An Investigation into maintaining safe practices amongst lab technicians during phlebotomy

This research proposal focuses on investigating the importance of maintaining safe practices amongst lab technicians during phlebotomy to reduce errors in health outcomes. It explores the potential risks, effectiveness of safe practices, and ways to integrate and maintain safe sharp practices in the phlebotomy procedure.

Research Proposal

Abstract
Phlebotomy is considered as healthcare practice which include practices related to blood
sample and keep it in the safe manner so that patent get proper information of test. An
examination is in this manner, led under present exploration on phlebotomists or lab specialists
about approach to incorporate safe practices inside consideration settings. A spotlight is
additionally passed on preparing necessity for plasma and red cell trade, immature
microorganism assortment, photophoresis, line blood assortment and that's just the beginning, for
diminishing the danger of sullying, research center or administrative mistake, injury and
contamination. For this cycle, before continuing a top to bottom information about same,
legitimate points and goals are confined, that helps in deciding the way to make research
examination more successful.

Table of Contents
Abstract............................................................................................................................................2
Title: “An Investigation into maintaining safe practices amongst lab technicians during
phlebotomy”.....................................................................................................................................1
Research Question...........................................................................................................................1
Hypothesis........................................................................................................................................1
Introduction......................................................................................................................................1
Aims & Objectives...........................................................................................................................2
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................2
Possible Methodology......................................................................................................................6
Potential methods, resources and timeline.......................................................................................8
Limitations.....................................................................................................................................24
Discussion......................................................................................................................................24
Recommendation...........................................................................................................................25
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................26
References......................................................................................................................................27

Title: “An Investigation into maintaining safe practices amongst lab
technicians during phlebotomy”
Research Question
“How safe practices can be maintained amongst lab technicians during phlebotomy to
reduce errors in health outcomes?”
Hypothesis
“Negligence of maintaining safe practices during phlebotomy result in laboratory errors and
delay in diagnosing diseases”.
Introduction
Phlebotomy refers to one of the common practices in health care, that includes procedure of
taking blood sample and keep it safe for further medical process. This procedure may include
drawing of blood culture, arterial sampling, venous blood draws and capillary sampling, where
each step affects directly on quality of the specimen (Orth and et. al., 2019). Therefore, it is
important for professionals or lab technicians to prevent the laboratory error and patient injury
during medications. For an instance, touching patient’s hand by a finger for verifying the vein’s
location before needle insertion might increase chance related to contamination of blood sample.
Consequences of this, results in false result outcomes regarding with blood culture, prolong
hospitalization, delay in diagnosing disease and cause unnecessary intake of antibiotics. Jostling
and jarring of specimen test tubes in transit may lyse or even break open the RBCs (red blood
cells), that causing errors in laboratory results. However, a number of safety practices have been
introduced in UK, by NHS and other health associations to reduce risks of adverse effects for
patients like bruising at the puncture site, nerve damage, fainting and more (McCall, 2020).
Health workers before practising Phlebotomy are properly to the types and entire safer practices
of specimen they collect. But still a number of cases have been happened that sometime results
in even death of patients, due to negligence of safer practices in phlebotomy.
An investigation is therefore, conducted under present research on phlebotomists or lab
technicians about way to integrate safe practices within care settings. A focus is also conveyed
on training requirement for plasma and red cell exchange, stem cell collection, photophoresis,
cord blood collection and more, for reducing the risk of contamination, laboratory or clerical
1

error, injury and infection. For this process, before proceeding an in-depth knowledge about
same, proper aims and objectives are framed, that helps in determining the path to make research
investigation more effective.
Aims & Objectives
Research Aim: “To carry out investigation on role of maintaining safe practices in reducing
errors during phlebotomy and its adverse impact on health outcomes”.
Research Objectives:
 To explore the potential risks that could arise during phlebotomy for both lab technicians
and patients.
 To determine the effectiveness of safe practices in reducing risks and improving clinical
outcomes during phlebotomy.
 To analyse the ways of integrating and maintaining safe sharp practices in phlebotomy
procedure.
LITERATURE REVIEW
What are the potential risks that could arise during phlebotomy for both lab technicians
and patients.
As per the views of Sharon Perkins (2020), it has been determined that there is different risk
that could arise during the process of phlebotomy. The risk related to phlebotomy is to both lab
technicians as well as patients. It is important for health care provider to identify and determine
different types of risk of the it can be resolved correctly and accurately. Phlebotomy can be
describe as the process of removing blood or drawing blood form the circulatory system through
the incision cut or puncture with the motive of collecting sample of blood for analysing or
diagnosis of the issue (What Are Some of the Dangers of Being a Phlebotomist?, 2020). The
purpose of act of phlebotomy is to correctly treat polycythemia vera which is consider as the
condition that causes an elevated red blood cell volume. This is a complex process which consist
of different risk and could cause major harms. It has been analysed that there are more the
patients which has small bruise and mild soreness at the process of puncture site for the next
several days. The major risk that can arise during the process of phlebotomy is mention below –
 Exposure to bodily fluids – The exposure of bodily fluids is one of the common risk of
injuries that can occurs during the process of phlebotomy. There are different issues due
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to the needle sticks expose in phlebotomists to individual immunodeficiency virus, HIV
as well as hepatitis B or C. Due to this diseases can be transfer from one body to other
and may can lead to major infections.
 Allergic reactions – Patient can face the issues of allergic reaction due to the act of
phlebotomy process. The phlebotomists have to frequently or repeated exposure to latex
which is a rubber type of material can cause several type of allergic reaction. The arising
of this risk majorly depend on the body type and any issues to person. The allergies of
latex is common among different the health care provider.
 Physical injuries – Phlebotomy act can lead to physical injury to person and can harm
body (Thomas, Nelson and Silverman, 2015). Drawing of blood is a difficult process and
it can harm individual physically. This is in the case of children or combative adults
which can throw punches and kick that can cause injury to the phlebotomist.
 Back strain – Most of the phlebotomists have to stand up for the process of drawing
blood and it can lead to have pain on back. Standing for the long time will lead to fatigue
as well as back or neck strain and this is the issues during the process of phlebotomy.
 Dehydration – Patient may feel dehydration after the process of phlebotomy. This is due
to collection of blood form the body of patient and it can lead to increase in the issues of
less quantity of water. This is the main issues of dehydration and can affect the health of
individual.
 Low blood pressure – Low blood pressure can lead to major impact on health of a
person. Phlebotomy process increase the issues of low blood pressure and can cause
major damage to health and safety of patient.
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What are the effectiveness of safe practices in reducing risks and improving clinical
outcomes during phlebotomy.
As per the article of NCBI (2020), It has been analysed that there are various health issues
and problems that are associated with the phlebotomy act of drawing blood. This is consider as
the most command invasive procedure in health care practices. It is essential for health care
provider to determine the issues as we as focus on reducing risk. There are different benefits and
advantages that could be resolved by health care provider with the consideration of effectiveness
during the process of phlebotomy (Best practice in phlebotomy and blood collection, 2020). Safe
practices are very effective and useful for reducing the risk as well as assist improving clinical
outcomes during phlebotomy.
 Safe and secure practices – Effectiveness of reducing risk form the heath care practice
during phlebotomy process will assist in providing correct and safe practices to patient.
Reduction of risk will lead to increase the safety during phlebotomy process and patient
will be able to get more benefits from phlebotomy. It is important for the technician to
consider all safety measure as it will lead to improve the clinical practices.
 Providing proper care practices – With the reduction of risk as other issues that is
associated with phlebotomy process will help in providing better health care practices to
the needed person. This will help in increase the quality of a person to carry out
phlebotomy process as well as support in improve the care practices as well as
successfully accomplishing desired outcomes.
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 Avoiding accidents – There are different types of injury and accidents issues associated
with the practice of phlebotomy. The effectiveness of determining risk and reducing
different types of risk is very significant for avoiding accidents as well as overcome the
issues. This will help in successfully carry out required practices and enhancing health
care activities.
 Quality control – Reduction of risk as well as improvement in clinical outcomes will
lead to help in improving the quality control of the phlebotomy. Through this health care
provider will be able to control the quality of health practices as well as collect right
sample in order to successfully perform required set of task.
What are the ways of integrating and maintaining safe sharp practices in phlebotomy
procedure.
According to the views of NCBI, (2020), It is very important for health care provider to
consider correct and accurate way of conducting phlebotomy procedure in order to gain desired
outcomes. There are different ways of maintaining and integrating safe and sharp practices in
phlebotomy procedure which is mention below in detail.
 Planning ahead – This can be consider as the first and most important part for carry out
the procedure of phlebotomy (Ary and et.al., 2018). It is essential for health care provider
to consider the proper plan which will assist in correctly carry out different functions and
activities. Planning will help in determining the best and most effective approach to carry
out practices.
5

 Using an appropriate location – It is crucial that Phlebotomist is working in clear and
right location so that all activities and task can be successfully perform (Best practice in
phlebotomy and blood collection, 2020). In order to maintain safe shape practices
Phlebotomist needs to work in clean, quite along with the well lit area so that they can
concentrate of practices as well as increase the quality of work performance.
 Quality control – The control over quality will assist in integrating and maintaining the
safe share practices in the procedure of Phlebotomy. It is important to prevent the
infection as well as control different practices as it will lead to help in minimizing the
changes of mishap.
 Standards for quality care patients and health workers – In order to provide safe
shape practices of Phlebotomist it is essential to consider the standards for quality care
patients and health worker in order to maintain the safety and effectiveness of the
practices.
Possible Methodology
Research methodology is known as one of the most significant part of every research project
as this clarify the approach and method in which research will be carried out. It helps in study all
set objectives and support in get a reliable outcome (Cooper, 2019). In brief, it can be
summarised as the procedure of gather information which is essential to draw outcomes of study.
Research methodology reflect all tools, methods and techniques which researcher use to carry
out investigation. It is very essential for researcher to be aware about the main purpose behind
carry out investigation as this help in select right tool and approach for the study and contribute
more in effectiveness of research. In context with present dissertation, it will be carried out by
applications of below research methodologies –
Research methods
This section of research project consists a plan that consists all the steps require to solve
research problems. This also consists the strategy adopt by investigator to implement research
activities. It involves various methods that can be adopt to achieve set objectives of research.
Major methods consist in this are survey, interview, focus group analysis, secondary analysis and
many more. Researcher choose method as per the type and purpose of investigation. Scientific
method is the one in which all individuals of project explore new data on particular topic, where
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in context with present report, as it will be made on importance of safe practices during
phlebotomy, therefore, qualitative research methods will be applied for the same.
Research approaches:
This section of methodology reflects the process that involves major steps of all
assumptions, methods of data collection and data analysis. This directly depends on the nature of
research problem which researcher wants to solve. Further, this support in develop questions that
required to be answer to draw final conclusion. Hence, it is basically depended on the nature of
research problem which is being comprises through many research methodologies (McCall,
2020). The role of research approach helps to researcher to mapped and evaluate overall findings
on the basis of research outcomes. As it also elaborates the process through which they can
develop their issues and objectives to optimise the whole study. This is the procedure of study
which allows the proper evaluation along with emerging questions that having data that gathered
in the perspective of respondent's setting and analyse and stimulate their data that would reform
form specific to general based theme. With respect to present research, deductive approach will
be applied on qualitative data for addressing mentioned aims and objectives, in given time
constraint.
Research Philosophies
Methods like ontology, epistemology and axiology helps researchers in deciding various
characteristics of research which will bring best outcome. Another important part that is included
here is explaining the actual point of view from the researcher's perspective. This also takes into
consideration the matter and data that have been gathered by other scholars in past (Cooper,
2019). So assumptions here are helping to determine the strategy and methods. Regarding with
present dissertation, as it is done on qualitative research techniques, for collecting information of
issues arise due to negligence of safe practices in phlebotomy process. Therefore, interpretivism
research approach will be applied by project members, for interpreting information more
specifically.
Data Collection
This is an important part in a research, that is mainly concerned with the way in which data is
required to carry on the research will be gathered. The ways in which the data will be analysed
and studied is also decided in these steps. There are various ways to carry it out. Primary data
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collection and secondary data collection are two ways in which data is collected for its
interpretation. Primary data collection is carried out in organisation by questionnaire or
feedbacks sometimes even direct interview is conducted (Orth and et. al., 2019). Whereas in
secondary data collection there are a number of sources such as newspapers, magazines, articles
earlier conducted researches that help the researcher to find some data and use it for their
research. There are also a number of government agencies who issue information which can be
used in reports by researchers. It is necessary for a researcher to understand benefits and
drawbacks of both of these sources of data so that they can effectively choose whichever source
is most suitable for the research they are conducting. In this regard, secondary data will be
collected by reviewing relevant articles and journal reports on chosen topic. Whilst, primary data
will be gathered by developing a self-questionnaire with medical representations. For this
purpose, 50 respondents will be taken as a sample to conduct primary research.
Potential methods, resources and timeline
For carrying out the present research, major activities are segmented as Introduction, Aims
& Objectives, Literature Review, Research Methodologies and more, where to complete each
Gantt Chart technique is used, that helps in framing each activity into a proper time-interval as
shown below -
Work breakdown structure – This can be describe as the tool for managing time and activities
of the research project. Work breakdown structure is significant for dividing large and complex
project into smaller parts so that all activities can be performed in correct and accurate manner
(Nieswiadomy and Bailey, 2018). Breaking of large work into small parts is consider as very
productive and useful technique for managing different task and operation of the project in
accurate manner. Work break down structure can be describe as the hierarchical tree structure
that consist of the outline of the process and classifying it into sub parts so that all project task
can be finish on right time.
Gantt Chart – Gantt chart can be describe as the bar chart structure which is significant for
completing all task and activities of the project in right set of time. This is an effective tool that
is developed by Henry Gantt. The tool is significant in showing the dependency of relationship
8

of different activities and schedule status of the project (Bryman, 2016). Gantt chart will
represent the time duration with the starting time and end time of the project.
Questionnaire
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Questionnaire
Name –
Age –
Profession –
Contact No. –
E- Mail Id –
Q 1. Are you acknowledging with the procedure of phlebotomy?
a) Yes
b) No
Q 2. Do you think proper training is required before practicing the phlebotomy?
a) Yes
b) No
Q 3. What are the practices need to take care while conducting phlebotomy?
a) Not harm the patient
b) Label sample properly
c) Take the sample of blood correctly
d) Don’t disturb any nursing care of patient
e) Deliver sample properly to lab
f) Store blood sample correctly
Q 4. What skills are required by phlebotomist for conducting safe practices of phlebotomy?
a) Always be kind and caring with patients
b) Willing to hands on with the patients
c) Follow proper instruction and procedures
d) Willing to work in team but use own initiatives
e) Ability to explain procedure and methodical to patients
Q 5. Is there any risk associated with procedure of phlebotomy?
a) Yes
b) No
Q 6. What are the issues faced by professionals due to negligence of safe practices in
phlebotomy?
a) Allergic reaction
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b) Exposure of bodily fluids
c) Physical injuries
d) Back Strain
e) All of the above
Q 7. What are the potential risks of phlebotomy for patients?
a) Dehydration
b) Loss of vein patency
c) Low blood pressure
d) Nature of phlebotomist
e) All of the above
Q 8. What are the ways through which clinical outcome during phlebotomy can be
improved?
a) Proper training
b) Implementation of safe practices
c) All of the above
Q 9. What are the safe practices need to take for reducing risks and improving clinical
outcome while conducting phlebotomy process?
a) Train phlebotomist the different ways to take blood
b) Phlebotomist must know how to take blood sample from different patients
c) Lab technicians must ensure healthy and safety consideration
d) Conduct labelling of sample properly
e) All of the above
Q 10. What are the advantages of conducting phlebotomy procedure in effective manner?
a) Help patients in getting proper health information which could save their life
b) Developing effective relation with patient
c) Increasing goodwill and market image
d) All of the above
Q 11. What are the legal compliances established by NHS for developing safe practices in
phlebotomy?
a) Take care of patient protection
b) Ensure safety of health workers
11

c) Practitioner need to have proper academic degree
d) All of the above
Q 12. Any suggestions for the further modification......................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................... .
Frequency table
Q 1. Are you acknowledging with the procedure of
phlebotomy?
Frequency
a) Yes 45
b) No 5
Q 2. Do you think proper training is required before practicing
the phlebotomy?
Frequency
a) Yes 40
b) No 10
Q 3. What are the practices need to take care while conducting
phlebotomy?
Frequency
a) Not harm the patient 17
b) Label sample properly 10
c) Take the sample of blood correctly 8
d) Don’t disturb any nursing care of patient 4
e) Deliver sample properly to lab 6
f) Store blood sample correctly 5
Q 4. What skills are required by phlebotomist for conducting
safe practices of phlebotomy?
Frequency
a) Always be kind and caring with patients 11
b) Willing to hands on with the patients 8
c) Follow proper instruction and procedures 6
d) Willing to work in team but use own initiatives 15
e) Ability to explain procedure and methodical to patients 10
12

Q 5. Is there any risk associated with procedure of
phlebotomy?
Frequency
a) Yes 30
b) No 20
Q 6. What are the issues faced by professionals due to
negligence of safe practices in phlebotomy?
Frequency
a) Allergic reaction 9
b) Exposure of bodily fluids 10
c) Physical injuries 8
d) Back Strain 7
e) All of the above 16
Q 7. What are the potential risks of phlebotomy for patients? Frequency
a) Dehydration 11
b) Loss of vein patency 8
c) Low blood pressure 6
d) Nature of phlebotomist 15
e) All of the above 10
Q 8. What are the ways through which clinical outcome during
phlebotomy can be improved?
Frequency
a) Proper training 14
b) Implementation of safe practices 16
c) All of the above 20
Q 9. What are the safe practices need to take for reducing risks
and improving clinical outcome while conducting phlebotomy
process?
Frequency
a) Train phlebotomist the different ways to take blood 9
b) Phlebotomist must know how to take blood sample from
different patients
7
c) Lab technicians must ensure healthy and safety consideration 9
d) Conduct labelling of sample properly 10
e) All of the above 15
13

Q 10. What are the advantages of conducting phlebotomy
procedure in effective manner?
Frequency
a) Help patients in getting proper health information which could
save their life
5
b) Developing effective relation with patient 10
c) Increasing goodwill and market image 15
d) All of the above 20
Q 11. What are the legal compliances established by NHS for
developing safe practices in phlebotomy?
Frequency
a) Take care of patient protection 5
b) Ensure safety of health workers 10
c) Practitioner need to have proper academic degree 15
d) All of the above 20
Data interpretation
Theme 1 – Acknowledging with the procedure of phlebotomy
Q 1. Are you acknowledging with the procedure of
phlebotomy?
Frequency
a) Yes 45
b) No 5
Intrepretation – By analyzing above mentioned points it can be summarised that from all
professional of medical and healcare sectors some people are know but the phlebotomy. The
14

researcher of respective research from the 50 respondents, from which 45 are know about the
procedure of respective aspect whereas 5 respondents are didn’t have knowledge about it.
Theme 2 – Proper training is required before practicing the phlebotomy
Q 2. Do you think proper training is required before practicing
the phlebotomy?
Frequency
a) Yes 40
b) No 10
Intrepretation – According to this question, researcher gather information from the 50
respondents to know their perspective related to that proper training is required before practicing
the phlebotomy. From the total respondents 40 respondents say that proper training is required
for the conducting effective phlebotomy whereas in respect of 10 respondent training and
development activities is not essential.
Theme 3 – The practices need to take care while conducting phlebotomy
Q 3. What are the practices need to take care while conducting
phlebotomy?
Frequency
a) Not harm the patient 17
b) Label sample properly 10
c) Take the sample of blood correctly 8
d) Don’t disturb any nursing care of patient 4
e) Deliver sample properly to lab 6
f) Store blood sample correctly 5
15

Intrepretation – According to the information gathered by respective researcher from the 50
respondents in order to determine practcies which need to adopt while conducting phlebotomy,
in respect of 17 respondents from 50 they need to take care that they not harm patients and
according to 10 they need to lable sample properly. in respect of 8 respondents it is essential to
take the sample of blood in correct manner as well as according to 4 phlebotomic didn’t need to
disturb any nuring care of the patient which they are taking. Accordoring to 6 audiences they nee
to deliver sample properly to the lab so that testing can be done in proper way as well as
according to 5 respondents it is essential to store sample of blood properly.
Theme 4 – Skills are required by phlebotomist for conducting safe practices of phlebotomy
Q 4. What skills are required by phlebotomist for conducting
safe practices of phlebotomy?
Frequency
a) Always be kind and caring with patients 11
b) Willing to hands on with the patients 8
c) Follow proper instruction and procedures 6
d) Willing to work in team but use own initiatives 15
e) Ability to explain procedure and methodical to patients 10
16

Intrepretation – The researcher of respective researcher gather information from the 50
respondents to determine their respective related to skills which are required by phlebotomist for
conducting safe practices of phlebotomy. In respect of 11 respondents they need to have skill of
kind and caring so that they handle all patients properly includig children and older as well as
according to 8 respondnets it is necessary to have willing to hand on with the patients and
according to 6 audiences they need to have skill of follow proper instruction and procedure. In
addition to this, according to the 15 respondents it is essentail that phlebotomist need to have
willing to work in the team but they must use own initiatives as well as in respect of 10
respondents it is essentail to hav ability to explain procedure and methods to the patients.
Theme 5 – Any risk associated with procedure of phlebotomy
Q 5. Is there any risk associated with procedure of
phlebotomy?
Frequency
a) Yes 30
b) No 20
17

Intrepretation – According to the information gathered by project manahger from 50 respodents
to know what they think about that there is any risk associated with the procedure of
phlebotomy. From total audiences 30 says that yes there is risk involvein it where as according to
the perspective of 20 respondents they not include any kind of risk in the respective procedure.
Theme 6 – The issues faced by professionals due to negligence of safe practices in
phlebotomy
Q 6. What are the issues faced by professionals due to
negligence of safe practices in phlebotomy?
Frequency
a) Allergic reaction 9
b) Exposure of bodily fluids 10
c) Physical injuries 8
d) Back Strain 7
e) All of the above 16
18

Intrepretation – The researcher of respective research gather information from the 50
respondents to determine different issues which are generally experienced by professional due to
negligence of safety practices in the phlebotomy. According to collected information from 9
respondent they experience allergic reaction whereas in respect of 10 they faced exposure of
bodily fluid. In respect of information gathered from the 8 audiences they experiences physical
injuries as well as in respect of 7 respondents they experienced back strain. In addition to this,
according to the perspective of leftover 16 respondents they experience all these issues while
conducting phlebotomy procedure.
Theme 7 – The potential risks of phlebotomy for patients
Q 7. What are the potential risks of phlebotomy for patients? Frequency
a) Dehydration 11
b) Loss of vein patency 8
c) Low blood pressure 6
d) Nature of phlebotomist 15
e) All of the above 10
Intrepretation – The project manager of respective research gather information from the 50
respondents to know their perspective to determine potential risk of phlebotony for the ptients
according to 11 respondents they experience dehydratio. In addition to this, according to 8
respondents they faced issues related to loss of vein patency as well as according to 6 they
experiences low blood pressure. On the other hand, according to data from the leftover 15 and 10
respondents they experience issues due to nature of phlebotomist whereas another face all of the
19

above mentioned issues respectivelity. So it is essentaial for phlebotomist to conduct their
practices in effective manner.
Theme 8 – The ways through which clinical outcome during phlebotomy can be improved
Q 8. What are the ways through which clinical outcome during
phlebotomy can be improved?
Frequency
a) Proper training 14
b) Implementation of safe practices 16
c) All of the above 20
Intrepretation – The researcher of the respective research gather information from the 50
respondents to understand their perspective related to the ways by which clinical outcome during
phlebotomy can be enhance or improve. In respect of 14 respondents it can be attain by
providing proper training and developmeny practices or stupport. On theother hand in respect of
16 respondents they ca opt for the implementation of safe practcies whereas according to the
perspective of 20 respondents they need to adopt for both the practices for conducting effective
phlebotomy practice.
Theme 9 – The safe practices need to take for reducing risks and improving clinical
outcome while conducting phlebotomy process
Q 9. What are the safe practices need to take for reducing risks
and improving clinical outcome while conducting phlebotomy
process?
Frequency
a) Train phlebotomist the different ways to take blood 9
20

b) Phlebotomist must know how to take blood sample from
different patients
7
c) Lab technicians must ensure healthy and safety consideration 9
d) Conduct labelling of sample properly 10
e) All of the above 15
21

Intrepretation – The researcher of the respective report gather information from the 50
respondents, to know their praspective related to the safety practices that can be take for reducing
risks and improving clinical outcome while conducting phlebotomy process. In respect of this
according to 9 respondents it is necessary to train phlebotomist the different ways to take blood
as well as according to 7 phlebotomist must know how to take blood sample from the different
people like child as well as old person. In addition to this, according to 9 respondents it is
essential for lab technicians to must ensure health and safety consideration as well as according
to 10 they need to conduct labelling in effective manner. In addition to this according to the
perspective of last 15 respondents they must opt for all these options for effective practices
related to phlebotomy.
Theme 10 – The advantages of conducting phlebotomy procedure in effective manner
Q 10. What are the advantages of conducting phlebotomy
procedure in effective manner?
Frequency
a) Help patients in getting proper health information which could
save their life
5
b) Developing effective relation with patient 10
c) Increasing goodwill and market image 15
d) All of the above 20
22

Interpretation – According to the information gather from the 50 respondents it is determine
that accoridng to different audience there are different advantages of conducting phlebotomy
procedure such as according to 5 respondents it aid patients in getting proper knowledge of their
health condition. In addition to this it also help in developinh effective relation with patients this
is according to 10 respondents as well as according to 15 it aid in enhancing goodwill and market
image of the firm who is conducting phlebotomy practices. moreover, according to 20
respondents it leads to all of the above advanatges.
Theme 11 – The legal compliances established by NHS for developing safe practices in
phlebotomy
Q 11. What are the legal compliances established by NHS for
developing safe practices in phlebotomy?
Frequency
a) Take care of patient protection 5
b) Ensure safety of health workers 10
c) Practitioner need to have proper academic degree 15
d) All of the above 20
23

Intrepretation – The researcher of respective report gather information from the 50 respondents
to know legal compliances established by NHS for developing safe practices in phlebotomy
according to 5 it is related to taking care of patient protection. According to 10 respondents they
must ensure safety of the health workers as well as in respect of 15 they practitioner need to have
proper academic degree. Moreover, according to 20 respondents all these aspects are considered
in legal compliances developed by NHS.
Limitations
While conducting respective research there are several limitations which are experienced
by the project manager as well as due to it they also not able to get proper and desire outcome. In
respect of respective research, project manager experienced several limitations such as there is
very limited availability of information based on phlebotomy due to which researcher faced
issues in gathering more authenticate as well as reliable information. In addition to this they also
experienced issues or limitation due to ethical aspects because here researcher not evaluates the
personal information or data of any patients. In addition to this, respective research project
manager experienced several other limitations such as them not able to gather information
properly because team members of researcher are not much experienced in phlebotomy area due
to which they not able to gather more authenticate information. Moreover, project manager also
experience limitation because of limited source, time as well as funds which impact on the
gathering of authenticate as well as reliable information in effective manner.
Discussion
As per the analysis of the research information, it has been determined that Phlebotomy is
a very complex process and it includes different types of risk which can impact over both
technician as well as patients. It is essential for Phlebotomist or health care service provider to
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analyse and evaluate different types of issues and problems in order to provide better and
effective services. the major risk that is associated with the procedure of Phlebotomy includes
the risk of injury, back strain, allergic reactions as well as exposure to the bodily fluids.
It has been determined that improvement in clinical practices as well as reduction in risk
is one of the major aspect which will assist in effective and safe practices of Phlebotomy. Due to
reduction of risk the chance of issues or injury in the process of phlebotomy will also be reduced.
This will help in successfully performing Phlebotomy practices as well as accomplishing of
desired objective. It is analysed that there are different ways of integrating and maintaining safe
sharp practices in phlebotomy procedure. It is essential that Phlebotomist has proper planning so
that all set of actions could be performed in correct and accurate manner. Consideration of
appropriate location will help Phlebotomist to work correctly as well as meeting with the
requirements. There are some standards that is developed of the quality performance that should
be provided by Phlebotomist to its patients.
Recommendation
 As per the analysis of the above report there are some recommendations which needs to
be consider by health care provider or Phlebotomist while conducting the process of
Phlebotomy. These recommendations will help in increasing the performance of
Phlebotomist as well as successfully meeting with the needs. There are different
recommendations for Phlebotomist to carry out Phlebotomy procedure correctly.
 It is very important for Phlebotomist to consider different practices such as no harm to
patient, sampling the label properly or take the sample of blood correctly in order to
reduce any type of risk of injury to the patient.
 It is recommended to Phlebotomist that different risk factors needs to be analysed proper
so that issues of wrong performance or harm to individual can be reduced. Identification
of risk will assist in successfully carry out Phlebotomist procedure.
 Phlebotomist needs to have required skills set and capabilities so that all activities can be
performed in correct manner. there are number of skills which should be in Phlebotomist
in order to correctly perform Phlebotomy practices. It is recommended to be always kind
and caring towards the patients as well as follow the all instruction and procedure
correctly so that chances of injury or accidents can be reduced.
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 It is very important to provide correct and accurate training to Phlebotomist so that they
can get proper understanding of conducting task as well as successfully perform
activities. Training will assist in providing proper knowledge and understanding to
Phlebotomist as well as lead to increase different skills and capabilities so that
Phlebotomy procedure can be correctly executed.
Conclusion
From the above report it have been determined that Phlebotomy is a very important process
for carry out health care practices in more accurate and correct manner. Phlebotomy is a process
which assists in collecting blood form human body in order to test or diagnosis the issues. Blood
includes viruses and bacteria that is harmful to health of individual and the process of
Phlebotomy will assist in identification of these issues. Blood collection can be very dangerous
process and there are various issues which can be arise due to Phlebotomy procedure.
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References
Books and Journals
Cooper, S., 2019. Standards and Guidelines of Phlebotomy: Roles They Play in the
Classroom. Journal of Online Higher Education, 3(2), pp.2-19.
McCall, R., 2020. Phlebotomy essentials. JONES & BARTLETT PUB Incorporated.
Orth, M. and et. al., 2019. Opinion: redefining the role of the physician in laboratory medicine in
the context of emerging technologies, personalised medicine and patient autonomy (‘4P
medicine’). Journal of clinical pathology. 72(3). pp.191-197.
Nieswiadomy, R.M. and Bailey, C., 2018. Foundations of nursing research.
Bryman, A., 2016. Social research methods. Oxford university press.
Thomas, J.R., Nelson, J.K. and Silverman, S.J., 2015. Research methods in physical activity.
Human kinetics.
Ary, D. and et.al., 2018. Introduction to research in education. Cengage Learning.
Cooper, S., 2019. Standards and Guidelines of Phlebotomy: Roles They Play in the
Classroom. Journal of Online Higher Education, 3(2), pp.2-19.
McCall, R., 2020. Phlebotomy essentials. JONES & BARTLETT PUB Incorporated.
Orth, M. and et. al., 2019. Opinion: redefining the role of the physician in laboratory medicine in
the context of emerging technologies, personalised medicine and patient autonomy (‘4P
medicine’). Journal of clinical pathology. 72(3). pp.191-197.
Online
What Are Some of the Dangers of Being a Phlebotomist?. 2020. [Online]. Available through:<
https://work.chron.com/dangers-being-phlebotomist-11999.html>.
Best practice in phlebotomy and blood collection. 2020. [Online]. Available through:<
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK138496/>.
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