourism industry further.
The philosophy of this research is interpretivism in that it involves the researcher’s interpreted
elements of the study and human interest. Accordingly, this philosophy emphasizes qualitative
analysis over quantitative analysis. The design of the research is descriptive as it explains and
validates the hypothesis of the correlation between terrorist attacks and level of tourism in Egypt.
This research conducted a qualitative research process through interviewing a business person in
Egyptian tourism industry named Samih Sawiris. Both the literature review and QDA
(Qualitative Data Analyzer) miner based thematic analysis have been done for data analysis.
Chapter 1: Introduction
The tourism industry in Egypt is referred to as one of the leading sources of income that
is crucial to the economy of the nation. During its peak season, the tourism sector of Egypt

employs about 12 percent of the workforce of the country, serving 14.7 million visitors in the
nation approximately (Neumayer & Plümper, 2016). As per the data collected in the year 2015,
during the peak season of tourism, the total amount of revenue earned by the mentioned sector is
nearly 12.5 billion dollars, which is roughly 11 to 14.4 percent of the foreign country revenue
(Avraham, 2015).
The tourism industry of Egypt started flourishing in the 1950s. In the year 1951, the total
number of tourists in Egypt was nearly 0.1 million (Kapuściński & Richards, 2016). However,
the nation evidenced a drastic rise in the tourism sector from 1975 onwards due to a number of
factors. Firstly, this was the period when Egypt eased Visa restrictions for many of the European,
as well as North American countries. Secondly, Egypt established embassies in new countries
like Austria, the Netherlands, Finland and Denmark. Thirdly, during the 2000s, the tourist inflow
of Egypt increased despite the Luxor Masacre which took place in 1997. This increase was due
to highly developed consumer services which were provided to consumers in the nation and
immediately after the New Year’s Millenium Concert which was organized by the Ministry of
Tourism at the foot of the Great Pyramids of Giza. In the year 2010, tourism was found to reach
a high point generating about 12.5 billion dollars (Morakabati & Kapuściński, 2016). However,
with an increase in the number of terrorist attacks and the onset of the revolution in the
mentioned nation, from the year 2012, a gradual decrement in the number of tourists in Egypt
was noticed. Some of the mention worthy attacks that are responsible for the decrement of
tourism in Egypt include the Cairo terrorist attack, the Dahab Bombing and the recent bombing
in the Giza region in the year 2018.
Although the Luxor massacre took place in the year 1997, and tourism continued to
flourish after that date, new attacks brought this tragedy to the forefront with the Arab Spring as
nations began to give travel warnings to their citizens. Media coverage began to highlight the
once forgotten incident with statistics. Approximately fifty-eight foreign tourists were killed.
According to researchers, the exiled leaders of Al-Jama’a al-Islamiyya, an Egyptian Islamic
organization, instigated the massacre. The attack took place at Deir-el-Bahari, one of the top
tourists attractions in the temple of Queen Hatshepsut. The terrorist attacks which began in the
90s, have continued on a certain level despite the amount of attention they received from the
media. In more recent years, these attacks have received more official coverage from television
networks and unofficial coverage due to the rise of the use of social media and consumer
generated “news”. This is an indicator of the development of how we receive information and
how we react to it and the correlation between digital advancements and the flow of information.
Several incidents which have taken place in recent years may not have reached global attention
had it not been for social media. This coverage has had a more direct effect on tourism than
events which took place in the pre digital era.
On December 28th, 2018, three Vietnamese tourists, as well as an Egyptian tour guide,
were killed after a roadside bomb struck their tourist bus in the Giza region (Buigut, 2018). In
addition, more than 11 individuals were wounded in this attack. Repeated terrorist attacks led to
a drastic decrement in tourists in the nation. Thus, it is a clear correlation between the tourist
attacks that have taken place and the negative impact evidenced in the business of tourism. The
rationale of this research is to find out the impact of terrorism on the tourism industry of Egypt.
Terrorism has resulted in the decrease of revenue in the nation’s tourism industry. From the
annual reports and diminishing GDP of the nation, it is evident that the revenue from the tourism

industry has diminished considerably. The gap between forecasted expectations and actual
numbers is considerable. While expectations for 2015 were $8bn, this number is a considerable
drop from tourism revenues prior to the 2011 revolution which were well above $13bn.
As an ancient land full of culture and history, Egypt relies on its tourism as a vital source
of its economic stability. In recent years, the country has struggled with its ability to earn
foreign investments and exchange and has reached historically low reserves of $16.4bn as of
October 2018. This is barely enough to cover three months of imports. Considering the fact that
repeated terrorist attacks in the country have the potential to create safety and security concerns
in the minds of the international tourists, the research aims to analyze the impact of terrorism on
the revenue of the tourism industry of the nation. This paper will carefully consider the steps
that have been taken by the government to date in order to suggest and recommend further plans
and strategies. Further detail will be analyzed and discussed throughout the paper with the aim
of minimizing the impact of terrorism and empowering Egyptian tourism. This information will
be corroborated with data.
Four crucial chapters will follow the introduction (chapter 1) of the research paper. In
chapter 2, a summary of review of academic literatures that are relevant to the research topic has
been conducted. In this section, the tourism industry of Egypt, as well as the issues faced within
it due to terrorism has been briefly discussed. The literature review section includes review of
both primary as well as secondary research papers that possess relevance within the study. Along
with this identification of the gaps and shortcomings of the current knowledge, a justification for
conducting the research in this region has been included. Chapter 3 is the body of the thesis. In
this section the methodology that has been used for conducting the research has been stated. A
theoretical model of the empirical study has also been provided in this section. In chapter 4, the
findings obtained from the research conducted has been stated and analyzed. In-depth interviews
as a source of primary data, and literature reviews as the source of secondary data have been
used. An interview with Samih Sawiris answered eight questions that helped define and explain
what his company does to help to promote and boost tourism during the times when terrorism
affects the industry, and how he has personally dealt with situations that have almost led to the
bankruptcy of his company. In addition, thematic analysis of the data has been conducted in this
section. Finally, Chapter 5 includes the summary of the research paper, conclusion as well as
recommendations in order to diminish the adverse impact of terrorism on the tourism industry of
Egypt. In this section, interpretation as well as summarization of the results in accordance to the
aim and objectives of the research paper has been conducted. The researcher has compared the
findings with those of the previous research as well as literatures and has sought reasons for
explaining the similarities and dissimilarities between the findings. Based on the conclusion,
effective recommendations to deal with the research issue have also been provided. Finally, a
detailed action plan for the stakeholders in the research problem has been discussed in this
report. The topic of this research paper is worth researching because tourism is so important for
Egypt, especially because of what is and has been happening in neighboring countries and the
Egyptian revolution that happened.
The main aim of the research paper is to identify the impact that terrorism has had on Egypt’s
tourism industry. The first objective of the research paper is to find out how terrorism can impact
the consumer behavior of the tourism industry. The second objective of the research is to find out
how terrorism is affecting the profitability of the tourism industry and the third objective

includes analyzing the steps taken by the government of Egypt for managing the impact of
terrorism on the tourism industry. Through careful analyses and consideration of data, a proper
recommendation for future strategic and marketing plans can be put in place and implemented to
revive the tourism industry in the country and encourage future foreign investments.
Chapter 2: Summary of Literature Review
In this section, a review of academic literature that is relevant to the research topic (the
impact of terrorism on the tourism sector of Egypt) has been conducted. The aim of the literature
review is to evaluate the assessment of the current state of research on the topic. A search of
relevant information sources will help determine what is already known about the topic and how
extensively the topic has already been researched. Secondly, literature review will help the
research to identify the key questions about the topic that will require further research. The
researcher may discover new angles, which may require further exploration of what has already
been written on the topic. Finally, literature review will help the researcher to determine
appropriate methodology that will bring about the best result for the research topic. In order to
conduct this literature review, thematic literature review has been selected. The thematic
literature review can be defined as segregating the literatures into several themes that will
enhance the understanding of the audience. For this literature review, the theme on the basis of
which literatures will be reviewed include growth of the tourism industry across the world, the
connection between terrorism and tourism, the psychology of the tourists, economic impact of
terrorism on tourism, socio-economic and cultural reasons tourists are terrorist targets and
tourism reform initiatives taken by the Egyptian government. The themes are selected in order to
achieve the research objectives: to find out how terrorism can impact the consumer behavior of
the tourism industry; to find out how terrorism is affecting the profitability of the tourism
industry; and to analyze the steps taken by the government of Egypt for managing the impact of
terrorism on the tourism industry.
The Growth of the Tourism Industry Across the World
According to the Webster Dictionary, the term tourism is defined as the practice for
travelling for either recreation or business purposes (Merriam-Webster.com, 2019). This industry
is highly crucial as it provides numerous advantages through its role as a commercial activity,
which creates a demand leading to the growth of other industries within a country. (Sönmez &
Sönmez, 2017). This aforementioned industry possesses the potential to contribute towards a
good number of economical activities, as well as the ability to generate more employment
revenues, in addition to it playing a significant role in development. The industry thus
contributes towards complete growth of a nation; firstly, by bringing a good number of economic
values as well as benefits and secondly, by helping the brand value, image as well as the identity
of the country. Therefore it can be easily understood that the tourism industry goes beyond the
attractive destination to being a highly crucial growth contributor (Buigut & Amendah, 2016).
The rapid growth of the tourism industry worldwide has been attributed to a number of
positive factors like strong growth in economy, increments in disposable income, as well as
leisure time, ease of restrictions in travel, reorganization by the government, as well as
successful tourist promotions. As per the World Travel and Tourism Council (2015), within the

next 6 years, the growth rate of the global tourism industry is predicted to rise by approximately
4 percent, which is significantly higher than the growth of other sectors. According to Bolton et
al., (2013) the disposable income of the global tourists is increasing and due to the rapid
emergence of the Internet, tourists are getting attracted to invest their disposable income in
travelling. The Internet has provided the opportunity to nations to attract a huge range of the
consumers through effective ways like advertising through popular social media platforms.
However, this factor in turn has enhanced the competition between the nations that offer tourism
facilities to consumers. Hence it is highly crucial to focus on the basic needs of the consumers to
gain effective competitive advantages. Evans and Lindsay, (2013) pointed out that the basic
needs of consumers in the mentioned industry include: superior quality of consumer services,
easy access to Visas, cost effective and secure travelling. Hence in the national level, it is highly
crucial for governments to implement tighter security, more open visa regimes and employ
intelligent instead of punitive taxation policies.
The Connection Between Terrorism and Tourism
According to Saha & Yap, (2014), in spite of the economic strength of the tourism
industry, terrorism as well as political turmoil can be considered as two major challenges in the
mentioned industry. Ranga and Pradhan, (2014) suggested that the terrorist activities highly
impact the international tourism of a country and adversely affect the flow of foreign exchange
into a country. The vulnerability chiefly takes place due to characteristics of the service. The
tourism industry is highly perishable and the service cannot be stored or sold at another time
once the opportunity for the sale is lost. There are a number of reasons behind the choice to take
a travel spree by consumers. Jovicic, (2016) stated that one of the chief reasons behind travelling
as stated by tourists is spending high quality leisure time. Considering the fact that lack of
security is the immediate result of terrorism, it reduces the desire of the consumers to visit a
country experiencing persisting terrorist attacks. The periodic terrorist attacks in Egypt are thus
leading to the lack of desire of the consumers to visit it. However, according to the Egyptian
authorities, terrorist attacks in Egypt have drastically declined in the year 2018. As per the State
Information Service Report, the year 2018 has evidenced the lowest number of terrorist attack
compared to the past 5 years. Only 8 attacks have taken place in the last year, amongst which 76
% were done with the help of explosives (Ranga & Pradhan, 2014).

Figure: Terrorism Index of last 20 years in Egypt
In the above graph X axis represents the year and the y axis represents the terrorism
index. It can be clearly seen that the terrorism index is in an increasing phase in Egypt since
2010. However, the government agrees with the fact that in order to ensure the safety of the
Egyptian tourists as well as local people, more actions need to be taken towards eliminating
terrorism. Goldman & Neubauer-Shani, (2017) have pointed out that terrorism does bear a direct
relationship with the tourism industry in this era of technology. Even a small incident of attack
cannot remain secret to tourists; online social media platforms immediately raise awareness of
the events that have transpired. Considering the fact that more than 78 percent of the global
population is present online, it can be clearly understood that news of terrorist attacks spread like
wildfire in the global consumer circle (Neumayer & Plümper, 2016). Albu, (2016) have pointed
out that safety concerns are one of the most crucial actors that are considered by tourists’ while
selecting the destination to go for. The frequent terrorist attacks in Egypt have created an image
of a country that lacks safety measures in the mind of the international tourists. As a result of this
the number of tourist visit in the mentioned nation is gradually reducing over years. This in turn
is imposing highly negative impact on the economic growth of the tourism industry of Egypt.

Figure: Tourist Arrivals in monthly basis of last 10 years in Egypt
In the above graph the X axis represents the year and the Y axis represents the number of
tourist arrival. The above graph is showing the tourist arrivals with monthly data. The height
peak of every year represents the maximum number of tourist arrival of that particular year. By
comparing the average peak height of each year from 2010 to 2018, it can be clearly seen that in
the year of 2018 the tourism arrival started at very low rate. However, recently the peaks are
rising, where at the same time the average rate is still lower than previous years. Albu, (2016)
has pointed out that safety concerns is one of the most crucial factors that are considered by
tourists’ while selecting their destination for travel. The frequent terrorist attacks that have taken
place in Egypt have created an image of a country that lacks safety measures in the mind of the
international tourists. As a result of this the number of tourist visit in the mentioned nation has
declined over the years. This in turn is imposing a highly negative impact on the economic
growth of the tourism industry of Egypt.
The Psychology Behind the Behavior of Tourists
According to Chen & Tung, (2014), there are five levels of the theoretical model to
measure the attitude as well as behavior of travelers. According to the theory, the independent
determining factors, attitudinal as well as behavioral characteristics of travelers also impact their
psychology while selecting a place for travelling. This may form the images of the risk as well as
problem awareness (perception level), images of the affected destination (attitudinal level) along
with holiday activities as well as intercultural communication (behavioral level). Smith &
Leiserowitz, (2014) stated that the socio-demographic parameters also play a curial role when it

comes to modification of the risk perception. For instance, the feelings of security can be lower
in cases of younger tourists considering their living conditions and their psychology of dealing
with risk during the holidays. However Bowen, Fidgeon & Page, (2014) argued that terrorist
attacks impose a short time impact on tourism since terrorism often results in destruction of
hotels and restaurants along with imposing negative impact on travel flow. A turbulent security
environment has already been demonstrated along with its negative impact on tourism
development in a good number of countries across the world. For example, the Foreign and
Commonwealth Office of the United Kingdom strongly advises against travel to specific areas of
the world where civil unrest is present, thus dis-incentivizing the English population to visit due
to the warning issued by the government. Travel bans have a major impact on the tourist
behavior as well. After imposing the travel ban in several western European countries and US,
the percentage of tourist arrival decreased significantly. In 2015 the tourist arrival in Egypt
dropped by 26% from 2014, where the major reason was travel ban.
Economic Impact of Terrorism on the Demand of Tourism
According to Baker, (2014) terrorist attacks possess the potential to result in political
instability that in turn leads to the disappearance of the arrival of tourists in tourist destinations of
a country. According to researchers, terrorist attacks led to altering the demand in tourist plans
(Baker, 2014). They also increased the demand of cancelling already confirmed travel plans.
Perles-Ribes et al., (2016) pointed out that terrorism as well as instability possesses a good
number of inverse economic impacts that result in several effects on production, the rate of
unemployment, and obviously on the economic growth of the nation. Considering the fact that
the tourism industry commendably contributes to the GDP of the nation, the diminishing rate of
tourism is affecting the economy of Egypt to a great extent. The employment rate in the tourist
industry of Egypt has decreased to a great extent after the periodic attacks by different groups of
terrorists.
Terrorism imposes a negative impact on the image of the destination. According to the
researchers, increased vision is recommended in order to overcome the negative image of nation.
Bac et al., (2015) stressed upon the fact that several tourist destinations of UK, positively
recovered after the Libyan tourist attack that had resulted in drastic decrement of tourists the
destination. A group of Libiyan terrorists attacked the UK, in the year 2009. It has been found
that travelers are highly willing when it comes to substituting insecure images for secure ones
once a situation has simmered down.

Figure: Revenue from Tourism in last 10 years
From the chart it can be clearly seen that before 2012 the revenue from tourism industry
was comparatively high. However, after 2013 the dearth of revenue enervation can be identified
as well from this graph. In 2016 the revenue generation was lowest among previous 10 years.
However, 2018 has faced comparatively better revenue generation in tourism industry of Egypt.
According to Peters & Papathanassis, (2019) in Egypt tourism revenue has increased to 11.40
USD Billion in 2018 from 7.60 USD Billion in 2017. Tourism revenues in Egypt averaged 8.17
USD Billion from 2010 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 12.50 USD Billion in 2010 and a
record low of 3.80 USD Billion in 2016. It is safe to assume that civil unrest in Egypt following
great political turmoil and change cause a large deal of uncertainty in the country, a lack of
feeling of security deterred a great deal of tourists from visiting following advice from their
home countries. For example, the 2015 flight from Sharm el Sheikh to St. Petersburg crashing
due to alleged explosives present on the aircraft has inarguably alarmed tourists worldwide from
taking the risk to board aircraft to and from Egypt. Bac, Bugnar & Mester, (2015) suggested that
tourism security is classified under the category of economic security, which is part of
comprehensive security in a country or destination. Thus, tourism security’s objectives and
efforts should provide all the necessary conditions and recreational needs for tourists to feel safe
and happy.
Socio-Economic and Cultural Reasons Tourists are Terrorist Targets
A good number of researchers have proposed logical socio-economical, as well as
cultural explanations of the relationship between terrorism and tourists. Brondoni, (2016) has
argued that tourists and local people are separated not only by language but also by social and
economic gaps too. Conflict is often created when local people facing hardship are forced to co-
exist with wealthy and international tourists who enjoy luxuries. Mowforth & Munt, (2015) state
that travelling style has the potential to represent the ideological values, political culture as well

as behavior of the tourists. Therefore, in many instances, tourists are found to be the targets of
terrorism due to the tourism style, which often demonstrates conspicuous consumption.
Korstanje, (2015) added that cultural differences between the tourists and the local people could
be considered as one of the chief reasons behind the conflict between the locals and the tourists.
Being a Muslim country, the culture of Egypt possesses ample differences with the western
cultural. Tourist behaviors like consumption of pork, gambling, consumption of alcohol as well
as wearing western dresses often result in conflict with the social values of the nation. This
theory is put forward as a possible explanation for Egyptian tourism industry frustration with
tourism.
Korstanje, (2015) agreed to the fact that terrorists target tourism since terrorists are seen
as outsiders who represent a mode of neo –colonialism along with a threat to other social norms,
religious convictions and traditions. One of the most famous acts of terrorism that took place
against tourists took place in Egypt in the year 1997 when a gunman killed more than 71 tourists.
This terrorist attack is popularly known as the Luxor massacre and according to researchers; the
exiled leaders of Al-Jama’a al-Islamiyya, an Egyptian Islamic organization, instigated the
massacre. The attack took place at Deir-el-Bahari, one of the top tourist attractions and in the
temple of Queen Hatshepsut. The terrorist attack against tourists points out the fact that the
terrorist attack in the nation against the tourists represents their aspiration to gain back the
traditional Islamic society for opposing the corruption that is brought by modernity and is seen as
a divergence from the rules of traditional Islam. Tourists in Egypt are blamed for destroying the
indigenous culture of the nation. The link between tourism and terrorism clearly reveals that the
former is not only a medium of communication of the terrorists but it can also deliver a message
to the local and federal governments of Egypt.
Chronology of Attacks on Egyptian Territory
Terrorism initiated in Egypt since the end of the 19th century. In the following points, a
chronology of terrorist attacks faced by the tourists as well as the residents of the nation has been
provided for the purpose of analysis of data and the development of strategic plans.
2005 July - Scores of people are killed in bomb attacks in the Red Sea resort of Sharm al-Sheikh
as Islamists resume terror attacks (Morakabati & Beavis, (2017).
2006 April - Bomb attacks in the Red Sea resort of Dahab kill more than 20 people.
2011 April: a car bomb exploded outside a Coptic church in Alexandria after the evening service,
killing at least 23 and injuring 43. The Egyptian government blamed the Army of Islam.
2013 December - Government declares Muslim Brotherhood a terrorist group after a bomb blast
in Mansoura kills 12 (Bac, Bugnar & Mester, 2015). This declaration will prove to have impacts
on how the government deals with terrorism and will show positive impacts in subsequent years.
2015 January: On October 31, Metrojet flight 9268, a Russian-operated charter flight from
Sharm El Sheikh to Saint Petersburg fell from the sky, killing all 224 on board. The victims were
mostly Russian tourists. The most probable cause of what was till then the deadliest terrorist
attack in Egypt

2016 January: on January 8, two suspected militants stormed the Bella Vista hotel in Hurghada
on the Red Sea and stabbed two foreign tourists to death. ISIL claimed responsibility.
2017 April: twin suicide bombings killed a total of 45 people and injured 126 on April 9 — Palm
Sunday, the start of the Christian Holy Week — during mass at St George's church in the
northern city of Tanta in the Nile Delta and later that day at St Mark's cathedral in Alexandria.
2017 June - Egypt joins Saudi-led campaign to isolate Qatar, accusing it of promoting terrorism.
This act sent a global message in regard to Egypt’s position on terrorism and the countries that
do not take active political stands to end it.
Tourism Reform Initiatives Taken by the Egyptian Government
According to Bac, Bugnar & Mester (2015), the Tourism Minister of Egypt Rania Al
Mashat has taken a long-term strategy for reforming the tourism sector of the nation. The long-
term strategy is a five pillar strategy that chiefly focuses on both legislative and institutional
reforms ramping the tourism promotional campaigns along with developing infrastructure for
tourism and rebinding the Egyptian tourism so that it can come in line with the global trends
(Albu, 2016). In the following paragraphs, a brief discussion on the five-pillar strategy (also
named, E-Trip) has been performed. In brief, the five-pillar strategy involves improving
language and technical abilities, rebranding Egypt’s touristic image by introducing different
tourism programs, diversifying into new markets, upgrading the hospitality infrastructure and
upgrading and reforming the relevant legislative framework.
Administrative Reforms, Capacity Building and Legislative Reforms
According to the plan of the Egyptian Tourism Minister, groundwork that includes
introduction of far reaching administrative reforms like overhauling the ministry’s internal
structure for enhancing its efficiency will be laid. Along with this, the government is also
planning to hire high quality employees for filling the managerial positions (Neumayer et al.,
2016). The ministry is also imposing pressure on developing gender equality in the tourism
sector. The plan is to recruit more women and young people in order to develop gender equality
in the mentioned sector. Along with this, in order to build up the skills of the employees in the
tourism industry the government is planning to provide the employees with vocational training.
When it comes to the legislative reforms, changes in the global framework governing the
tourism industry has been evidenced by E-Trip. The legal framework of Egypt has remained
unchanged for nearly 5 decades. It has been noticed that a large number of employees in the
mentioned sector are unregistered and thus are not incorporated in the formal economy. The
government is hence planning to introduce measures for bringing the employees under the
formal economy with the help of incentives as well as new requirements. Thus the tourism
industry is expected to play a role in drafting the new legislation to ensure that the measures are
well rounded.
Along with the legislative as well as the administrative reforms, Al Mashat, the Tourism
Minister of Egypt, confirms that the strategy also includes launching of the private equity fund
for upgrading the hotels and resorts that are evidencing financial struggle. The fund that will be
raised for improving the infrastructure of the Egyptian tourism will also focus on bringing the

health and safety of the tourists along with overall quality up to the international standards across
the industry.
Rebranding Egyptian Tourism and Partnership with CNN
The repeated terrorist attacks have imposed a negative impact on the tourism brand of
Egypt to a great extent. An image that demonstrates lack of security in the mentioned nation has
been highlighted to the tourists. Considering the gradual decrement in the revenue of the tourism
industry, the ministry is intending to rebrand the nation as a responsible choice for tourists,
which will result in the boost of green tourism destination along with empowering women in an
economical way. The mentioned strategy of rebranding will be promoted with the help of
campaigns, travel shows as well as full court press on the social as well as other media.
According to cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com (2019), the ministry of Arabian Republics
Egypt is planning to extend their partnership with CNN for a global tourism campaign that show
cases a contemporary Egypt across an innovative mix of the digital media along with the social
media platforms. In this era of technology, where more than 76 percent of the total population of
the world are available online, media plays an effective role to spread specific news to a huge
number of individuals in a limited amount of time The mentioned partnership between the
tourism ministry of the nation and the CNN International Commercial (CNNIC) evidences both
the parties working together for this wide reaching campaign for enrapturing as well as exciting
the key audience of Egypt across the world. As being stated by the researchers, the objective of
the partnership includes continuing as well as accelerating the tourism growth of the nation by
demonstrating the beauty of the country, with the help of its diverse destination along with its
hospitality and warmth of the individuals amongst the global Audiences of CNN. As per the
manager of CNN, the campaign will be designed to deliver the vision of Dr. Rania Al-Mashat of
developing the tourism industry of Egypt as a sustainable sector along with helping the nation to
grow the number of visitor as highlighted in the nation. The key audiences of the mentioned
campaign include the independent adventurers, families, as well as the businessmen who travel
for the purpose of their work. Bac et al., (2015), stated that the partnership is timely since the
year 2019 is a highly crucial year since Egypt is planning to host a good number of events like
the Africa Cup of Nations, as well as preparing for the opening of the grand Egyptian museum.
Along with this, the ministry is also planning to host a summit geared for the influencer
during the first half of the year 2019 for providing the tourism promotion a rapid recognition .
The marketing strategy is also expected to shift towards focusing on specific destinations within
the nation keeping accordance with the seasons. The campaigns are expected to focus on
incorporating new sources within the market, specifically in Eastern Europe as well as Asia
along with doubling down on well-established market like the Gulf. It is expected with this
integrated strategic implementation for empowering the tourism industry of Egypt, a good
amount of enhancement of profitability can be experienced as well in the next 5 years.

Literature Gap
While conducting the review of both the theoretical as well as the empirical literatures,
the lack of primary study based literature on the topic, “effect of terrorism on the Tourism sector
of Egypt” has been noticed. A good number of researchers have already conducted researches on
the impact of terrorism on various countries of the world in general. However, when it comes to
impact on Terrorism on the tourism industry of Egypt, most of the literatures are based on
secondary studies such as government reports, financial forecast and others. Since terrorism is a
highly crucial crisis in the tourism industry of the nation, more primary research-based papers on
the specific topic is required. Although a plethora of information exists, it is difficult to identify
credible sources or sources that have not been created by the government itself. Despite the
recent revolution against the country’s regime and government, a large amount of corruption and
non-transparency of information still exists. Additionally, proper census collecting platforms
and initiatives have not been normal practice in Egypt until very recently. This has undoubtedly
had a significant effect on the quality and quantity of data which has been collected for the
purpose of this paper. Another major gap that has been noticed is lack of research paper
associated with the solution of increased terrorism in Egypt. While majority of the studies
possess information about the impact of terrorism on the economic growth of the nation, lack of
literature discussion on the solution to deal with terrorism in Egypt has been noticed.
Considering the fact that this research paper has completely focused on the impact of terrorism
on Egypt and the steps taken by the Egyptian government to deal with the issue, this research
paper is expected to be of eminent importance to further researchers who want to further explore
the topic. Although it is acknowledged in scholarly work that terrorism does have an impact on
tourism in Egypt, there is a significant lack of research that provides solutions on how to tackle
the adverse effect that terrorism imposes on the tourism industry – this paper aims to fill this gap.
Summary
In this paper the thematic literature review of relevant literature associated with the
research topic has been conducted. It has been found that, within the next 6 years, the growth rate
of the global tourism industry is predicted to rise by approximately 4 percent; that is significantly
higher than the growth of other sectors. However, considering the fact that with the emergence of
the Internet, the competition in the global tourism market is also increasing, it is highly crucial to
focus on the basic needs of the consumers to gain effective competitive advantages. The link
between terrorism as well as tourism has also been explored in the literature review section. It
has been found that the tourism industry is highly perishable and the service cannot be stored as
well as sold at another time once the opportunity for the sale is lost. Several reasons are there
behind the travelling spree of the consumers. The feelings of security have found to be lower in
cases of younger tourists considering their living condition and their psychology of dealing with
risk during the holidays.
When it comes to the economic impact of tourism on Egypt, according to researchers
terrorist attacks possess the potential to result in political instability that in turn leads to

disappearance of the arrival of tourists in tourist destinations of the country. In Egypt, tourists are
found to be the targets of terrorism due to the tourism style, which often demonstrates
conspicuous consumption. Being a Muslim country, the culture of Egypt possesses ample
difference with the western cultural. Tourist behaviors like consumption of pork, gambling,
consumption of alcohol as well as wearing western dresses often results in conflict with the
social values of the nation. When it comes to the steps taken by the government to deal with
terrorism In Egypt, the tourism minister of Egypt Rania Al Mashat has taken a long-term strategy
for reforming the tourism sector of the nation. A good number of administrative, capacity
building as well as legislative reforms has been introduced of which hiring experienced
employees for managerial positions, more women for gender equality and changing global
framework are some of the mention worthy reforms. The ministry of Arabian Republics Egypt
has also planned to extend their partnership with CNN for a global tourism campaign that show
cases a contemporary Egypt across an innovative mix of the digital media along with the social
media platforms. The partnership is timely since the year 2019 is a highly crucial year since
Egypt is planning to host a good number of events like the Africa Cup of nations as well as is
preparing for the opening of the grand Egyptian museum
Chapter 3: body of Thesis
Introduction
The purpose this section is to describe the investigation in sufficient detail so that the
audience can assess the research process. The research strategies as well as settings for this
research has been designed in order to ensure that the result obtained are appropriate, authentic
and free from bias. The research topic of the mentioned research includes impact of terrorism on
the tourism industry of Egypt.
Justification of the research
The tourism industry of Egypt has noticed a gradual depletion in the number of tourists
since the late 90s. In the year 2016, a drastic drop in the tourist count was evident in the nation.
During the mentioned year, frequent terrorist attacks were taking place in Egypt. Considering the
fact that terrorism has the potential to adversely affect the revenue of tourism industry of a
country, the research has been conducted in order to find out the specific impacts of the frequent
terrorism on the revenue of the tourism industry in Egypt. According to Bac et al. (2015), in spite
of the fact that the revenue from the tourism industry has shown improvement over the past 2
years, the tourism industry is Egypt is running slow compared to other tourist spots of the world.
It is assumed that the reputation of the nation due to frequent attacks done by tourists have gone
down which in turn is preventing the tourists from visiting Egypt. The chief aim of the research
paper is to identify the impact that terrorism has had on Egypt’s tourism industry. The
researcher, through this paper has aimed to find out how terrorism can impact the consumer
behavior of tourism industry. Along with this, the impact of terrorism on the profitability of the
tourism industry has also been found out in this research paper. Along with analyzing the impact
of tourism on the mentioned industry, in this research, the researcher have also identified the
effective steps taken by the government to enhance the revenue of the tourism industry along

with abolishing the negative reputation of the nation that has been created through series of
terrorist attacks.
Implementation of the research strategy as well as the research settings
According to Adeloye, Carr & Insch, (2019) the degree of appropriateness of the research
strategies determines the effectiveness of a research paper. Research strategies and settings
should be selected on the basis of the research topic and aim of the research paper. In the
following paragraphs, the research strategies and settings implemented in order to evaluate the
impact of terrorism on the tourism industry of Egypt have been evaluated.
Research Philosophy
The research philosophy of this research paper includes Positivism Research Philosophy.
As a philosophy, positivism adheres to the view that only “factual” knowledge gained
through observation, including measurement, is trustworthy. In the mentioned study, the role of
the researcher is highly limited to data collection as well as interpretation. Findings for this type
of researchers are quantifiable as well as observable. Positivism can be defined as a view about
appropriate methodology specially considered by the researchers in case of social science. The
positivist research philosophy emphasizes on the empirical observation. Considering the fact that
the research topic is directly associated with social science, the researcher have selected
positivism as research philosophy. The five chief features of the positivism research philosophy
followed by the researcher are as followed. First of all, there is no difference in the logic of
inquiry across scientific natures. Secondly, the aim of the researcher should be to aim as well as
to predict. Thirdly, it should be observable empirically. In researchers with positivist philosophy,
common sense should not be allowed to bias the research findings. Finally, the entire research
should be judged completely on logic. Considering the fact that the research paper satisfies all
the mentioned five conditions, the positivist research philosophy has been used for this research
paper.
Research Design
The research design used for this research paper includes exploratory research design.
The exploratory research design refers to a research that is conducted for investing a specific
issue, which is not clearly defined. The research is conducted to have a good understanding of
the existing problem. However, exploratory research does not provide a conclusive result. For
such researches, the researcher initiates the study with the help of a general idea along with using
this research as a medium of identifying issues that can be focused in future researches. When it
comes to the exploratory research, one of the best ways to collect data includes interviews and
survey. For this research, interview has been selected as the way of secondary data collection.
For collecting secondary data, literature review is considered to be one of the best ways to collect
secondary data. In this research literature review has been used for collecting secondary data.
Considering the fact that the mentioned research has been conducted in order to explore the
impact of terrorism on the Egyptian tourism industry, for this research, the appropriate research
design is exploratory research design.

Terrorism Tourism industry of Egypt
H1
Research approach
An inductive research approach is followed in this research. Inductive approach, also
known in inductive reasoning, starts with the observations and theories are proposed towards the
end of the processes a result of observations. Inductive research “involves the search for pattern
from observation and the development of explanations – theories – for those patterns through
series of hypotheses”. No theories or hypotheses would apply in inductive studies at the
beginning of the research and the researcher is free in terms of altering the direction for the study
after the research process had commenced. It is important to stress that inductive approach does
not imply disregarding theories when formulating research questions and objectives (Albu,
2016). This approach aims to generate meanings from the data set collected in order to identify
patterns and relationships to build a theory; however, inductive approach does not prevent the
researcher from using existing theory to formulate the research question to be
explored. Inductive reasoning is based on learning from experience. Patterns, resemblances and
regularities in experience (premises) are observed in order to reach conclusions (or to generate
theory).
Empirical model of the research
Considering the fact that the chief aim of the research is to find out the impact of
terrorism on the Egyptian tourist industry, the primary objective of the researcher was to find out
the relation between terrorism and tourism industry of Egypt. The term terrorism can be defined
as the usage of intentionally indiscriminant violence as a mean of creating terror amongst masses
of people. Terrorism initiated in Egypt during the late 90s. According to researchers, several
reasons behind terrorist attacks during 90s can be pointed out and the chief reasons behind these
terrorist attacks include religious and cultural issues. Tourists become one of the chief targets of
terrorism since the rise in tourism in the early 20s. As per Bac, Bugnar and Mester, (2015), the
chief factor behind terrorist attacks on tourists include cultural difference and lack of cultural
competence. Being a Muslim country, the cultural aspects of the residents of Egypt is different
from that of the tourists who visit the country from western parts of the world, like USA and UK.
The local perspectives of lifestyle is unique and very distinct perspective. According to
Brondoni, (2016), the targets of the terrorists in majority of the attacks included government
officials, tourists, police as well as the Christian minority. A good number of attacks have been
linked with terrorism as well as Islamic extremists that increased in the year 1990 during the time
of Islamic movement al-Gama’a al-Islammiyya targeted high level political leaders along with
killing hundreds. According to a survey, more than 60 percent of the terrorist attack takes place
on the tourists who visit Egypt (Bac, Bugnar & Mester, 2015). The connection between tourism
and terrorism has been studied widely after the Luxor massacre that took place in Egypt in the
year 1997. The chief reasons that are found to be resulting in repeated terrorist attack on tourist
are financial gain and lack of cultural competence. As a result of these repeated attacks, the
numbers of visits from tourists has diminished to a great extent over the years. As per Buigut

Terrorism Tourist perception
Tourism industry of Egypt
H1
H2
(2018), the tourist arrival rate has gone down by more than 45 percent in the year 2016. This in
turn has directly affected the revenue of the nation form the tourism industry. There exists a
direct relation between tourism and the tourism industry of Egypt.
According to Chen& Tung, (2014), repeated attacks on a specific tourist attraction automatically
diminish the desire of the tourists to visit the place. Tourists are free when it comes to avoiding
destination related to risk. The consequences of the disastrous events on a specific tourist
destination are in exchangeable and profound. Frequent acts of terrorist attacks curtail the travel
activities until the memory of the public of the published incident fades. According to
Chowdhury et al., (2017), the role of media is of great importance when it comes to the impact of
terrorism on tourism. Media has the potential to influence the perception as well as travel
decision-making on a destination that has been affected by terrorism. According to Esmail,
(2016), before the emergence of internet, up until the two decades ago, press was not able to
influence the perception of the consumers and the news of terrorist attacks was not prioritized
compared to the amount of media disclosure terrorist activities obtain in this era of advanced
technology. Continuous discussion on such events on popular social media platforms imposes a
strong impression on the perception of the tourists and this in turn makes their decision of
avoiding the risky destination more rigid. However, incidents that can encourage tourists to visit
the nation like that western desert tourist rescue that took place in 19 September 2008 often
remains the least discussed news and unknown to majority of the tourists. On the 19th of
September 2008, tourists were held hostage by a number of terrorists and were taken to the
western desert. There the terrorists demanded ransom money and threatened to execute the
hostages unless they were paid. Within 10 days of the incident, the Egyptian government held a
rescue mission and it resulted in the successful rescue of all the hostages and the killing of one of
the terrorists.
Evans & Lindsay, (2013) have pointed out that while making travel decision, potential tourists
are found to gather information from a good number of sources. Traveling decision making does
not constitute of only one single decision but is composed of a good number of sub headings of
which some are made out of habits. Thus it can be understood that there is a direct relation
between terrorism, the perception of the tourists and the tourism industry in Egypt.

Profitability in Tourism
Reputation of TourismMarket share of Tourism
Terrorism Tourist perception
Tourism industry of Egypt
H1
H3
H2
H4
H5
In this era of high competition, between the destinations in the global tourism industry, it has
become obvious that in order to enhance the revenue of the tourist industry of Egypt, arrival of
tourists is highly crucial. Negative publicity is harming the mentioned industry of Egypt to a
great level. Considering the fact that the number of tourists in the tourism industry is getting
decreased due to the perception of risk, it can be clearly understood that the profitability, market
share as well as reputation is also getting affected.
Data Presentation and Modification
Data Collection Method
For this thesis paper, both primary as well as secondary data collection methods have
been performed. The chief reason behind collecting both the primary and secondary data is to
analyze the research issue from the core. A primary data source can be defined as a data source,
that is, the one in which data are collected by the research first hand for a specific research. In
other words, primary data can be defined as the information collected by the researcher, which
has not been compiled as well as published by any organization before. Some of the most
common primary data collection methods include interviews, observation method, schedule
method, projective techniques and others. In this thesis paper, for primary data collection, an in-
depth interview has been conducted. The reason behind selecting interview as the primary data
collection method is that conducting an in-depth interview with an individual who is highly
relevant to the research topic has enabled the researcher to understand the current situation of the

research issue that how Egyptian hotels and hospitality services are suffering for the lack of
tourists in the mentioned nation (Jovicic, 2016). Along with this, considering the fact that the
research topic is exploratory, it needs data that re unbiased data in depth information so that the
researcher can go deep into the research issue and analyze the problem from the core. Unlike
other methods of collecting primary data, like focus group or survey, in depth interview allows
the participant to share their opinions without bias from other participants. When it comes to
secondary data, they are defined as the data that are collected for thesis papers or studies that are
not directly related to the study. Secondary data are collected in different time frame by different
researchers. One of the chief secondary data collection methods includes literature review. Some
of the major sources from which secondary data is collected include academic literatures and
thesis papers, government documents, historical records and statistical databases and others. For
this thesis paper, secondary data has been collected by conducting literature review of academic
journals and thesis papers that are relevant to the research topic that is impact of terrorism on the
tourism industry of Egypt. The chief reason behind conducting secondary data collection is that
it is cheaper and faster to access. Secondly, it has enabled the researcher to understand the
perspectives of other eminent researchers of the world, which will help the researcher to analyze
the research problem. Thirdly, the thesis paper provided the researchers with a frame in mind
that enables the same to understand the specific direction of the thesis paper. Finally, collection
of the secondary research not only saved time but also saved financial expanses and additional
efforts while adding value to the thesis paper.
Sampling
For selection of samples for a thesis paper, generally two methods are followed by the
researchers, namely probability sampling and non-probability sampling. The probability
sampling can be defined as a sampling technique where the sample from a larger population is
chosen by using the method based on the probability theory. The most important requirement of
the probability sampling is that every individual in a specific population must have equal chance
of getting selected for being the participant of the mentioned organization. In order to conduct
the primary data collection, interview of one of the eminent Egyptian Montenegrin businessman
and billionaire, Samih Onsi Sawiris has been conducted. Thus, it can be clearly understood that
for the selecting participant for primary data collection, non probability sampling has been used.
The term non probability sampling can be defined as the sampling method where the sample are
gathered in a process which does not provide all the individuals in a specific population equal
chance of getting selected. In this study, a one to one interview has been conducted with him and
a total of 8 questions have been asked. The chief aim of the researcher behind conducting the
mentioned interview is to understand how the hospitality industry is getting impacted by the
frequent terrorist attacks in Egypt. Considering the fact that Samih is one of the efficient
construction magnates of Egypt, it can be easily understood that he has effective idea of the
revenue of the Egyptian resorts, rate of enhancement or depletion in tourist number over the year
and impact imposed by terrorism on the Egyptian tourism industry.
When it comes to the sampling technique used for the secondary data collection, non-
probability sampling has been performed. Only academic literatures and journals that are
relevant to the research topic have been chosen. In order to ensure that the studies that are being
reviewed possess relevancy with the contemporary situation of Egypt, only studies that were
published within the year 2014 has been selected for the literature review. The total number of

literatures and journals that has been selected for the literature review section includes 10
journals. Journals that are written in English and not in any other languages have been selected
for the literature review. In order to ensure the authenticity of the secondary data collection, the
author has selected only authentic and scholarly articles for the literature review section.
Research Data analysis
In order to conduct data analysis of the collected data qualitative data analysis method
has been performed. Considering the fact that that only one in depth interview has been
conducted for collecting primary data, contextual analysis with thematic coding has been
performed. Thematic analysis is basically used for analyzing qualitative information in order to
gain the systematical knowledge as well as empathy about an individual, group, a situation, an
organization or a culture. It emphasizes on examining, pinpointing a well as recording patters of
meaning within data. According to Kapuściński & Richards, (2016), for several thematic
analysis possess a good number of implementation and depends on the data collected. For this
research, thematic analysis of the interview of Samih Onsi Sawiris has been conducted. The
process chosen by the researcher in order to conduct the thematic analysis includes 4 steps.
Firstly, identification of the codes to be analyzed has been conducted. The second step includes
frequency analysis of the major emergency fields. After analyzing the frequency, measurement
of the hierarchy of the major emergency fields has been performed. This step has been followed
by the detailed discussion on the major emergency field. The thematic analysis of the interview
helped the researcher to understand on which factor the participant is providing stress and what
are the chief factors associated with terrorism that are imposing impact on the tourism industry
of Egypt.
Limitations and Strengths of the Research
One of the chief limitations of the research includes lack of participants during the collection of
primary data. For this research, the researcher has conducted an interview with one of the
eminent construction magnates of Egypt. Apart from this, no major limitation of this thesis
paper can be noticed. When it comes to the strengths of this research paper, it includes
appropriate selection of the research strategies and settings. The philosophy, design, approach,
data collection and data analysis methods of the research has been selected keeping in mind the
aim of the thesis paper. Along with this, the research has been conducted by following ethical
considerations. A consent form has been provided to the interview where the purpose of the
research was clearly stated. The participant was not compelled to participate in the research and
was free to quit the interview whenever he wanted to. No personal or unethical questions were
asked during the interview session.
Chapter 4: Findings
From the QDA Miner coding and frequency analysis the following graphical presentation has
been made. In the following bar graph the higher bar represents more strength of the respective
response. In this section the frequency of occurrence in case, categories and codes have been also
presented in the tabular format to ease the critical analysis process.

Figure: Frequency of Code generated from interview response
Source (Created by author through QDA Miner)
From the above frequency analysis it has been found that crisis management plan is the
most effective factor that can help the tourism industry to be empowered adequately. It has been
also found that strategic financial plan is also very helpful in this case. The respondent
acknowledged that the terrorism has a major impact on tourism. However, it has been found that
media exaggerate the fact that influences the tourist count even largely. It has been also found
that long-term safety procedure has been taken from the tourism industry. It has been also found
that as security the tourism police are always prepared to secure the tourists. However, the
respondent also said that the impact of the terrorism is short term, which is capable to cause a
50% dearth in profitability. International political conspiracy has been found the major reason
behind the terrorism as per the interview. It has been also found that in this situation, government
should create good relationship with the other nations while promoting the tourism industry of
Egypt. Tourism industry can use event based promotional activity to attract tourist from
worldwide market of tourism.
Category Code Count % Cases %

Codes Cases
Helping factors behind the
recovery of Orascom
Development
effective crisis
management plan
3 17.6% 1 100.0%
Helping factors behind the
recovery of Orascom
Development
strategic financial plan 1 5.9% 1 100.0%
chief reasons behind drop of
tourism
Terrorism is a reason
behind dropping tourism
2 11.8% 1 100.0%
chief reasons behind drop of
tourism
Media exaggeration about
Egypt
1 5.9% 1 100.0%
action taken for safety of
tourists
long term safety
procedure planning
1 5.9% 1 100.0%
action taken for safety of
tourists
Tourism police is
prepared
2 11.8% 1 100.0%
Impact of terrorism over
tourism
short term impact on
tourism
1 5.9% 1 100.0%
Economic impact of terrorism
on tourism
loss of half revenues 1 5.9% 1 100.0%
Reason behind terrorism international political
conspiracy
2 11.8% 1 100.0%
Government can do government can create
good image to worldwide
1 5.9% 1 100.0%
Strategy is used by the
company
attracting tourist through
marketing
2 11.8% 1 100.0%
Table: QDA tabular presentation of Case, Code and Categories

This qualitative analysis has been conducted on a single interview therefore the case percentage
is 100%. Some other factors also emerged from this interview, such as “are not over investing,
not over borrowing” is the key for surviving in weakened industry, the tourism industry of Egypt
is experiencing “11 million tourists today”, “many forces try to take over” the prosperities and
growth made by the Egyptian tourism industry, “film festival, shows, marinas, yachts attract
attention” of the tourist.