Research Methods and Critical Appraisals

This presentation defines the procedure for finding an article on a research question using tools like CINAHL and MEDLINE. The chosen topic is the effectiveness of cefuroxime in reducing symptoms of acute otitis media in children. The presentation discusses the research question, rationale, PICO framework, search strategy, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and selected articles.

Research Methods and
Critical Appraisals

Introduction
This presentation is going to define procedure for finding an article on a
research based question, by using a number of tools like CINAHL,
MEDLINE and other, that allows to find a relevant article on chosen
research question.

Research Question
“Is cefuroxime more effective than Amoxicillin in
reducing the duration of symptoms of acute otitis
media in children?”

Rationale of Chosen Topic
Research critique refers to a process of judging the value of literature for
its credibility and relevance. Therefore, to critique an article, I have
chosen the topic “Is cefuroxime more effective than Amoxicillin in
reducing the duration of symptoms of acute otitis media in children?”.
The reason to choose this topic is to analyse the effectiveness of
cefuroxime for mitigating the risk factors and reducing the problems
faced by people due to otitis media. Critically, analyzing articles made on
this media help in evaluating how suspension made for treatment of this
disease is helpful, including the side effects of same.

Research question using PICO Framework
Research question: “Is Cefuroxime more effective than Amoxicillin in reducing the
duration of symptoms of acute otitis media in children?”
P I C O
1. Children (below
age 10)
Amoxicillin Cefuroxime Pediatric Acute
Otitis Media
2. Young people
(age 10 to 18)
β Lactam
antibiotic
Ceftin Middle Ear
Infection
3. Adult
(age 18 to 25)
Amox Second-
generation
cephalosporin
Ear Infection

Continue…
Key word for filtration
Basis PICO Filter with full
text
Publication
year from 2010
to 2020
Geography UK By Journals
1. P1+ I1+ C1
+O1
4567 3380 1560 865 170
2. P2+ I2+ C2
+O2
4569 3670 2040 1120 540
3. P3+ I3+ C3
+O3
4378 3670 2440 1300 340

Search Strategy
This research topic is based upon Health and social care, where databases includes
CINAHL, MEDLINE as well as BNI (British Nursing Index) are consulted. Search
terms include the key words like Amoxicillin, Cefuroxime, Pediatric Acute Otitis
Media, β Lactam antibiotic, Ceftin, Middle Ear Infection, Second-generation
cephalosporin, Amox, Ear Infection and more. Here, to refine the search of PICO
related key questions, Boolean logic are utilized such as ‘AND’, ‘OR’ and ‘NOT’.

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
Inclusion criteria
This criterion is defined as key features of relatable target population which
investigators will use for answering research question. It typically includes clinical,
geographical and demographic characteristics. In present study, inclusion criteria are
related with demographic characteristics of potential participants i.e. children of young
age (male and female both); clinical appearances as participant diagnosis with middle
ear infection; geographical locations which is UK based only.

Continue…
Exclusion criteria
It is defined as features of potential participants in a study who meet the criteria
suggest in inclusion, with some additional characteristics, which could lead to increase
risks of obtaining unfavorable outcome. Under present study, exclusion criteria related
to study includes is comorbidities which may create biasness in outcomes (other kind
of ear infection, which could develop limitation of research article, over effectiveness
of Cefuroxime over Amoxicillin, in reducing the duration of symptom of acute otitis
media.

Continue…
4567 articles are4567 articles are
found in CINAHLfound in CINAHL
using PICOusing PICO
KeywordsKeywords
2000 articles get2000 articles get
after dateafter date
filtrationfiltration
10 articles are found10 articles are found
after filtration as perafter filtration as per
geographical criteriageographical criteria
6 articles are6 articles are
selected afterselected after
meeting allmeeting all
criteriacriteria
4 articles do not4 articles do not
match withmatch with
exclusion criteriaexclusion criteria
1540 articles do1540 articles do
not meet thenot meet the
inclusion criteriainclusion criteria
2567 articles are2567 articles are
out of datedout of dated

Selected articles
1. Diagnosis and treatment of acute otitis media (2012). The Journal of Laryngology &
Otology, 126(10), pp.976-983.
2. Comparison of efficacy and safety of cefpodoxime and amoxicillin-clavulanate
potassium in paediatric acute otitis media in children below two years: a prospective
longitudinal study (2017). Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR, 11(6),
p.FC01.
3. Etiology of acute otitis media and serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae
and Haemophilus influenzae in Chilean children< 5 years of age (2017). Medicine,
96(6).

Continue…
1. Antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates from patients presenting with ear,
nose and throat (ENT) infections in the German community healthcare setting
(2017). European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 36(9),
pp.1685-1690.
2. Adverse Events of Antibiotics Used to Treat Acute Otitis Media in Children: A
Systematic Meta-Analysis (2019). The Journal of Pediatrics, 215, pp.139-143.
3. Restrictive antibiotic use in children hospitalized for pneumonia: A retrospective
inpatient study (2020). European Journal of Integrative Medicine, 34, p.101068.

REFERENCES
Corbridge, R., & Steventon, N. (2019). Oxford handbook of ENT and
head and neck surgery. Oxford University Press.
Bontempo, L.J. and Shoenberger, J., 2018. Ear, Nose, and Throat
Emergencies, An Issue of Emergency Medicine Clinics of North
America, E-Book (Vol. 37, No. 1). Elsevier Health Sciences.
Hopfenbeck, T.N., Lenkeit, J., El Masri, Y., Cantrell, K., Ryan, J. and
Baird, J.A., 2018. Lessons learned from PISA: A systematic review of
peer-reviewed articles on the programme for international student
assessment. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 62(3),
pp.333-353.

Thank you